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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Filler-Reinforced Elastomers Scanning Force Microscopy. (2003)
    Berlin, Heidelberg :Springer Berlin / Heidelberg,
    Details
    Keywords: Elastomers. ; Electronic books.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    Pages: 1 online resource (237 pages)
    Edition: 1st ed.
    ISBN: 9783540364382
    Series Statement: Advances in Polymer Science Series ; v.164
    URL: https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/geomar/detail.action?docID=6304958
    DDC: 547.7
    Language: English
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    GEOMAR EBL
  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Propagation of ultrashort light pulses in an active medium without the SVA and RW approximation
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Physics Letters A 89 (1982), S. 11-12 
    Details
    ISSN: 0375-9601
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0375-9601(82)90133-5
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Direct CP violation in K"L -〉 π^0e^+e^- beyond leading logarithms
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Nuclear Physics, Section B 423 (1994), S. 349-383 
    Details
    ISSN: 0550-3213
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0550-3213(94)90138-4
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Theoretical uncertainties and phenomenological aspects of B -〉 X"Sγ decay
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Nuclear Physics, Section B 424 (1994), S. 374-398 
    Details
    ISSN: 0550-3213
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0550-3213(94)90299-2
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bone Mineral Density of Opposing Hips Using Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry in Single-Beam and Fan-Beam Design (1997)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 61 (1997), S. 445-447 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Key words: Bone densitometry — Bilateral hip — Femur — DXA — Single beam — Fan beam.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract. Bone densitometry focuses on bone mineral area density (BMD in g/cm2) of the proximal femur and spine in anterior-posterior (AP) projections. Artifacts, such as osteoarthritis and osteophytic calcifications (OC) influence spine BMD, especially in AP scans. If only two sites are measured, as is usual in clinical practice, there may be advantages to measuring both femora rather than one femur and the spine. This would not be useful, however, if there was strong symmetry between the two sides. Furthermore, fan beam (FB) techniques have become available for measuring BMD with less data acquisition time. We compared densitometry of opposing femora in 421 patients (369 women, mean age 59.0 ± 4.8; 52 men, mean age 56.9 ± 7.4) using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA): both single-beam (SB) and FB modes were evaluated. The precision errors in vivo (short- and midterm) of total BMD were 0.7% for both SB and FB. The total BMD and BMC of the left hip (0.817 ± 0.124 g/cm2, 31.3 ± 6.4 g) were significantly (P 〈 0.001) higher (2–3%) than the corresponding values of the right hip (0.801 ± 0.125 g/cm2, 30.3 ± 6.3 g) in both SB and FB (left BMD 0.802 ± 0.117 g/cm2, BMC 30.0 ± 6.2 g versus right BMD 0.795 ± 0.117 g/cm2, BMC 29.3 ± 6.3 g) modes. However, BMD of the femoral neck and Ward's triangle were not significantly (P 〉 0.05) different between the two sides. The FB results were generally 2% lower than SB results. There were highly significant (P 〈 0.001) correlations (r 〉 0.9) between both hips using both SB and FB. For diagnostic procedures and longitudinal studies, one should consider that there are bilateral differences of femur BMD, as well as differences between FB and SB scan modes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002239900365
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evaluation of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry bone mineral measurement—comparison of a single-beam and fan-beam design: The effect of osteophytic calcification on spine bone mineral density (1995)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 56 (1995), S. 192-195 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Osteophytic calcifications ; DXA ; Single beam ; Fan beam
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) using a single-beam (SB) design is a well-established procedure for measuring bone mineral area density (BMD). Recently, fan beam (FB) techniques have become available to measure BMD. We evaluated the QDR1000 and QDR2000 densitometers with regard to precision and cross-compared values using single beam (SB) and FB techniques. To study the effect of osteoarthritic changes on bone measurement (BMC in g) and bone mineral area density (BMD in g/cm2), both parameters were measured in patients with and without osteophytic calcifications (OC) of the lumbar spine. Precision errors for BMD in vitro over 1 and 6 months using the QDR2000 were 0.4% and 0.6% for SB and 0.5% and 0.7% for the three FB modes. For QDR1000 only SB is available. Using this scan mode, the BMD difference (δ=0.1%) in vitro between QDR1000 and QDR2000 was not significant. The short-term (same day) reproducibility of BMD in vivo was 0.85% for SB mode and 1.1% for FB scan mode (n=33). The midterm (1 month) precision errors were 0.9% for SB and 1.5% for FB (n=11). The spine BMD of 751 patients from our outpatient clinic and department of rheumatology was 1.7% lower with FB than with SB (0.878±0.137 versus 0.888±0.146 g/cm2). Lower (1.8%) BMD values were also found in the hip with FB compared to SB (0.805±0.111 versus 0.821±0.111 g/cm2). There was a highly significant (P〈0.00001) correlation between SB and FB on the spine (r =0.99) and hip (r=0.98) using the QDR2000. Correlations found QDR1000 and QDR2000 were lower on the spine (r=0.97) hip (r=0.93). In contrast to hip BMD, spine BMD was significantly higher in women (n=78) with OC (FB: 0.894±0.134 g/cm2, SB: 0.900±0.140 g/cm2) than in normals (n=148) (FB: 0.844±0.130 g/cm2, SB: 0.865±0.140 mals (n=148) (FB: 0.844±0.130 g/cm2, SB: 0.865±0.140 g/cm2) (P〈0.05). The FB mode provides reproducible data in vitro and in vivo, though not as precise as SB. FB results in vivo are 1–2% lower than FB results, even with identical results in vitro. Women with OC present with higher BMD values in spine scans than normals.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00298608
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Optimization of dye-laser output coupling by consideration of the spatial gain distribution (1980)
    Springer
    Applied physics 22 (1980), S. 175-184 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 42.55
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The problem of output-coupling optimization of a transversely or longitudinally pumped dye laser is treated in terms of a rate equation approach under steady state considerations. The theoretical study considers the spatial variation of the gain distribution and such typical features of a dye laser as reabsorption, triplet effects and excited state absorption. Numerical results obtained with realistic values of typical laser parameters (cross-sections for stimulated emission and reabsorption, number density of active molecules etc.) indicate that a higher degree of output coupling and consequently higher output powers are feasible upon a complete consideration of the spatial gain distribution
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00886002
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Total Body and Regional Bone Mineral Densitometry (BMD) and Soft Tissue Measurements: Correlations of BMD Parameter to Lumbar Spine and Hip (2000)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 67 (2000), S. 111-115 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Key words: Bone densitometry — Total body — Subregional BMD.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract. Bone loss in men and women seems to differ according to the skeletal regions or particular areas being evaluated. Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is the method of choice for measuring total body and regional bone mineral area density (BMD). The aim of the study was to evaluate the importance of DXA measurements of total body in relation to lumbar spine and hip in different scan beam designs. In 300 patients, ages 43–80 years, lumbar spine, hip, total body and regional bone mineral area density, and soft tissue measurements were performed on all subjects in the supine position on a QDR 2000 using single beam (SB) and fan beam (FB). Short-term precision errors were 0.7% (SB) and 1.2% (FB) for BMD total of the total body and between 1.2% and 8.0% for soft tissue measurements. All mid-term precision errors of BMD total, right and left leg, and pelvis were below 2.0% with SB and FB, whereas precision errors of thoracic and lumbar spine varied depending on the scan mode being applied. In contrast, all mid-term precision errors of soft tissue measurements were greater (2.6–11.0%). All SB values of BMD and soft tissue measurement were significantly higher than FB values, except for BMD values of the head, thoracic spine, and pelvis. Furthermore, BMD total of the total body scan correlated significantly (P 〈 0.001) with all subregional parameters with best ``r''-values (0.86–0.92) for the right and left leg in SB and FB design. In addition, there were excellent correlations (r 〉 0.94, P 〈 0.001) between the right and left legs (SB and FB) or arms (SB). There were also highly significant correlations between the lumbar spine (or hip) and total body, being best for the subregional thorax. Our data demonstrate short-and mid-term precision errors of BMD with reproducible results for most areas in SB and FB design, whereas soft tissue measurements vary depending on the area being measured. Furthermore, there is a close relationship between BMD values of total body total and subregional parameters and lumbar spine and hip scans, respectively.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00223001124
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Settlement formation (1990)
    Springer
    The annals of regional science 24 (1990), S. 177-196 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0592
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography , Economics
    Notes: Abstract Numerical simulations of several simple versions of a recently formulated dynamic theory of settlement formation are implemented. Preparatory work includes: the coarse graining of the equations of motion; the explicit choice of the spatial joint probability of production and consumption; and the calibration of all model parameters. Different combinations of fixed costs and transportation cost parameters lead to a variety of settlement structures. These results of the dynamic simulation can be interpreted in terms of well-known empirical regularities of settlement formation theory.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01581848
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Lateral spine dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry bone mineral measurement with fan-beam design: effect of osteophytic calcifications on lateral and anteroposterior spine BMD (1995)
    Springer
    Rheumatology international 15 (1995), S. 151-154 
    Details
    ISSN: 1437-160X
    Keywords: Lateral dual x-ray absorptiometry ; BMd ; Osteoarthritis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Recently, fan beam (FB) designs have been made available by several manufacturers (Aloka, Hologic Lunar and Sophar) to measure lumbar spine bone mineral area density (BMD) in both an anteroposterior (AP) and a lateral projection. The present study was performed to evaluate some characteristics of a new dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) system for supine lateral scans in normals and to study possible advantages for patients with ostcophytic calcifications (OC). The precision errors of in vitro and in vivo measurements were estimated by an anthropomorphic phantom and in healthy volunteers. To study the effect of osteoarthritic changes on AP and lateral DXA measurements, BMC (bone mineral content) and BMD were measured in age-matched women (n=150) with and without OC. Precision errors for lateral BMD in vitro over 1 and 6 months were 0.58/0.67% (slow/fast scan modes) and 0.67/0.77% (slow/fast scan modes), respectively. The short- and mid-term reproducibility of BMD values were 2% and 3.5%, respectively, using the compare function (3.5% and 7.5%, respectively, without the compare facility). The analysis of women with and without OC (n=150) demonstrated higher mean values for AP BMD (0.892±0.145 g/cm2) in patients with OC (n=75) than in normals (0.836±0.135 g/cm2, n=75, difference 6.3%). For lateral scans, BMD differed to a minor degree (3.1%) in patients with OC (0,629±0.133 g/cm2) compared with normals (0.610±0.117 g/cm2). Corresponding results were obtained in fast FB mode. Furthermore, we found significant (P〈0.0001) correlations between BMD in lateral and AP scans in patients without OC (r=0.63) and in patients with OC (r=0.75). Although the FB design facilitated fast AP and lateral scans, the higher precision errors of lateral scans could limit its application in longitudinal studies. The use of compare function should be recommended. However, BMD of lateral scans was less influenced by OC.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00301772
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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