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  • 1
    ISSN: 1471-0528
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Analytical chemistry 20 (1948), S. 493-494 
    ISSN: 1520-6882
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science, Ltd
    International journal of cosmetic science 23 (2001), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Synopsis Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) have been introduced as a novel carrier system for drugs and cosmetics. It has been found that SLN possess characteristics of physical UV-blockers on their own, thus offering the possibility of developing a more effective sunscreen system with reduced side-effects. Incorporation of the chemical sunscreen tocopherol acetate into SLN prevents chemical degradation and increases the UV-blocking capacity. Aqueous SLN dispersions were produced and incorporated into gels, followed by particle size examination, stability testing upon storage and thermoanalytical examination. Investigation of the UV-blocking capacity using different in vitro techniques revealed that the SLN dispersions produced in this study are at least twice as effective as their reference emulsions (conventional emulsions with identical lipid content). Placebo SLN even show greater UV-blocking efficacy than emulsions containing tocopherol acetate as the molecular sunscreen. Incorporation of tocopherol acetate into SLN leads to an overadditive UV-blocking effect. Furthermore, film formation of SLN on the skin and occlusivity were examined. The obtained data show that incorporation of tocopherol acetate into SLN leads to an improved sunscreen and skin care formulation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1520-5827
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Industrial & engineering chemistry 50 (1958), S. 1289-1296 
    ISSN: 1520-5045
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Amplitudengewichtete Phasenstrukturation ; Elektrophorese ; Laserstreulichtverfahren ; Teilchengrößenbestimmung ; Zetapotential
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract With AWPS (Amplitude Weighted Phase Structuration), a new signal processing scheme is demonstrated for the simultaneous determination of zeta potentials and particle sizes. It allows the measurements of a small electrophoretic mobility in the presence of large particle diffusion and constant velocity, e. g. due to thermal convection. Laser light scattering techniques instead of the former methods determine electrophoretic velocity more objectively and precisely. The applicability of laser measurement techniques by analysis of the frequency spectrum is limited for particles ≪50 nm or very low potentials, because of the broadening of the spectral peak by Brownian motion. In contrast to AWPS a separation of the various kinds of collective motion is not possible. The presented results demonstrate that this separation is of considerable significance in the acquisition of reliable values. Additionally the novel signal processing scheme allows a significant increase in sensitivity and therefore the application of an oscillating field (50–100 Hz) with a very small field strength. The system is feasible for particle sizes in the range of a few nm up to several μm. Its high resolution allows experiments with low fields or with small zeta potentials, even in the critical particles size range of a few nanometers.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Mit AWPS (Amplitudengewichteter Phasenstrukturation) wird ein neues Signalverarbeitungssystem zur gleichzeitigen Bestimmung von Zetapotential und Partikelgröße vorgestellt. Es erlaubt die Messung geringer elektrophoretischer Beweglichkeiten in Gegenwart einer starken Diffusion der Partikel sowie einer überlagerten konstanten Geschwindigkeit, z. B. aufgrund eines Konvektionssthermes. Laserstreulichtverfahren anstatt der bisherigen Methoden bestimmen die elektrophoretische Geschwindigkeit objektiver und präziser. Die Anwendbarkeit der Lasertechniken, die über die Analyse des Frequenzspektrums arbeiten, ist begrenzt für Partikel ≪s50 nm oder sehr niedrige Potentiale, aufgrund der Verbreiterung des spektralen Peaks durch die Diffusionsbewegung. Im Gegensatz zu AWPS ist eine Auftrennung in die verschiedenen Komponenten der kollektiven Bewegung nicht möglich. Die vorgelegten Ergebnisse belegen, daß diese Auftrennung von beträchtlicher Bedeutung ist, um verläßliche Werte zu erhalten. Das neue Signalverarbeitungssystem ermöglicht zusätzlich einen bedeutenden Zuwachs an Empfindlichkeit und daher die Anwendung eines oszillierenden Feldes (50–100 Hz) mit sehr geringer Feldstärke. Das System ist anwendbar für Partikelgrößen im Bereich von wenigen nm bis zu einigen μm. Seine hohe Auflösung ermöglicht Experimente mit kleinen Feldern oder mit niedrigen Zetapotentialen, besonders im kritischen Teilchengrößenbereich von einigen Nanometern.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Bioprocess and biosystems engineering 14 (1996), S. 57-62 
    ISSN: 1432-0797
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract The culture fluorescence of Alcaligenes eutrophus JMP 134 was determined on-line by an Ingold Fluorosensor™ and correlated to the intracellular concentrations of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (phosphate). The data were obtained from aerobic cultures of the strain growing chemostatically on phenol, phenol+sodium formate and fructose, as well as from aerobic/anaerobic transitions and substrate pulse experiments. The total culture fluorescence was corrected to take into account the inner filter effect of cells. Upon analysing the intracellular concentration of the dinucleotides using HPLC, it became evident that both NADH and NADPH contribute significantly to the fluorescence signal. A linear relationship between the sum of NAD(P)H and the net culture fluorescence was obtained from these data with a correlation factor of r=0.82. These investigations indicate that the measurement of culture fluorescence is a practicable tool for monitoring the redox state of a cellular culture, provided the total fluorescence signal is adjusted and the investigations are supported by direct measurements of intracellular levels of reduced dinucleotides.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Microchimica acta 28 (1940), S. 209-228 
    ISSN: 1436-5073
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die vorliegende Arbeit gibt eine kritische Übersicht betreffend die Eignung der in der Literatur für die colorimetrische Bestimmung kleiner Mengen Kupfer vorgeschlagenen Methoden. Die häufiger benutzten Verfahren, welche die Bildung einer gefärbten Lösung als Grundlage benutzen, wurden mit Hilfe eines photoelektrischen Colorimeters untersucht, um herauszufinden, in welchem Ausmaße die grundlegende Voraussetzung für colorimetrische Messungen, nämlich das Vorhandensein eines bestimmten Extinktionskoeffizienten für eine gegebene Wellenlänge, erfüllt ist. Das Absorptionsspektrum der gefärbten Lösung wurde im Falle aller nützlich erscheinenden Methoden bestimmt, um die Auswall geeigneter Filter zu ermöglichen. Die Geschwindigkeiten der Bildung und der Zerstörung der gefärbten Reaktionsprodukte wurden untersucht und besprochen. Trotz der vielen organischen Reagenzien, die für die colorimetrische Bestimmung des Kupfers vorgeschlagen worden sind, befanden sich unter jenen Methoden, die das Gesetz vonBeer befolgten, nur zwei Verfahren, die organische Reagenzien benutzen. Von diesen beiden wiederum besitzt die Salicylatmethode die schlechteste Präzision und die Dithiocarbamatmethode den kleinsten Gültigkeitsbersich unter allen Methoden, dieBeers Gesetz befolgen. Im Gegensatz dazu erwiesen sich alle jene Verfahren, die sich auf den Gebrauch anorganischer Reagenzien stützen (Ammoniak, Chlorid, Bromid, Sulfid und Ferrocyanid), durchaus zufriedenstellend.
    Abstract: Résumé (W) Ce travail donne une vue d'ensemble critique concernant la caractéristique des méthodes proposées dans la littérature pour la détermination colorimétrique de petites quantités de cuivre. Les procédés les plus employés aujourd'hui, qui utilisent la formation d'une solution colorée, ont été examinés à l'aide d'un colorimètre photoélectrique, pour prouver dans quelle mesure l'hypothèse de départ pour des mesures colorimétriques et notamment l'existence d'un coefficient d'extinction déterminé pour une longueur d'onde donnée, est vérifiée. Le spectre d'absorption de la solution colorée a été déterminé pour toutes les méthodes paraissent utilisables et ceci pour faciliter le choix du filtre approprié. La rapidité de formation et de destruction des produits de réaction colorés a été éprouvée et discutée. Malgré les nombreux réactifs organiques qui ont été proposés pour la détermination colorimétrique du cuivre, il ne s'est trouvé, parmi les méthodes qui suivent la loi deBeer, que deux procédés qui utilisent des réactifs organiques. De ces deux, la méthode au salicylate présente le moins de précision et celle au dithiocarbamate le moins de constance de toutes les méthodes qui suivent la loi deBeer. Par contre, les procédés fondés sur l'emploi des réactifs inorganiques (ammoniaque, chlorure, bromure, sulfure et ferrocyanure) sont complétement satisfaisants.
    Notes: Summary This paper is a critical review of the many methods reported in the literature for the colorimetric determination of small quantities of copper. The methods frequently used and described as giving colored solutions have been examined by means of a photoelectric colorimeter, to reveal how well they conform to the fundamental requirements of colorimetry, namely, the existence of a definite extinction coefficient at a given wave length. For all of the useful methods, the absorption spectrum of the colored solution has been measured so as to be able to prescribe appropriate filters for use in the colorimetric analyses. The rates of formation and fading of the colored products have been examined and discussed. Of the methods involving organic reagents, only two were found reasonably satisfactory: dithiocarbamate and salicylate. Among the inorganic reagents, ammonia, chloride, bromide, sulfide, and ferrocyanide meet the basic requirements of colorimetry.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 42 (1994), S. 446-451 
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract  The growth yield coefficients of phenol as well as of chloro- and methyl-substituted derivatives and the respective phenoxyalkanoic acids have been considered in a theoretical study. The yield coefficient of phenol assimilated via the ortho pathway is at a given P/O quotient 9–23% higher than that of the meta route. Chlorine, removed by a reductive mechanism, decreases the yield figure by 10% per chlorine atom; hydrolytic mechanisms are more favourable in this respect. Methylation has a positive effect on the energetics of phenol utilization. Phenoxyacetic acid derivatives have a reduced yield per carbon atom in comparison to the respective phenol derivative. This is compensated for by higher chain lengths of the alkanoic acid moiety. The yield coefficients calculated for phenol correspond to a P/O quotient of 2–3 as compared to the experimental carbon conversion. With chlorinated derivatives, e.g. 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid or pentachlorophenol, the apparent gain in energy reflects a P/O〈1, indicating uncoupling effects during growth on such compounds.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Ralstonia eutropha (formerly Alcaligenes eutrophus) JMP 134 was continuously grown on phenol and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetate at elevated levels of stationary substrate concentration by using the nutristat principle in order to study the physiological impact exerted by these toxic substrates. Growth at stationary concentrations of both the substrates resulted in the reduction of growth efficiency and growth rate. The growth yield data revealed a pronounced dependence on the substrate concentration, and the growth yield increasingly diminished with rising substrate concentration. Inhibition was more pronounced with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetate, which reduced the growth yield coefficient by 50% at a substrate concentration of 0.1–0.25 mM. The same effect was obtained with phenol at about 5 mM. The growth rate profile had two distinct phases: after an initially strong reduction, the rate levelled-off at higher substrate concentrations. Standardizing the inhibition profiles, by taking into account the maximum effect after extrapolating the data to zero growth yield, revealed an almost identical pattern with both substrates, indicating some common mechanism. The growth yield data show that an increased amount of energy is required for both growth and maintenance. Homeostatic work was increased by a factor of 8 at 75% inhibition; growth collapsed once this amount of energy was no longer available. The effects are discussed with respect to the properties of these substrates functioning as potential uncouplers of energy conservation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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