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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Maturation trends indicative of rapid evolution preceded the collapse of northern cod (2004)
    [s.l.] : Macmillian Magazines Ltd.
    Nature 428 (2004), S. 932-935 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Northern cod, comprising populations of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) off southern Labrador and eastern Newfoundland, supported major fisheries for hundreds of years. But in the late 1980s and early 1990s, northern cod underwent one of the worst collapses in the history of fisheries. The Canadian ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature02430
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Predator avoidance and school size in a cyprinodontid fish, the banded killifish (Fundulus diaphanus Lesueur) (1985)
    Springer
    Behavioral ecology and sociobiology 16 (1985), S. 105-110 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0762
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Solitary and schooling banded killifish (Fundulus diaphanus Lesueur) were ‘attacked’ with a fish predator model in the littoral zone of a lake and their flight reaction distance to the model recorded. Reaction distance of solitary fish did not differ significantly from that of schooling fish, which was statistically constant over a wide range of observed school sizes. The results fo not support the proposed early predator warning function of social groups, which predicts an asymptotically increasing flight reaction distance with increasing group size. However, fish in larger and safer groups may detect an approaching predator sooner but delay their flight response, thereby permitting their individual members to spend more time assessing the nature of the threat before escaping. Such a strategy would reduce costly false alarms. Relative variation in recorded reaction distances was correlated negatively with school size, suggesting that schooling reduces variability in latency time to escape predators. This may be evidence for the above behavioural strategy. Further, the speed of transmission of the flight response within the school greatly exceeded the speed of approach of the predator model. This phenomenon enables schooling individuals to initiate avoidance behaviour before the approaching predator can be detected and before it reaches them.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00295142
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effects of predator presence and shoal size on foraging in bluntnose minnows,Pimephales notatus (1987)
    Springer
    Environmental biology of fishes 20 (1987), S. 105-111 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: Tradeoffs ; Predation risk ; Feeding rate ; Shoaling ; Bass ; Dilution effect
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Synopsis Shoals of 3, 5, 7, 10, 15, and 20 bluntnose minnows,Pimephales notatus, were allowed to forage in the absence and presence of a fish predator, which was separated from the shoal by a clear plexiglass partition. A typical dilution effect was observed in that individual fish in larger shoals were approached less frequently by the predator. In the absence of a predator, foraging latency decreased significantly and the rate of foraging increased with increasing shoal size. Foraging latency for each shoal size tended to increase in the presence of a predator and foraging rate decreased, significantly for shoals of 7, 15, and 20 fish. Members of larger shoals were safer and enjoyed a greater level of food consumption, perhaps due to decreased individual vigilance for predators and social facilitation. However, foraging effort decreased when a predator was present, as more time was allocated to predator avoidance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00005290
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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