Note: Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- List of Figures, Tables, and Boxes -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Chapter 1: Invasive Alien Species: The Nature of the Problem -- Chapter 2: The Economics of Biological Invasions -- Chapter 3:Vector Science and Integrated Vector Management in Bioinvasion Ecology: Conceptual Frameworks -- Chapter 4: The ISSG Global Invasive Species Database and Other Aspects of an Early Warning System -- Chapter 5: Characterizing Ecological Risks of Introductions and Invasions -- Chapter 6: Ecology of Invasive Plants:State of the Art -- Chapter 7: Facilitation and Synergistic Interactions between Introduced Aquatic Species -- Chapter 8: Assessing Biotic Invasions in Time and Space: The Second Imperative -- Chapter 9: Best Practices for the Prevention and Management of Invasive Alien Species -- Chapter 10: Legal and Institutional Frameworks for Invasive Alien Species -- Chapter 11: Human Dimensions of Invasive Alien Species -- Chapter 12: Invasive Species in a Changing World: The Interactions between Global Change and Invasives -- Chapter 13: A Global Strategy on Invasive Alien Species: Synthesis and Ten Strategic Elements -- List of Contributors -- SCOPE Series List -- SCOPE Executive Committee -- Index.

Note: Front Cover -- Carbon Dioxide and Environmental Stress -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Contributors -- Preface -- Part I: Interactions of CO2 with Water, Temperature, Salinity, UV-B, Ozone, and Nutrients -- Chapter 1. Interactive Effects of Water Stress and Elevated CO2 on Growth, Photosynthesis, and Water Use Efficiency -- I. Introduction -- II. Expansive Growth, Water Stress, and Elevated CO2 -- III. Stomata, Photosynthesis, and Water Stress -- IV. Stomata, Photosynthesis, and Elevated CO2 -- V. Adjustment in Photosynthetic Capacity under Elevated CO2 -- VI. Interactions between Effects of Elevated CO2 and Water Stress on Photosynthesis -- VII. General Aspects of Plant Water Use Efficiency -- VIII. Water Use Efficiency and Elevated CO2 -- IX. Framework for Response of Photosynthesis and Water Use Efficiency to Elevated CO2 -- X. Overview and Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 2. Increasing Atmospheric CO2 Concentration, Water Use, and Water Stress: Scaling Up from the Plant to the Landscape -- I. Introduction -- II. Ecosystem Hydrology and Global Climatic Change -- III. Stomatal Response to CO2 Concentration -- IV. Effects of Plant Growth Responses to Elevated CO2 Concentration on Water Use -- V. Considerations in Scaling Up Effects of Atmospheric CO2 Concentration on Stomatal Conductance to Effects on Ecosystem and Regional Transpiration -- VI. Effects of Atmospheric CO2 Concentration on Plot-Scale Water Use: Experimental Results -- VII. Scaling Up with Global Atmospheric Models -- VIII. Forest Water Use and Atmospheric CO2 Concentration Increase during the Past Several Decades: The Real Thing -- IX. Discussion and Summary -- References -- Chapter 3. Temperature: Cellular to Whole-Plant and Population Responses -- I. Introduction -- II. Fundamental Temperature Effects on Plants and Interactions with Elevated CO2. , III. Population Responses in Arctic and Alpine Habitats -- IV. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 4. Effects of Elevated CO2 and Temperature Stress on Ecosystem Processes -- I. Introduction -- II. Ecosystem Processes -- III. Case Studies -- IV. Summary and Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 5. Interactions between Rising CO2, Soil Salinity, and Plant Growth -- I. Introduction -- II. Global Extent of Salt-Affected Land -- III. Effect of Salinity on Plant Production -- IV. Mechanisms of Salt Tolerance That Relate to Effects of Elevated CO2 -- V. Effects of Elevated CO2 on Salt Tolerance and Soil Salinity -- VI. Effects of Elevated CO2 on Natural Communities in Saline Soil -- VII. Summary and Future Directions -- References -- Chapter 6. Atmospheric CO2 Enrichment and Enhanced Solar Ultraviolet-B Radiation: Gene to Ecosystem Responses -- I. Introduction -- II. Evolution of Atmospheric Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide, Terrestrial Plant Life, and Solar Ultraviolet-B Radiation -- III. Photosynthesis, Plant Growth, and Primary Production -- IV. Plant Biomass Allocation Pattern -- V. Plant Morphogenesis -- VI. Secondary Chemistry, Litter Decomposition, and Carbon Cycling -- VII. Ecosystem Processes -- VIII. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 7. Role of Carbon Dioxide in Modifying the Plant Response to Ozone -- I. Introduction -- II. Evidence of Interactions between Ozone and Carbon Dioxide -- III. Mechanisms for Ozone by Carbon Dioxide Interactions -- IV. Summary -- References -- Chapter 8. Response of Plants to Elevated Atmospheric CO2: Root Growth, Mineral Nutrition, and Soil Carbon -- I. CO2 Response -- II. Roots -- III. The Rhizosphere -- IV. Mineral Nutrition -- V. Soil Carbon Storage -- VI. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 9. Rhizosphere Processes under Elevated CO2 -- I. Introduction -- II. Rhizodeposition -- III. Root Exudate Quality and Quantity. , IV. Rhizosphere Respiration -- V. Rhizosphere Effects on Soil Organic Matter Decomposition -- VI. Rhizosphere Associations -- VII. Rhizosphere-Based Communities -- VIII. Summary -- References -- Chapter 10. Ecosystem Responses to Rising Atmospheric CO2: Feedbacks through the Nitrogen Cycle -- I. Introduction -- II. Soil Nitrogen Cycle -- III. Mechanisms through Which Elevated CO2 Alters Soil Nitrogen Cycling -- IV. Nitrogen Mineralization and Immobilization and Increased Carbon Input to Soil -- V. Increased Carbon Flux to Soil and Nitrogen Inputs and Losses -- VI. Altered Nitrogen Cycling and Soil Water Content -- VII. Relative Importance of Increased Carbon Input versus Altered Soil Water Content -- VIII. Conclusions -- References -- Part II: Evolutionary, Scaling, and Modeling Studies of C02 and Stress Interactions -- Chapter 11. Implications of Stress in Low CO2 Atmospheres of the Past: Are Today's Plants Too Conservative for a High CO2 World? -- I. Introduction: The Case for Studying Responses to Low CO2 -- II. Plant Responses to Subambient CO2 -- III. Adaptations to Environmental Stress under Low CO2 -- IV. Testing the Hypothesis of Low CO2 Adaptation -- V. Summary -- References -- Chapter 12. Scaling against Environmental and Biological Variability: General Principles and A Case Study -- I. Introduction -- II. The Nature and Approaches of Scaling-Up Studies -- III. Scaling Photosynthesis from Leaf to Globe: A Two-Component Model -- IV. Supplementary Studies -- V. Summary -- References -- Chapter 13. Nutrients: Dynamics and Limitations -- I. Introduction -- II. Ecosystem Stoichiometry -- III. Open versus Closed Systems -- IV. Discussion -- References -- Chapter 14. Ecosystem Modeling of the CO2 Response of Forests on Sites Limited by Nitrogen and Water -- I. Introduction -- II. Modifications to Incorporate Water Limitation in G'DAY. , III. Modeled Responses to CO2 in Relation to Water and N Limitation -- IV. Discussion -- V. Summary -- References -- Part III: Synthesis and Summary -- Chapter 15. Diverse Controls on Carbon Storage under Elevated CO2: Toward a Synthesis -- I. Impacts of Rising Atmospheric CO2 -- II. NPP and Carbon Storage -- III. Carbon Turnover Dynamics -- IV. Nutrient Limitation -- V. Disturbance -- VI. Ecological Dynamics -- VII. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 16. Interactive Effects of Carbon Dioxide and Environmental Stress on Plants and Ecosystems: A Synthesis -- I. Introduction -- II. Interactive Effects of Carbon Dioxide and Stresses on Plants and Ecosystems -- III. Evolutionary, Scaling, and Modeling Studies of CO2 and Stress Interactions -- IV. Future Research Needs -- V. Conclusions -- References -- Index.

Note: Front Cover -- Stable Isotopes and Biosphere-Atmosphere Interactions: Processes and Biological Controls -- Copyight Page -- Contents -- Contributors -- Chapter 1. Introduction: Stable Isotopes and Earth System Science -- Global Change and Earth System Science -- Physiological Ecology and Global Gas Exchange -- Historical Background and the Contents of this Book -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Part I: Stable Isotopes and Physiological Processes -- Chapter 2. Factors Affecting the Oxygen Isotope Ratio of Plant Organic Material -- Factors Contributing to Variation in δ18Op -- Modeling delta18O of Plant Material -- Combined Measurement of Carbon and -- Combined Measurement of Carbon and Oxygen Isotope Ratios -- Potential Applications -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 3. Stable Isotope Composition of Soil Organic Matter -- Introduction -- Origin of Carbon in Soils -- Chemical Structure and Stable Isotopic Ratio of Plant Carbon Forming Soil Organic Matter -- Distribution of Carbon and Nitrogen and their Stable Isotopes in Soil Profiles -- Dynamics of Soil Organic Matter -- Molecular Insight into Soil Organic Matter Formation -- Summary -- References -- Chapter 4. Factors Determining the 13C Abundance of Soil-Respired CO2 in Boreal Forests -- Introduction -- CO2 Production in Soils -- Variability in the C Isotopes in Plants, Soil, and Soil CO2 Efflux in Boreal Forest---A Case Study -- Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 5. Factors that Control the Isotopic Composition of N2O from Soil Emissions -- Introduction -- Factors that Control the Rate of Production and Emission of Soil N2O -- Processes Controlling the Stable Isotope Composition of N2O -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 6. Carbon and Hydrogen Isotopic Effects in Microbial Methane from Terrestrial Environments -- Isotopic Effects During Methane Oxidation. , Isotopic Effects Associated with Methane Production Mechanisms -- Supporting Field Data -- Isotope Cross Plots -- Summary, Speculation, and Recommendation -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Part II: Ecosystem Scale Processes -- Chapter 7. Theoretical Examination of Keeling-plot Relationships for Carbon Dioxide in a Temperate Broadleaved Forest with a Biophysical Model, CANISOTOPE -- Introduction -- Model Framework -- Results and Discussion -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 8. Partitioning Ecosystem Respiration Using Stable Carbon Isotope Analyses of CO2 -- Introduction -- Partitioning Approach -- Variation in Respiration Signatures Among Ecosystem Components -- Causes of Variation in Respiration Signatures -- Implications of Variation in Respiration Signatures on Soil C-Dynamics -- Determining Source Signatures -- Using Variation in Respiration Signatures to Partition Ecosystem Respiration -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 9. Simulation of Ecosystem C18OO Isotope Fluxes in a Tallgrass Prairie: Biological and Physical Controls -- Introduction -- Background -- Ecosystem Model Simulations -- Ecosystem Isofluxes -- Summary and Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 10. Ecosystem CO2 Exchange and Variation in the δ18O of Atmospheric CO2 -- Introduction -- Oxygen Isotope Effects during Ecosystem CO2 Exchange -- Variation in Environmental Conditions and Associated Changes in Ecosystem Isofluxes -- Implications for the Declining Trend in δ18O of Atmospheric CO2 -- References -- Chapter 11. Stable Isotope Constraints on Net Ecosystem Production Under Elevated CO2 -- Introduction: Approaches for Estimating Net Ecosystem Production -- Experimental Approach -- Constructing the Ecosystem Carbon Balance: NEP -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 12. Stable Isotopes as a Tool in Urban Ecology. , Introduction -- The Isotopic Composition of Urban CO2 Sources -- Partitioning Urban CO2 Sources -- The Isotopic Composition of Urban Plant Biomass -- Conclusions -- References -- Part III: Global Scale Processes -- Chapter 13. Terrestrial Ecosystems and Interannual Variability in the Global Atmospheric Budgets of 13CO2 and 12CO2 -- Introduction -- A Graphical Means to Understanding the Global Atmospheric Budget: Robin Hood Diagrams -- Mechanisms Contributing to Interannual Variability in Atmospheric δ13C -- Unresolved Questions -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 14. Remarks on the Use of 13C and 18O Isotopes in Atmospheric CO2 to Quantify Biospheric Carbon Fluxes -- Introduction -- Formulation of Global Budgets -- Understanding δ13C in Atmospheric CO2 -- Understanding δ18O in Atmospheric CO2 -- Concluding Remarks -- Notations -- References -- Chapter 15. Factors Influencing the Stable Isotopic Content of Atmospheric N2O -- Introduction -- Isotopic Considerations -- Isotopomers and Isotopologues -- N2O from the Terrestrial Biosphere -- N2O from the Oceans and Other Aquatic Regions -- Other N2O Sources -- N2O Loss Processes -- The N2O Global Isotopic Budget -- References -- Chapter 16. The Carbon Isotopic Composition of Atmospheric Methane and its Constraint on the Global Methane Budget -- Introduction -- δ13CH4 Observations -- References -- Series List -- Index.

Note: Front Cover -- Terrestrial Global Productivity -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Contributors -- Preface -- Chapter 1. Terrestrial Primary Productivity: Definitions and Milestones -- Part I: Component Processes -- Chapter 2. Canopy Photosynthesis: History, Measurements, and Models -- I. Introduction -- II. History -- III. Current Theoretical Concepts -- IV. Processes: Response of Canopy Photosynthesis to External Forcings -- V. Canopy Photosynthesis in the Future -- VI. Research Directions -- References -- Chapter 3. Terrestrial Higher Plant Respiration and Net Primary Production -- I. Plant Respiration in Relation to Terrestrial Ecosystem Net Primary Production -- II. Regulation of Respiration Rate -- III. The Fundamental (Semi) Mechanistic Model of Plant Respiration -- IV. Respiration following and during Photosynthesis -- V. Respiration in Leaves, Stems, and Roots -- VI. Respiration in Comparison to Photosynthesis at the Ecosystem Scale -- VII. Optimum Leaf Area Index: Does It Exist? -- VIII. Big Trees and Declining Forest Net Primary Production -- IX. Respiratory Responses to Environmental Change: The Future -- X. Summary -- References -- Chapter 4. Phenology, Growth, and Allocation in Global Terrestrial Productivity -- I. Introduction -- II. Phenology -- III. Growth and Allocation -- IV. Future Directions -- V. Summary and Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 5. From Plant Soil: Litter Production and Decomposition -- I. Introduction -- II. Litter Inputs: Quantity and Quality -- III. From Plant Organic Matter to Soil Organic Matter -- IV. Research Needs -- V. Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 6. Herbivory and Trophic Interactions -- I. Introduction -- II. Herbivores and Trophic Relations in Global Evolutionary Context -- III. Herbivory and the Environment -- IV. Plant Architecture -- V. Tri-trophic Interactions. , VI. Trophic Interactions and Plant Community Composition -- VII. Grazing and Detritus Food Webs in a Global Biome Context -- VIII. Resolving a Dilemma: Remote Sensing, Herbivory, and Trophic Interactions -- IX. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 7. Water, Nitrogen, Rising Atmospheric CO2, and Terrestrial Productivity -- I. Introduction -- II. The Constraints -- III. Effects of Water Regime on Net Primary Production -- IV. Effects of CO2 on NPP and NEP -- V. Interactions between CO2 and Nutrients -- VI. Interactions between Water Regime and CO2 Concentrations -- VII. Interactions between CO2, Water, and Nitrogen -- References -- Chapter 8. How Does Biodiversity Control Primary Productivity? -- I. Introduction -- II. Productivity and Species Diversity at Different Spatial Scales -- III. Impact of Plant Species and Functional Group Diversity on Intensity of Ecosystem Fluxes -- IV. Mechanisms Relating Plant Diversity and Flux Intensity -- V. Impact of Plant Diversity on the Stability of Ecosystem Fluxes -- VI. Conclusions and Perspectives -- References -- Part II: Ecosystem Productive Performance -- Chapter 9. Productivity of Arctic Ecosystems -- I. Introduction -- II. Environment -- III. Primary Production and Net Ecosystem Production -- IV. Environmental Controls, Direct and Indirect -- V. Effects of Species Composition -- VI. Short- versus Long-Term Controls -- VII. Priorities for New Research -- References -- Chapter 10. Productivity of Boreal Forests -- I. Introduction -- II. Nature and Extent of Boreal Forests -- III. Recent Research Programs -- IV. Biophysical Properties -- V. Evaporation, Transpiration, and Climate -- VI. Biomass and Productivity -- VII. Production Processes -- VIII. Stand Annual Carbon Balance -- IX. Radiation Use Efficiency -- X. Regional Production and Sensitivity to Global Change -- XI. Summary -- References. , Chapter 11. Productivity of Evergreen and Deciduous Temperate Forests -- I. Nature and Extent of Temperate Forests -- II. Productivity Values -- III. Control on ANPP Due to Water, Soils, Disturbance, and Vegetation Type -- IV. Component and Total Carbon Flux and Scaling Relations -- V. Human Impacts on Production -- VI. Summary -- References -- Chapter 12. Productivity of Temperate Grasslands -- I. Introduction -- II. Productivity Patterns and Controls -- III. Secondary Productivity Patterns and Control -- IV. Grassland Primary Production, Carbon Balance, and Global Change -- References -- Chapter 13. Productivity of Agro-ecosystems -- I. Introduction -- II. Potential and Actual Net Primary Production -- III. Primary Productivity of Agriculture -- IV. Time Trends in Productivity, Nitrogen Uptake, and Fertilizer Use -- V. Who Consumes the Production? -- VI. Discussion -- VII. Summary -- References -- Chapter 14. Hierarchy and Productivity of Mediterranean-Type Ecosystems -- I. Nature and Extent of Mediterranean-Type Ecosystems -- II. Productivity in Mediterranean-Type Ecosystems -- III. Scaling Up Leaf Production -- IV. Environmental Limitations on NPP -- V. The Threats of Global Change -- VI. Summary -- References -- Chapter 15. Productivity of Deserts -- I. Nature and Extent of Deserts -- II. Standing Biomass and Aboveground Net Primary Productivity Rates -- III. Seasonality Components of Net Primary Production -- IV. Human Impacts on Primary Productivity in Desert Regions -- V. Anticipated Impacts of Global Change on Deserts -- VI. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 16. Productivity of Tropical Savannas and Grasslands -- I. Introduction -- II. Definition -- III. Extent -- VI. Plant Composition: Structural and Functional Variability -- V. Estimates of Biomass and Productivity -- VI. Biophysical Properties, Fluxes, and Efficiencies. , VII. Environmental Determinants -- VIII. Human Influence -- IX. Climate Change -- X. Summary -- References -- Chapter 17. Productivity of Tropical Rain Forests -- I. The Nature and Extent of Tropical Rain Forests -- II. Production Values -- III. Components of Production -- IV. Estimate of Global Productivity -- V. Human and Environmental Impacts -- VI. Research Needs -- References -- Part IIl: Global Productivity -- Chapter 18. Determining Present Patterns of Global Productivity -- I. Introduction -- II. The Nature of Available NPP Observations -- III. Assessing Productivity at the Continental to Global Scale -- IV. Outlook: Development of an Improved Database -- References -- Chapter 19. Integrating Global Models of Terrestrial Primary Productivity -- I. Introduction -- II. Different Nature and Purposes of Global Models -- III. Modeling Biospheric Processes -- IV. Indirect Constraints on NPP from Remote-Sensed and Atmospheric Observations -- V. Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 20. Reconstructing and Modeling Past Changes in Terrestrial Primary Productivity -- I. Introduction -- II. Reconstruction of Vegetation Composition and NPP from Paleodata -- III. Global Simulation of Vegetation and NPP -- IV. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 21. Global Terrestrial Productivity and Carbon Balance -- I. Introduction -- II. Carbon Fluxes, 1850 to 1990 -- III. Carbon Fluxes, 1980 to 1995 -- IV. Future Changes in Carbon Storage and NPP Likely as a Result of Human Activity -- V. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 22. Predicting the Future Productivity and Distribution of Global Terrestrial Vegetation -- I. Introduction -- II. Methods -- III. Model Projections -- IV. Model Projections for the 1860s to the 2090s -- V. Summary -- References -- Chapter 23. Estimations of Global Terrestrial Productivity: Converging toward a Single Number?. , I. Introduction -- II. Synthesis of Biome Data -- III. Comparison of NPP and Phytomass Estimated by Different Methods -- IV. Global Change-Induced Variations in NPP and NEP -- V. Conclusions -- References -- Index -- Previous Volumes in Series.

Note: Front Cover -- Earth System Responses to Global Change: Contrasts between North and South America -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Contributors -- Preface -- Part I: The Ocean -- Chapter 1. Global Climate Change in the Oceans: A Review -- I. Introduction -- II. The Ocean Response to Increased Co2 -- III. Idealized Geography Models Responding to a Sudden Increase of Co2 -- IV. Quasi-Realistic Geography Model Responding to a Sudden Increase of Co2 -- V. Realistic Geography Responding to a Sudden Increase in Co2 -- VI. Realistic Geography Responding to a Gradual Increase in Co2 -- VII. Summary -- References -- Chapter 2. Global Warming and Coastal Ecosystem Response: How Northern and Southern Hemispheres May Differ in the Eastern Pacific Ocean -- I. Introduction -- II. Overview of Physics and Biology of Pacific Eastern Boundary Current Regions -- III. Major Physical and Chemical Signals and Their Ecological Consequences -- IV. Summary -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Part II: Climate Controls -- Chapter 3. Northern Hemisphere Climate Change: Physical Processes and Observed Changes -- I. Introduction -- II. Physical Reasons for Relationships -- III. Large-Scale Observed Trends -- IV. Future Prospects: Links with the Greenhouse Effect -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Chapter 4. Climate along the Extratropical West Coast of South America -- I. Introduction -- II. Climate Background -- III. Climate Variability -- IV. Long-Term Climate Changes -- V. Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 5. North-South Comparisons: Climate Controls -- References -- Part III: Hydrology and Geomorphology -- Chapter 6. Regional Hydrologie Responses to Global Change in Western North America -- I. Introduction -- II. Nature of the Hydrologie Cycle -- III. Regional Hydrology -- IV. Ground Water Systems. , V. Hydrologie Phenomena in the Mountains -- VI. Lakes and Wetlands -- VII. Runoff and Coastal Oceanography -- VIII. Climatic Change Effects -- IX. Land Use and Hydrology -- X. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 7. Chilean Geomorphology and Hydrology: Response to Global Change -- I. Introduction -- II. Main Geomorphologie and Hydrologie Characteristics -- III. Global Change and Its Influence on Geomorphologie and Hydrologic Patterns -- IV. Summary and Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 8. North-South Comparisons: Hydrology-Geomorphology -- I. Introduction -- II. Macroscale Effects -- III. Geomorphologie Processes -- IV. Hydrology -- V. Responses to Global Change -- VI. Summary -- References -- Part IV: Biogeochemistry -- Chapter 9. Response of Major North American Ecosystems to Global Change: A Biogeochemical Perspective -- I. Introduction -- II. Tundra Ecosystems -- III. Wetlands -- IV. Forests -- V. Grasslands and Deserts -- VI. Transition Zones -- VII. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 10. Terrestrial Biogeochemical Feedbacks in Global Warming: Some Predictions for South America -- I. Introduction -- II. Carbon Dioxide -- III. Methane -- IV. Nitrous Oxide -- V. Tropospheric Ozone -- VI. Tropical Deforestation -- VII. Summary -- References -- Chapter 11. North-South Comparisons: Biogeochemistry -- References -- Part V: Intertidal -- Chapter 12. Possible Ecological Responses to Global Climate Change: Near shore Benthic Biota of Northeastern Pacific Coastal Ecosystems -- I. Introduction -- II. Ecological Oceanographic, and Biogeographic Background -- III. Predicted Biotic Responses to Changes in Physical Parameters -- IV. Lessons from a Recent Anomalous Event: The 1982-1983 El Niño-Southern Oscillation -- V. Discussion and Conclusions -- References. , Chapter 13. Southeastern Pacific Coastal Environments: Main Features, Large-Scale Perturbations, and Global Climate Change -- I. Introduction -- II. Main Geomorphic and Climatic Features with Emphasis on the Chilean Coastline -- III. Main Oceanographic Features with Emphasis on the Chilean Sector -- IV. Biogeography: Past and Present -- V. Global Change Scenarios -- VI. Large-Scale Perturbations -- VII. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 14. Pacific Ocean Coastal Ecosystems and Global Climate Change -- References -- Part VI: Plants -- Chapter 15. Full and Late Glacial Paleoenvironmental Scenarios for the West Coast of Southern South America -- I. Introduction -- II. Full Glacial Vegetation and Climate -- III. Environmental Changes during the Late Glacial -- IV. Summary -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Chapter 16. Vegetation in Western North America, Past and Future -- I. Introduction -- II. Past Vegetation Change in Western North America -- III. Vegetation Response to Past Climate Change -- IV. Movement of Pinyon Pine in Relation to Climatic Change -- V. Other Community and Species Movements in the Past -- VI. Future Vegetation -- VII. General Considerations for Making Predictions -- VIII. On Making Predictions -- IX. What We Need to Do -- X. What We Can Say Now -- XI. Summary -- References -- Chapter 17. Global Change: Flora and Vegetation of Chile -- I. Introduction -- II. Chile and Global Change -- III. Flora and Vegetation -- IV. Individualistic Responses -- V. Synthesis and Final Comments -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 18. North-South Comparisons: Vegetation -- Part VII: Animals -- Chapter 19. Assessing the Effects of Global Change on Animals in Western North America -- I. Introduction -- II. The Organisms -- III. The Geographic Setting -- IV. General Responses to Future Environmental Change. , V. Predicting the Effect of Environmental Change: An Example -- VI. Summary and Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 20, Effect of Global Climatic Change on Terrestrial Mammals in Chile -- I. Introduction -- II. Historical Setting of South American Mammals -- III. Present Climatic Conditions in Chile -- IV. Present Distribution of Vegetation in Chile -- V. Pattern of Mammalian Species Richness in Chile -- VI. Mammalian Species Similarity among Areas in Chile -- VII. Possible Effects of Global Climatic Change on Mammal Associations in Chile -- VIII. Mammalian Species Differential Response to Changes in Climate -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 21. North-South Comparisons: Animals -- Reference -- Part VIII: Managed Systems and Human Impacts -- Chapter 22. Effects of Global Warming on Managed Coastal Ecosystems of Western North America -- I. Introduction -- II. Present Conditions -- III. Postconditions -- IV. Future Conditions -- V. Adaptive Management -- VI. Summary -- References -- Chapter 23. Global Warming and Human Impacts on Landscapes of Chile -- I. Introduction -- II. Current Situation -- III. Landscape-Human Interactions -- IV. Responses to Climate Change Times Human Actions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 24. North-South Comparisons: Managed Systems -- Chapter 25. Concluding Remarks -- References -- Index.