Note: Front Cover -- Chemistry, Energy and the Environment -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- THIRD EUROPEAN WORKSHOP ON CHEMISTRY, ENERGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT -- Opening Address -- Part 1: Chemistry - Friend or Foe of the Environment -- CHAPTER 1. THE EFFECTS OF COAL BASED POWER STATIONS ON THE ENVIRONMENT IN TURKEY -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 2 DEPOSIT AND PRODUCTION OF COAL -- 3 COAL ROLE IN TURKEY ELECTRIC PRODUCTION -- 4 OBTAINED EMISSION AND ITS PREVENTION -- 5 COAL COMBUSTION SYSTEMS AND ITS ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS -- 6 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS -- Acknowledgment -- References -- CHAPTER 2. FORECAST OF SALT OCCURRENCES ON MONUMENT-STONE SURFACES -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 2 CASE STUDY: THE CATHEDRAL OF BARI, ITALY -- 3 FINAL REMARKS -- 4 CONCLUSIONS -- Acknowledgements -- References -- CHAPTER 3. NICKEL - CADMIUM BATTERIES : WASTE MANAGEMENT -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 2 TOXICOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF HAZARDOUS METALS -- 3 CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL CHARACTERISATION OF Ni-Cd BATTERIES -- 3 APPLICATIONS -- 4 RECYCLING PROCESSES -- 5 CONCLUSIONS -- CHAPTER 4. SALT SYSTEMS AND MONUMENT STONE DECAY IN COASTAL MARINE ENVIRONMENT -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 2 MEASUREMENTS AND DATA PROCESSING -- 3 THE CATHEDRAL OF CADIZ CASE STUDY -- 4 FINAL REMARKS -- 5 CONCLUSIONS -- Acknowledgements -- References -- CHAPTER 5. SUPERCRITICAL EXTRACTION OF COMPOUNDS FROM MICROALGAE -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 2 PROPERTIES OF SUPERCRITICAL FLUIDS -- 3 MATERIALS AND METHODS -- 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION -- References -- CHAPTER 6. ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMICAL RISK REDUCTION: The Salvation for the 21st Century -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 2 RATIONALE -- 3 WHY REDUCE RISK? -- 4 RISK REDUCTION ADDS VALUE -- 5 IMPORTANT MATTERS TO BE CONSIDERED WITH URGENCY -- 6 NEW APPROACHES -- 7 THE WAY TOWARDS THE YEAR 2100 -- 8. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- 9 REFERENCES. , CHAPTER 7. GEOSTATISTICAL ASSESSMENT OF AIRBORNE SALINITY AT GROUND LEVEL USING LICHENS AS SALTFALL BIOMONTTORS -- Abstract -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 2 MATERIALS, METHODS AND SITES -- 3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION -- 4 CONCLUSIONS -- 5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- 6 REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 8. STUDIES OF SMOKE EMISSIONS AT A COKING PLANT -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 2 COKE - OVEN OPERATION : CARBONIZATION -- 3 OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE LIMITS -- 4 EVALUATION OF THE EXPOSURE DEGREE -- 5 EXPERIMENTAL -- 6 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION -- 7 CONCLUSIONS -- Acknowledgement -- References -- CHAPTER 9. DEVELOPMENT OF THE EFFECTIVE H2S REMOVING EQUIPMENT USING THIOBACILLUS SP.IW -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. MATERIAL AND METHODS -- 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS -- References -- Chapter 10. Waste-Management Education & -- Research Consortium (WERC)Environmental Design Competition: An Innovative Method for Environmental Education -- 1 ABSTRACT -- 2 INTRODUCTION -- 3 OVERALL PROCESS -- 4 CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- CHAPTER 11. ENGINEERING ASPECTS OF LEACHING -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 2 THE BATCH REACTOR -- 3 THE PLUG FLOW REACTOR -- 4 THE CONTINUOUS STIRRED TANK REACTOR -- 5 DESIGN OF A SERIES OF CSTR's -- 6 NOTES ON IMPERFECTION -- APPENDIX I : CALCULATION EXTRACTION -- CHAPTER 12. ZINC PRESSURE LEACHING -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 2 THE ROAST-LEACH-ELECTROWIN ZINC PROCESS -- 3 THE PRESSURE LEACH PROCESS -- 4. CONCLUSION -- References -- Part 2: Catalysis in the Service of the Environment -- CHAPTER 13. ACTIVITY AND STABILITY OF PEROVSKITE TYPE-OXIDES FOR THE CATALYTIC DESTRUCTION OF C1-CHLORINATED VOC's -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 2 EXPERIMENTAL -- 3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION -- 4 CONCLUSIONS -- Acknowledgments -- References -- CHAPTER 14. CATALYSIS AND THE ENVIRONMENT: THE NOx PROBLEM -- 1. ABSTRACT -- 2. INTRODUCTION -- 3. THE MOBILE SOURCE -- 4. STATIONARY APPLICATIONS -- Acknowledgements -- References. , CHAPTER 15. HETEROGENEOUS PHOTOCATALYSIS: A CONVENIENT METHOD FOR WATER TREATMENT -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 2 PRINCIPLE OF HETEROGENEOUS PHOTOCATALYSIS -- 3 SURVEY OF REACTIVITY. ENVIRONMENTAL DECONTAMINATION -- 4 CHALLENGE: PLANT DESIGN AND ECONOMICS FOR CHEMICAL ENGINEERS -- 5 CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- References -- CHAPTER 16. CATALYTIC FIXATION OF CARBON DIOXIDE TO FUNCTIONAL POLYMERS VIA CYCLIC CARBONATE -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 2 EXPERIMENTAL -- 3. RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS -- 4 CONCLUSION -- References -- CHAPTER 17. ON THE CATALYSIS OF SULHTE* AUTOXIDATION BY TRANSITION METAL IONS -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2 EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUE -- 3. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS -- 4. CONCLUSION -- 5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- 6. REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 18. SURFACE DIFFUSION IN ELECTROCHEMICAL SYSTEMS. THE MEANING OFTHE FACTOR δ -- SUMMARY -- INTRODUCTION -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- Part 3: The Challenge of the Environmentally Friendly Production of Energy -- CHAPTER 19. THE MODIFIED POLLUTION ΕQUΑTIΟΝ IN TARGET OF CARBON EMISSION REDUCING -- Abstract -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 2 THE MODEL AND THE METHODOLOGY -- 3 TEST -- 4 CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 20. COMPARISON OF THE CONDUCTION PROPERTIES OF PHOSPHORIC ACID DOPED AND BENZYLSULFONATE GRAFTED POLYBENZIMIDAZOLE -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 2 EXPERIMENTA L -- 3 RESULTS -- 4 CONCLUSION -- References -- CHAPTER 21. NUCLEAR INHERITANCE OF THE COLD WAR CHALLENGES OF NUCLEAR POWER -- Abstract -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. NUCLEAR INHERITANCE OF THE FSU -- 3. CONCLUSION -- 4. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT -- References -- CHAPTER 22. ENERGY SOURCES POLICIES IN TERMS OF ENVIRONMENT -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 2 ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCES IN TÜRKIYE -- 3 ENERGY SOURCES IN TÜRKİYE AND THEIR EVALUATION -- 4 THE ENERGY POLICY OF TÜRKİYE -- 5 RESULTS -- References -- CHAPTER 23. ELECTROCATALYTIC SOLUTIONS TO SOME ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL QUESTIONS -- SUMMARY. , INTRODUCTION -- FUNDAMENTAL ASPECTS OF ELECTROCATALYSIS AND APPLICATIONS -- DESIGN OF ELECTROCATALYSTS -- INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS OF ELECTROCHEMISTRY AND THEIR IMPACT ON ENVIRONMENT. -- CONCLUSIONS -- LITERATUR -- CHAPTER 24. ENERGY CONSUMPTION AND EMISSIONS IN INDUSTRY - CASE OF THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 2 NATIONAL CIRCUMSTANCES -- 3 INDUSTRY -- 4 ENERGY AND AIR POLLUTION -- 5 ENVIRONMENTAL AND ENERGY POLICY IN SLOVAKIA -- 6 EXAMPLES OF EMISSIONS REDUCTION IN SLOVAKIA -- References -- CHAPTER 25. PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER SUPPLY FOR WATER PUMPING SYSTEMS -- ABSTRACT -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Selection of Project Sites -- 3 Sizing of PV-Pumping Systems -- 4 System Performance -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- CHAPTER 26. CORROSION FAILURE ANALYSIS: SCOPE FOR A RULE-BASED EXPERT SYSTEM -- ABSTRACT -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 2 EXPERT SYSTEM MODULES -- 3 EXPERT SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT -- 4 RESULTS -- 5 CONCLUSIONS -- References -- CHAPTER 27. PVT MEASUREMENTS OF BINARY GASEOUS MIXTURES AT HIGH TEMPERATURES AND PRESSURES -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 2 EXPERIMENTAL -- 3 RESULTS -- 4 DISCUSSION -- 5 CONCLUSION -- References -- Part 4: Energy Sources for 2000 and Beyond -- CHAPTER 28. WE-NET : THE NATIONAL HYDROGEN PROJECT OF JAPAN, ITS VISION AND STATUS -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. OUTLINE OF THE WE-NET PROJECT -- 3. TARGETS OF TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT -- 4. PRESENT STATUS OF THE PROJECT -- 5. CONCLUSIONS -- References -- CHAPTER 29. FUEL CELLS FOR ELECTRICITY GENERATION FROM CARBONACEOUS FUELS -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 2 TYPES OF FUEL CELLS -- 3 HYDROGEN PRODUCTION AND GAS PURIFICATION -- 4 CONCLUSION -- 5 REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 30. THE EFFECTS OF MINING METHODS AND COAL QUALITY ON POWER GENERATION COST IN TURKEY -- ABSTRACT -- l.INTRODUCTION -- 2. EVALUATION OF COAL FIELDS REGARDING ELECTRICITY GENERATION -- 3. GENERAL EVALUATION OF COAL FIELDS -- 4. CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES. , References -- CHAPTER 31. THE GRAVITY AS A NEW RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCE FOR THE 21st CENTURY -- CHAPTER 32. ELECTROCHEMICALLY INDUCED COLD FUSION AND ENVIRONMENT -- 1) INTRODUCTION -- 2) EXPERIMENTAL APPARATUS -- 3) EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS -- 4) RECENT PROGRESS -- 5) OUR EFFORTS IN SEARCHING COLD FUSION -- 6) CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Part 5: Nuclear Waste -- CHAPTER 33. THE LOW RADIOACTIVE WASTE METHOD OF A FISSION MO-99 PRODUCTION -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- References -- CHAPTER 34. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF FIRST SOVIET NUCLEAR COMPLEX -- Abstract -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. SOURCES OF RADIOACTIVE CONTAMINATION AND RADIOACTIVE WASTE ACCUMULATED -- 3. TECHA RIVER CASCADE OF RESERVOIRS -- 4. LAKE KARACHAY -- 5. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- 6. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT -- References -- CHAPTER 35. DECONTAMINATION OF THE URANIUM PROCESSING EFFLUENTS CONTAINING 226Ra(II) -- RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- Part 6: Electrochemical Decontamination -- CHAPTER 36. ELECTROCHEMICAL REMEDIATION: A MODERN OPTION FOR CLEANING UP CONTAMINATED LAND -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 2 DECONTAMINATION METHODS -- 3 ELECTRORECLAMATION -- 4 COMPANIES INVOLVED IN ELECTRORECLAMATION -- 5 CONCLUSIONS -- Reference -- CHAPTER 37. REMOVAL OF HEAVY METALS AND ARSENIC FROM SOIL BY AN ELECTROCHEMICAL TREATMENT -- 1 lNTRODUCTON -- 2 EXPERIMENTAL -- 3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION -- 4 CONCLUSIONS -- References -- CHAPTER 38. CATALYTIC SYSTEMS FOR THE OXIDATION OF ORGANIC POLLUTANTS -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 2 OXIDATIVE CONVERSION. GENERAL MECHANISMS -- 3 OXIDATIVE CONVERSION. ELECTRODE MATERIALS -- 4 PHOTOASSISTED OXIDATION -- 5 CONCLUDING REMARKS -- References -- CHAPTER 39. REMOVAL OF IONS FROM INDUSTRIAL AND MUNICIPAL WASTE WATERS BY FLOTATION METHODS. APPLICATION ON THE REMOVAL OF LEAD -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 2 TYPES OF FLOTATION METHODS AND TECHNIQUES -- 3 ION FLOTATION -- 4. EXPERIMENTAL. , 5 CONCLUSIONS.