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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Regional Distribution of Prostaglandins D2, E2, and F2α and Related Enzymes in Postmortem Human Brain (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 43 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract: The presence of prostaglandins D2, E2, and F2α was demonstrated and their contents measured in various regions of postmortem human brain, pineal body, and pituitary by using specific radioimmunoassays and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The three prostaglandins were widely distributed in similar concentrations ranging from several hundred pg/g wet weight to about 40 ng/g wet weight. Prostaglandins D2 and E2 showed consistent and similar regional distributions in all six brains tested; amounts were high in pineal body, pituitary, olfactory bulb, and hypothalamus. On the other hand, prostaglandin F2α was distributed more evenly. Prosta- glandin D synthetase and prostaglandin E synthetase activities were found in cerebrum homogenate from a single subject and were recovered from the 100,000 ×g supernatant. The presence of 1 mM glutathione, reduced form, markedly stimulated the activity of prostaglandin E synthetase, but did not affect prostaglandin D synthetase activity. Activity of 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase was found in the cerebrum homogenate and was partially purified. This enzyme required NADP as a cofactor and copurified with prostaglandin E 9-ketoreductase.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1984.tb06680.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A Golgi study on the neuronal organization of the interhemispheric cortex in the mouse (1981)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 161 (1981), S. 465-481 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Cerebral cortex ; Mouse ; Golgi method ; Cingulate cortex
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Projection neurons in the interhemispheric cortex (IHC) of the mouse were studied by the rapid Golgi method. Five layers were discerned in the IHC. Projection neurons in layer I had stellate or piriform cell bodies with dendrites which were distributed in layers I and II. The cell bodies of projection neurons in layer II were fusiform, pirirform, triangular or stellate in shape. Fine axons of these neurons sent collaterals mainly to layer IV. Projection neurons in layer III were medium-sized pyramidal, and small spindle cells. Basal dendrites of the former neurons were distributed mainly in layer III, while those of the latter neurons extended into layer IV. Projection neurons in layer IV were large pyramidal, medium-sized pyramidal, medium-sized fusiform, and small cells. In the large pyramidal cells, the basal dendrites were distributed mainly in layer IV, and the apical dendrites extended into layer I. The axons of these neurons sent collaterals to all cortical layers. In layer V, spindle and small stellate projection neurons were observed. All apical dendrites of projection neurons in layers I–III extended into layer I, whereas some apical dendrites of projection neurons in layers IV and V did not reach layer I.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00316055
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The distribution of infrahyoid motoneurons in the cat: a retrograde horseradish peroxidase study (1988)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 177 (1988), S. 445-450 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Motoneurons ; Infrahyoid muscles ; Spinal cord ; HRP ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution of cell bodies and the peripheral course of axons of infrahyoid motoneurons were examined in the cat by the retrograde horseradish peroxidase method after application of the enzyme to the peripheral nerve branches supplying the infrahyoid muscles. Infrahyoid motoneurons were observed to constitute a slender cell column, which extended from a level of the caudal part of the hypoglossal nucleus usually to the most caudal level of the C1 cord segment, or occasionally to the lower levels of the C2 cord segment. The cell column was located immediately lateral to that of motoneurons of the spinal accessory nerve. In the cell column, thyrohyoid motoneurons were distributed in the medulla oblongata; sternohyoid motoneurons were located somewhat more cranially than sternothyroid motoneurons in the medulla oblongata and cervical cord. However, the level of craniocaudal distribution of thyrohyoid, sternohyoid or sternothyroid motoneurons highly overlapped. The experiments involving severance of the hypoglossal and/or cervical nerves indicated that axons of thyrohyoid and sternohyoid motoneurons passed via the roots of both hypoglossal and C1 nerves, that axons of sternohyoid motoneurons passed via the C1 nerve roots, and that axons of infrahyoid motoneurons innervating the conjugated part of the sternohyoid and sternothyroid muscles passed usually via the C1 nerve roots, or occasionally via the roots of both C1 and C2 nerves.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00304742
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A Golgi study on the zona incerta of the mouse (1980)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 161 (1980), S. 145-158 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Zona incerta ; Mouse ; Golgi method
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The zona incerta (ZI) of the mouse was studied by the rapid Golgi method. In the ZI, small and medium-sized neurons were recognized. The former were the main constituents; their soma were fusiform or piriform in shape (15.5×22 μm) and had 4 to 8 primary dendrites. Dendrites of the small neurons in the regions near the ventral and dorsal margins of the ZI ran medially and laterally along the margins of the ZI. The mediumsized neurons were seen in the central ZI portions at the caudal levels of the ZI; they had polygonal or fusiform cell bodies (25×31 μm) which emitted 5 to 9 primary dendrites. Some dendrites of the ZI neurons extended into the ventral lateral geniculate nucleus (LGNv), the nucleus of the field of Forel (FF), the cerebral peduncle and the internal capsule. On the other hand, some dendrites of neurons in the LGNv and FF extended into the ZI. Most axons of the ZI neurons coursed dorsally, and some of them could be traced into the medial lemniscus or the dorsal thalamus. A few neurons in the regions near the ventral margin of the ZI sent axons ventrally into the cerebral peduncle. Afferent fibers to the ZI were traced from the cerebral peduncle, internal capsule, field H1, medial lemniscus and dorsal thalamus. Collaterals of fibers in the Meynert's commissure and field H2 entered the ZI. Fibers passing through the LGNv also entered the ZI. Additionally, terminal collaterals were observed to arise from fibers running mediolaterally in the ZI. Some fibers were found to send terminals commonly to the ZI, FF and LGNv by way of axon collaterals.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00305341
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A Golgi study on the neuronal organization of the interhemispheric cortex in the mouse (1981)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 161 (1981), S. 483-498 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Cerebral cortex ; Mouse ; Golgi method ; Cingulate cortex
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The intrinsic neurons in the interhemispheric cortex (IHC) were studied by the rapid Golgi method in the young mouse. In each of the five layers of the IHC, a wide variety of intrinsic neurons were observed. They were classified into several groups according mainly to the patterns of axonal and dendritic distribution. The Cajal-Retzius cells were most frequently seen in layer I. The dendrites and axons of these neurons ran irregularly in the plane parallel to the pial surface of the IHC. Many neurons in layers II–V were observed to send their axons to layer I. Some of these neurons took the form of the inverted pyramidal neurons. The axons of some neurons in layers II, III and IV formed dense axonal plexuses usually in layer III and rarely in layer II. The dendrites of many neurons in layers IV and V extended into the cingulum. The stellate neurons embedded in the cingulum might be the dislocated neurons of layer V.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00316056
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Central distribution of efferent and afferent components of the cervical branches of the vagus nerve (1983)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 166 (1983), S. 1-18 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Vagus nerve ; Superior laryngeal nerve ; Recurrent laryngeal nerve ; Pharyngeal branch of the vagus nerve ; HRP
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Central distribution of efferent and afferent components of the cervical branches of the vagus nerve in the cat was studied by applying horseradish peroxidase (HRP) to the superior laryngeal nerve (SLN), pharyngeal branch (PhB), recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) or middle portion of the cervical trunk of the vagus nerve (CTV). After applying HRP to the SLN, PhB or RLN, labeled neurons were mainly seen ipsilaterally in the ambiguus nuclear complex (Amb) at levels of the rostral, middle, or caudal portions of the Amb, respectively. After application of HRP to the CTV, labeled neurons were distributed ipsilaterally throughout the Amb. Neurons in the lateral reticular formation medial to the spinal trigeminal nucleus were also labeled ipsilaterally with HRP from the SLN or CTV; these neurons appeared to be the caudal extension of the inferior salivatory nucleus. Neurons within the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve (DMV) were labeled ipsilaterally only after HRP application to the CTV. The axons of neurons in the rostral Amb and the lateral reticular formation, labeled retrogradely from the SLN or CTV, ran dorsomedially to form a genu in the dorsomedial tegmental region near the floor of the fourth ventricle, and then turned and left ventrolaterally from the medulla oblongata. On the other hand, axons of neurons in the caudal two-thirds of the Amb, labeled retrogradely from the PhB, RLN or CTV, ran dorsomedially to a region ventral to the DMV, where they turned ventrolaterally to form loops before leaving the brainstem. A few axons of neurons in the rostralmost regions of the DMV were also found to form a genu near the floor of the fourth ventricle before running ventrolaterally to leave the brianstem. Axon terminals in the solitary nucleus (Sn) were transganglionically labeled most densely in the medial and interstitial subnuclei from the SLN, in the medial and dorsolateral subnuclei from the RLN, and in the medial and gelatinous subnuclei from the CTV. Application of HRP to the SLN also revealed labeling of axon terminals in the principal sensory and spinal trigeminal nuclei, the medial cuneate nucleus and the dorsal horn of the C1 and C2 cord segments.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00317941
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The distribution of hypoglossal motoneurons in the dog, rabbit and rat (1988)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 177 (1988), S. 389-394 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Hypoglossal nucleus ; Hypoglossal nerve ; Tongue muscles ; Motoneurons ; Mammals
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution of motoneurons innervating the extrinsic tongue muscles was studied in the dog, rabbit and rat using the horseradish peroxidase technique. In these mammals, hypoglossal motoneurons were clustered in roughly ventral (or media) and dorsal (or lateral) groups. Axons of hypoglossal motoneurons in the ventral (or medial) group passed via the medial branch of the hypoglossal nerve, and those in the dorsal (or lateral) group by way of the lateral branch of the hypoglossal nerve. Motoneurons supplying the geniohyoid or genioglossus muscle were distributed, respectively, in the ventral or lateral aspect of the ventral (or medial) cluster of hypoglossal motoneurons. Hyoglossus and styloglossus motoneurons were located in the lateral aspect of the dorsal (or lateral) cluster. The area of distribution of hypoglossus motoneurons overlapped with that of styloglossus motoneurons. It seems likely that motoneurons innervating intrinsic tongue muscles form the remainder of the hypoglossal nucleus. The largest motoneurons in the hypoglossal nucleus were distributed in the cluster of geniohyoid motoneurons. Thus, in the present study a somatotopic arrangement of motoneurons innervating the extrinsic tongue muscles was found, in keeping with previous studies using the retrograde cell degeneration technique.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00304735
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Correlation of the main peripheral branches of the facial nerve with the cytoarchitectonic subdivisions of the facial nucleus in the guinea pig (1986)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 174 (1986), S. 161-166 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Facial nucleus ; Facial nerve ; HRP ; Guinea pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Correlation of the main peripheral branches of the facial nerve with morphological subdivisions of the facial nucleus was examined in the guinea pig by the retrograde horseradish peroxidase method. The facial nucleus of the guinea pig was divided cytoarchitectonically into the dorsolateral, lateral, intermediate, medio-intermediate, medial, and ventromedial divisions; the ventromedial division was further divided into the major, dorsal and lateral parts. Six main branches of the facial nerve were identified; the zygomatico-orbital, cervical, posterior auricular, anterior auricular, superior labial, and inferior labial branches. After applying HRP to the main branches of the facial nerve, the pattern of distribution of HRP-labelled neuronal cell bodies within the facial nucleus was examined: the dorsolateral division, dorsal part of the ventromedial division, major part of the ventromedial division, lateral part of the ventromedial division, or medial division contained the cell bodies of respectively the zygomatico-orbital, cervical, posterior auricular, anterior auricular, or superior labial branches, while each of the lateral, intermediate, and medio-intermediate divisions contained the cell bodies of both the superior labial and inferior labial branches.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00824331
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Central distribution of efferent and afferent components of the pudendal nerve in rat (1987)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 177 (1987), S. 37-49 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Pudendal nerve ; Onuf's nucleus ; Spinal cord ; Rat ; HRP
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Central distribution of efferent and afferent components of the pudendal nerve was examined in the rat by the horseradish peroxidase (HRP) method after HRP application to the central cut end of the pudendal nerve. The pudendal motoneurons were located in the dorsolateral, dorsomedial and lateral groups at L5 and L6. Each of the dorsolateral and dorsomedial groups constituted a slender longitudinal cell column. Pudendal motoneurons in the lateral group were scattered at L5, rostrodorsally to the dorsolateral group. The neurons in the dorsolateral and lateral groups were labelled with HRP applied to the nerve branch innervating the ischiocavernosus and sphincter urethrae muscles. The neurons in the dorsomedial group were labelled with HRP applied to the branch supplying the sphincter ani externus and bulbospongiosus muscles. Some dendrites of pudendal motoneurons in the dorsomedial group extended to the contralateral dorsomedial group. These crossing dendrites were observed not only in male rats but also in female. The average number of the pudendal motoneurons in the dorsolateral and dorsomedial groups were larger in male rats than in female. A few neurons of the intermediolateral nucleus at upper L6 were also labelled with HRP applied to the dorsalis penis (clitoridis) nerve. Axon terminals of the pudendal nerve were distributed, bilaterally with an ipsilateral predominance, to the gracile nucleus, as well as to the dorsal horn and dorsal commissural gray from L4 to S2. A few labelled axons were seen in the intermediolateral nucleus at L6 and S1. Axon terminals from the dorsalis penis nerve were distributed more medially in the dorsal horn than those from the perinealis nerve.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00325288
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Molecular cloning and characterization of the rat NMDA receptor (1991)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 354 (1991), S. 31-37 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] A complementary DNA encoding the rat NMDA receptor has been cloned and characterized. The single protein encoded by the cDNA forms a receptor-channel complex that has electrophysiological and pharmacological properties characteristic of the NMDA receptor. This protein has a significant ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/354031a0
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