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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 192 (1961), S. 474-475 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Apple twigs bearing winter eggs of the fruit tree red spider were collected during winter and kept outdoors. Before treatment the twigs were cut into pieces of about 4 in. and then dipped into miscible oil-water emulsions. The treated pieces were put into water-filled vials. The whole was kept in ...
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 12 (1969), S. 169-182 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé p L'activité insecticide et acaricide de plusieurs N-méthylcarbamates de phényle substitués a été examinée sur la mouche domestique (Musca domestica), le puceron noir (Aphis fabae), le doryphore (Leptinotarsa decemlineata), la chenille de la piéride du chou (Pieris brassicae) et l'araignée rouge des serres (Tetranychus cinnabarinus). Les N-méthylcarbamates de phényle monosubstitués ne présentent qu'une faible activité acaricide. Les substances avec des substitutions en position méta ou ortho montrent une meilleure activité insecticide que celles avec la substitution en position para. Pour les mouches domestiques l'alcoylation en position méta se trouve donner les composés les plus actifs; pour les pucerons l'alcoylation en position ortho était la plus efficace et pour les doryphores les combinaisons o- et m-étaient d'une activité égale. Les isomères ortho des dérivés alcoxylés étaient plus efficaces. En cas de substitution par un groupe diméthylamino il n'y a pas de différence importante quant à l'activité insecticide entre les positions ortho ou méta. En général il en est de même pour les substitutions par diméthylaminométhyle, bien que le m-isomère soit le plus efficace sur les chenilles. L'introduction d'un deuxième groupe alcoyle dans un N-méthylcarbamate de o- ou m-isopropylphényle change le spectre d'action. Un groupe 5-méthyle diminue beaucoup l'activité de l'o-isomère. Un groupe 5-isopropyle diminue l'activité sur les pucerons, mais pas sur les mouches. Quand un groupe 5-méthyle ou 5-isopropyle est introduit dans un N-méthylcarbamate de m-isopropyl-phényle l'activité est généralement augmentée. L'introduction d'un groupe 6-méthyle diminue toutefois l'activité sur les mouches, les pucerons et les chenilles, mais pas sur les Coléoptères et les araignées rouges. Les N-méthylcarbamates de phényle s'avèrent posséder une meilleure activité que les combinaisons N,N-diméthylcarbamates correspondantes. Une prolongation du groupe N-alcoyle diminue également l'activité. Les dérivés de N-méthylcarbamates de 2-diméthylamino-phényle ont une plus grande activité que les isomères méta correspondants. On trouve toutefois la meilleure activité dans les N-méthylcarbamates de 4-diméthylamino-phényle alcoylés. Tout groupe alcoyle, à condition d'être introduit en position 2-, 3-, ou 5-augmente l'activité insecticide. Les composés métasubstitués semblent encore un peu plus actifs que les dérivés d'o-alcoyle. La grande activité sur les pucerons contraste nettement avec la faible activité sur les mouches et les araignées rouges. Le seul dérivé présentant une bonne activité sur les araignées rouges est le N-méthylcarbamate de 3-isopropyl-4-diméthylamino-5-méthylphényle. Les N-méthylcarbamates de p-diméthylaminométhyl-phényle alcoylés présentent également une forte action insecticide, sauf sur les mouches. Le N-méthylcarbamate de 2, 3-diméthyl-4-diméthylaminométhyl-phényle présente la plus grande activité et le plus large spectre d'action. A partir des N-méthylcarbamates d'alcoylphényle l'introduction d'un groupe p-diméthylamino ou p-diméthylamino-méthyle augmente considérablement l'activité anticholinestérasique aussi bien que l'activité insecticide.
    Notes: Abstract The insecticidal and the acaricidal activities of a number of substituted phenyl N-methylcarbamates have been determined on the housefly (Musca domestica), the black bean aphid (Aphis fabae), the Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata), the cabbage worm (Pieris brassicae) and the carmine spider mite (Tetranychus cinnabarinus). It is demonstrated that the thesis of Kolbezen, Metcalf & Fukuto (1954), Metcalf, Fukuto & Winton (1962) and Kohn, Ospenson & Moore (1965), that the meta-isomers of alkylphenyl N-methylcarbamates are the most active, has to be restricted to some insect groups (e.g. flies and caterpillars). In the case of the Colorado potato beetle the o- and m-isomers were equally active; for aphids the o-isomer was the most toxic one. This fact as well as the different responses of the test insects if the compounds are further alkylated indicate that various carbamates exhibit more or less selective activities. Most striking was the high level of activity in the new group of p-dimethylaminomethylphenyl N-methylcarbamates on most of the insects, in combination with a complete lack of toxicity to houseflies. As previously pointed out by Kolbezen et al. (1954) and Metcalf et al. (1962), it was found that lengthening of the N-methyl group or N,N-dialkylation resulted in loss of insecticidal activity. The most active dimethylaminophenyl compounds were those with a p-dimethylamino group in combination with alkyl substituents in the 2,5- and 3,5-positions. Several p-dimethylaminomethylphenyl N-methylcarbamates with two or three alkyl substituents (except the 2,6-combination) proved to be highly active, except on flies, to which they were virtually nontoxic. Greatest broad-spectrum activity was shown by 2,3-dimethyl-4-dimethylaminomethylphenyl N-methylcarbamate. It is demonstrated that by introducing a p-dimethylamino- or a p-dimethylaminomethyl group in alkylphenyl N-methylcarbamates a considerable gain in anticholinesterase and insecticidal activity is obtained.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naturwissenschaften 59 (1972), S. 312-313 
    ISSN: 1432-1904
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 176 (1955), S. 515-516 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Diphenylsulphone and mono.)-chlorodiphenyl-sulphone are more or less phytocidal at active concentrations. We have now found that 2,4,5-trichlorodiphenylsulphone (CF 17') and 2,4,5,4'-tetraehlorodiphenylsulphone ('Tedion V 18') possess strong acaricidal properties without phytocidal side-effects. As ...
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Hippocampus ; Single units ; Place cells ; Colchicine ; Spatial behavior
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effects of massive destruction of granule cells of the fascia dentata on the spatial and temporal firing characteristics of pyramidal cells in the CA1 and CA3 subfields of the hippocampus were examined in freely moving rats. Microinjections of the neurotoxin colchicine were made at a number of levels along the septo-temporal axis of the dentate gyri of both hemispheres, resulting in destruction of over 75% of the granule cells. By contrast there was relatively little damage to the pyramidal cell fields. As assessed by three different behavioral tests, the colchicine treatment resulted in severe spatial learning deficits. Single units were recorded from the CA1 and CA3 subfields using the stereotrode recording method while the animals performed a forced choice behavioral task on the radial 8-arm maze. Considering the extent of damage to the dentate gyrus, which has hitherto been considered to be the main source of afferent information to the CA fields, there was remarkably little effect on the spatial selectivity of “place cell” discharge on the maze, as compared to recordings from control animals. There was, however, a change in the temporal firing characteristics of these cells, which was manifested primarily as an increase in the likelihood of burst discharge. The main conclusion derived from these findings is that most of the spatial information exhibited by hippocampal pyramidal cells is likely to be transmitted from the cortex by routes other than the traditional “trisynaptic circuit”. These routes may include the direct projections from entorhinal layers II and III to CA3 and CA1, respectively.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Plant ecology 65 (1986), S. 53-61 
    ISSN: 1573-5052
    Keywords: Coastal dune ; Dune Pool ; Eutrophication ; Groundwater flow ; Nitrate ; Nutrient load ; Orthophosphate ; Potassium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In Dutch coastal dunes the relation was studied between the composition of the vegetation on the banks of pools and the nutrients supplied by the groundwater. Areas infiltrated with eutrophic river water were compared with non-affected areas. The floristic composition was interpreted according to classification systems of ruderal, ‘nitrophilous’ tall hemicryptophytes and the conservation parameters richness and rarity. Of the three main macro-nutrients (orthophosphate, nitrate and potassium), the orthophosphate load shows the highest correlation with the vegetation variables. It is suggested that a reduction of orthophosphate during pre-purification of the infiltration water would reduce the dominance of the ruderals to the extent that the original dune slack species could return locally.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 74 (1968), S. 133-139 
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Samenvatting De in de titel genoemde stoffen zijn onderzocht op fungicide, insecticide en acaricide werking in laboratorium en kasproeven. Verscheidene vertegenwoordigers van dit type verbindingen waren werkzaam tegen echte meeldauw van appel, komkommer en gerst, en tegen bladluizen en spint, dit zowel na toepassing op de bladeren als na toevoeging aan de voedingsoplossingen van proefplanten. Behandeling van bladhelften resulteerde in bescherming van de gehele bladeren. Een opvallend verschil werd waargenomen tussen de werking van twee reeksen isomeren. Vertegenwoordigers van de reeks met de fosforylgroep op de 1-plaats waren veel werkzamer dan hun isomeren met de fosforylgroep op de 2-plaats. Het optimum binnen de twee homologe reeksen (R-H, CH3 ... C6H13) werd bepaald: in het algemeen waren de lagere homologen (R-H, CH3; C2H5 en i-C3H7) het werkzaamst in de systemische proeven. Na een preventieve bladbespuiting was de invloed van de lengte van R minder uitgesproken of zelfs omgekeerd.
    Notes: Abstract The compounds referred to in the title have been investigated for fungicidal, insecticidal and acaricidal activities in laboratory and greenhouse tests. Several representatives of this class of compounds were active against powdery mildew on apple, cucumber, and barley, and against aphids and spider mites, both when applied to the leaves and when added to the nutrient solutions of test plants. Treatment of leaf halves resulted in protection of the entire leaves. A striking difference in pesticidal activity was observed between two series of isomers. Representatives of the series with the phosphoryl group in the 1-position showed much greater pesticidal activities than their corresponding isomers with the phosphoryl group in the 2-position. The optimum activity within the two homologous series (R-H, CH3 ... C6H13) was determined: generally the lower homologues (R-H, CH3, C2H5 and i-C3H7) showed the greatest pesticidal activity in the systemic tests. After leaf-application the influence of the length of R was less pronounced or even reversed.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract An antibiotic substance, MYC 8005, was found to be produced by aStreptomyces strain, D197. It proved to possess strong antibiotic activities against bacteria, fungi and spider mites. It might be similar to antibiotic 323/58 reported in 1962 by Kruglyaket al. This antibiotic, however, is no longer available for comparison. The producing organism resmblesStreptomyces exfoliatus (Waksman & Curtis) Waksman & Henrici but differs from this species in the surface structure of the spores. For this reason it is proposed to give D 197 the nameStreptomyces exfoliatus var.echinosporus var. nov. The nature of the symptoms observed with spider mites and the susceptibility of various acaricide-resistant strains to this antibiotic suggest a new mode of action.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 78 (1972), S. 77-88 
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The antibiotic MYC 8005, known as an acaricide, appeared to possess strong growth inhibiting properties, not only in immature stages of spider mites but also in larvae of several insect species. Adult mites and insects seemed not to be affected. However, the fecundity of femaleTetranychus cinnabarinus was strongly reduced by deposits of MYC 8005 on the leaves of bean plants. The feeding of adult houseflies and Colorado potato beetles with MYC 8005 resulted in complete or almost complete sterilization of the insects. The sterilizing effect appeared to be caused by inhibition of maturing processes, in particular of yolk formation in the eggs, whereas follicles looked normal. These facts, and the strong reduction of the fat body in treated insects, suggest that the lipid and protein metabolism are disturbed by MYC 8005.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 55 (1949), S. 279-289 
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Although these trials should be considered as preliminary experiments we feel justified in drawing the following conclusions: 1. Treatment of manure for the control of the mushroom fly is of no use as, neither larva nor imago ofSciara live in the manure. 2. One dusting of the beds with Bentox 3% heavy (dolomite marl with 3% hexachlorocyclohexane, isomer mixture) at a rate of 25 g/10–12 m2, or Bentox 1% heavy 75 g/10–12 m2 prevents affection by the mushroom fly. 3. This also obtains for a dusting with 0.1% γ-isomer of hexachlorocyclohexane. 4. A pest of the mushroom fly can completely be controlled by dusting a few times, once or twice a week, with Bentox 3% heavy. 5. There is some indication of a greater yield from the beds treated with Bentox than from untreated beds. At the same time the treated beds bear longer. 6. Quality, smell and taste of the mushrooms treated with Bentox or with γ-HCH deviate in no respect from those of the normal, untreated ones.
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