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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On-Line Chromatographic Analysis and Fermenter State Characterization of Butanol/Acetone Fermentations (1986)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 469 (1986), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1749-6632
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1986.tb26512.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Register Epidemiology Studies of Recent Cancer Trends in Selected Workers (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 609 (1990), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1749-6632
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1990.tb32079.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Formaldehyde and cancer: a critical review (1994)
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 66 (1994), S. 295-301 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Formaldehyde ; Nasopharyngeal cancer Nasal cancer ; Lung cancer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Formaldehyde is a naturally occurring chemical found in every human cell. It has been in widespread use for over a century as a disinfectant and preservative agent, and more recently in a number of industrial products. Animal studies indicate that formaldehyde is a rat carcinogen at high levels (〉_ 10 ppm) of exposure. Results for lower levels of exposure show less clear-cut carcinogenic effects, and some species, such as mice and hamsters, appear much less sensitive to any carcinogenic potential of formaldehyde. Epidemiologic studies of the effects of formaldehyde exposure among humans provide inconsistent results. In general, these nonexperimental studies suffer from a number of biases and flaws. The epidemiologic studies fall into three categories: formaldehyde industry workers, case-control studies, and studies of professionals who use formaldehyde. Studies of industry workers with known exposure to formaldehyde report little evidence of an excess cancer risk. Nasopharyngeal cancer, the one cancer considered most strongly linked to formaldehyde among humans, appears after close examination to be likely a result of multiple subgroup analyses and misclassification. The case-control studies usually lack any direct measure of formaldehyde exposure and rely instead on hypothetical exposure based on occupational exposure matrices. Most of these studies, after adjustment for confounding factors, fail to find a significant association with putative formaldehyde exposure. The studies that do report a significant association suffer from methodologic problems limiting their interpretation. The investigations of professionals who use formaldehyde in their work, such as embalmers, pathologists, and anatomists, have the advantage over case-control studies of a much higher likelihood of actual formaldehyde exposure. The findings among these individuals, however, are at odds with those of the other two groups, with excesses of deaths from cancer of the brain and leukemia. The inconsistency between professionals and formaldehyde industry workers in cancer risk patterns suggest that formaldehyde is not the etiologic agent. When the epidemiologic data on formaldehyde and human cancer are examined in light of the widely accepted causal criteria of strength of the association, consistency and specificity of results, dose-response effects, and biologic coherence and plausibility, the studies published so far fail to provide credible causal evidence.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00378361
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A critical review of epidemiology studies of trichloroethylene and perchloroethylene and risk of renal-cell cancer (1997)
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 70 (1997), S. 222-231 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Key words Epidemiology  ;  Trichloroethylene  ;   Perchloroethylene  ;  Renal-cell cancer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The epidemiology studies of trichloroethylene (TCE) and perchloroethylene (PCE) as they relate to risk of renal-cell cancer are critically reviewed. The studies fall into two basic groups: cohort studies of workers who use TCE or PCE and community-based case-control studies. Issues of bias, confounding, and chance are examined in relation to the studies. There is little evidence of an increased risk of renal-cell cancer and exposure to TCE or PCE. The few studies with elevations in risk suffer from important methodologic shortcomings. Although it is virtually impossible using epidemiology data to rule out conclusively a small increase in risk of renal-cell cancer, the totality of epidemiologic evidence clearly does not support a causal association with TCE or PCE. Future studies of these chemicals must include quantitative evidence of exposure and proper methodologic design, be large-scale in nature to detect small increases in risk, and provide a coherent interpretation of all epidemiology data on these solvents and risk of renal-cell cancer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004200050211
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Risk Factors for Male Breast Cancer (United States) (1998)
    Springer
    Cancer causes & control 9 (1998), S. 269-275 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7225
    Keywords: Alcohol ; diet ; male breast cancer ; obesity ; tobacco ; United States
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objectives: The etiology of male breast cancer is obscure, although an excess risk has been associated with Klinefelter syndrome, testicular disorders, benign breast disease including gynecomastia, use of exogenous estrogens, radiation, and a family history of male or female breast cancer. We conducted a case-control study to investigate risk factors further for breast cancer in men. Methods: Based on data from the 1986 National (United States) Mortality Followback Survey (NMFS) of almost 20,000 deceased adults (age 25 years or over), we compared information obtained from next-of-kin interviews of 178 men who died of breast cancer with that of 512 male controls who died of other causes. Information was obtained on selected demographic and other factors, including diet, exercise, occupation, height and weight, and use of tobacco and alcohol. Results: Increased risks were found for men who were described by their next-of-kin as very overweight (odds ratio [OR] = 2.3, 95 percent confidence interval [CI] = 1.1-5.0). The risks associated with the three upper quartiles of body mass index (BMI) (wt/ht2) were 1.3, 1.6, and 2.3, respectively, with a significant dose-response relationship (P 〈 0.01). An excess risk was also associated with limited exercise (OR = 1.3, CI = 0.8-2.0). Consumption of red meat was associated with an increased risk, and consumption of fruits and vegetables with a decreased risk, although the trends were not significant. No association was found for tobacco or alcohol use, but an excess risk was associated with higher levels of socioeconomic status (SES) (OR = 1.8, CI = 1.1-3.0). Conclusions: Our study suggests that obesity increases the risk of male breast cancer, possibly through hormonal mechanisms, while dietary factors, physical activity, and SES indicators also deserve further investigation. Cancer Causes andd Control 1998, 269-275
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008869003012
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A cohort study of tobacco use, diet, occupation, and lung cancer mortality (1992)
    Springer
    Cancer causes & control 3 (1992), S. 247-254 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7225
    Keywords: Cohort study ; diet ; lung cancer ; Lutheran Brotherhood study ; occupation ; United States
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In 1966, a cohort of White males aged 35 or over, who were policy-holders with the Lutheran Brotherhood Insurance Society (United States), completed a mail questionnaire on tobacco use, diet, and demographic characteristics. During the 20 years of follow-up, 219 lung cancer deaths occurred. Besides the strong relationship with cigarette smoking, we observed an effect on lung cancer risk among current users of cigars or pipes who were nonsmokers of cigarettes (relative risk [RR]=3.5, 95 percent confidence interval[CI]=1.0–12.6) or who were past/occasional users of cigarettes (RR=2.7, CI=1.4–5.3). In addition, elevated risks (from 1.5 to 2.6) of lung cancer were found among craftsmen and laborers, with the highest risks among subjects who worked in the mining or manufacturing industry. No association between current (as of 1966) use of beer or hard liquor and lung cancer was observed, although past users were at elevated risk. An inverse association between lung cancer and intake of fruits was observed, and risks of lung cancer were lower among persons in the highest dietary intake quintiles of vitamins A and C. Except for oranges, however, none of the inverse associations with fruits or dietary nutrients had statistically significant trends. The findings from this cohort study add to the evidence of an adverse effect of cigar/pipe smoking and possibly protective effect of dietary factors on lung cancer risk.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00124258
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oral contraceptives and primary liver cancer among young women (1992)
    Springer
    Cancer causes & control 3 (1992), S. 43-48 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7225
    Keywords: Case-control study ; liver cancer ; oral contraceptive use ; United States
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The association of oral contraceptive use with liver cancer was examined in a study of 76 deaths from primary liver cancer, 22 deaths from cancer of the intrahepatic bile ducts, and 629 controls among women aged 25 to 49 years. The subjects in the study are from the 1986 National Mortality Followback Survey, which included a questionnaire sent or administered to the next-of-kin of almost 20,000 deceased individuals in the United States. Information on a number of lifestyle factors was collected, including questions on oral contraceptive use. Increased risks of primary liver cancer were found for ever-users (odds ratio [OR]=1.6, 95 percent confidence interval [CI]=0.9–2.6), and for long-term (≥10 years) users (OR=2.0, CI=0.8–4.8) of oral contraceptives. When the analysis was restricted to subjects whose spouse or parent was the respondent, more pronounced risks were seen for ever-users (OR=2.7, CI=1.4–5.3) and long-term users (OR=4.8, CI=1.7–14.0). No clear excess risk was found for cancer of the intrahepatic bile ducts. This study, the largest to date, adds to the number of investigations demonstrating an increased risk of primary liver cancer with use, particularly long-term use, of oral contraceptives.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00051911
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Increased risk of renal cell cancer among women using diuretics in the United States (1993)
    Springer
    Cancer causes & control 4 (1993), S. 555-558 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7225
    Keywords: Diuretics ; females ; hypertension ; kidney neoplasms ; obesity ; renal cell cancer ; United States
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Use of prescription diuretics and incidence of renal cell cancer have increased in the United States in the past 25 years. Recent interview-based epidemiologic studies have reported an association between diuretic use and renal cell cancer risk. Our study evaluated this hypothesis using, for the first time, medical records as the source of the information on prescription diuretic use. Using medical records of women from a prepaid health plan, we identified 191 cases and 191 controls matched on age, membership duration, and membership at diagnosis. Diuretics use and history of potential confounding factors were ascertained by a standardized review of the medical records of each subject, without reference to case or control status. There was a strong and statistically significant association between renal cell cancer and prescription diuretics (odds ratio [OR] adjusted for hypertension, smoking, and obesity = 2.9, 95 percent confidence interval [CI]=1.7–4.7). Risk tended to increase with dose, measured by number of prescriptions. Since renal cancer can induce hypertension, which is treated by diuretics, and thereby confound the association with diuretics, we examined diuretic use 10 or more years prior to diagnosis when secondary hypertension would be unlikely. The OR for prescriptions 10 or more years before diagnosis was 3.5 (CI=1.7–7.4). Our results support earlier reports of an excess risk of renal cell cancer among users of prescription diuretics and indicate need for further study to evaluate this relationship, especially due to the extensive use of diuretics and the increasing incidence of this cancer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00052431
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparison of the descriptive epidemiology of urinary tract cancers (1990)
    Springer
    Cancer causes & control 1 (1990), S. 133-141 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7225
    Keywords: Bladder neoplasms ; kidney neoplasms ; renal pelvis neoplasms ; ureter neoplasms
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: We compared the descriptive epidemiology of several urinary tract cancers, utilizing incidence data from the United States and international sources. The patterns of cancers of the renal pelvis, ureter, and urethra were more similar to those of bladder cancer than to cancer of the renal patenchyma in several ways: (i) transitional cell carcinoma is the predominant histologic type in the renal pelvis, ureter, urethra, and bladder, whereas the vast majority of renal parenchyma neoplasms are adenocarcinomas; (ii) in situ tumors often appear in all these sites except the renal parenchyma; (iii) rate ratios for renal pelvis/ureter cancers among blacks and Hispanics, relative to whites, are closet to those for bladder than to those for renal parenchymal cancers; (iv) rates among US men and women for cancers of the renal pelvis and ureter are more highly correlated with those for bladder cancer than with those of the renal parenchyma across racial groups; and (v) similar correlations occur among women across geographic areas within the US and internationally. However, the patterns for cancers of the renal pelvis and ureter do not always resemble more closely those for bladder than renal parenchyma cancers and occasionally appear different from one another. These findings indicate the importance of distinguishing tumors based on specific primary site and cell type.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00053164
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cigarette smoking and liver cancer among US veterans (1990)
    Springer
    Cancer causes & control 1 (1990), S. 217-221 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7225
    Keywords: Cigarettes ; liver cancer ; tobacco ; veterans
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The relationship of tobacco use with risk of primary liver cancer was investigated using data from a 26-year mortality follow-up of nearly 250,000 US veterans, mostly from World War I. Significantly increased risks for liver cancer (289 deaths) were associated with most forms of tobacco use, including pipe and cigar smoking. Elevated relative tisks (RRs) were seen for current cigarette smokers (RR=2.4; 95 percent confidence interval [CI] 1.6–3.5) and former cigarette smokers (RR=1.9, 1.2–2.9). A strong dose-response relationship (P〈0.001) was found for cigarette smoking, with smokers of 40 or more cigarettes per day having almost a fourfold risk (RR=3.8, 1.9–8.0). Risks were also found to increase significantly with years of cigarette use and with earlier age at the start of cigarette smoking. These results are consistent with those of other cohort and case-control studies, suggesting that cigarette smoking may be related to the risk of liver cancer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00117473
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