Notes: In this article we use one-dimensional nonlinear Schrödinger equations (NLS) to illustrate chaotic and turbulent behavior of nonlinear dispersive waves. It begins with a brief summary of properties of NLS with focusing and defocusing nonlinearities. In this summary we stress the role of the modulational instability in the formation of solitary waves and homoclinic orbits, and in the generation of temporal chaos and of spatiotemporal chaos for the nonlinear waves. Dispersive wave turbulence for a class of one-dimensional NLS equations is then described in detail—emphasizing distinctions between focusing and defocusing cases, the role of spatially localized, coherent structures, and their interaction with resonant waves in setting up the cycles of energy transfer in dispersive wave turbulence through direct and inverse cascades. In the article we underline that these simple NLS models provide precise and demanding tests for the closure theories of dispersive wave turbulence. In the conclusion we emphasize the importance of effective stochastic representations for the prediction of transport and other macroscopic behavior in such deterministic chaotic nonlinear wave systems. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.

Notes: Abstract The theory of the focusing NLS equation under periodic boundary conditions, together with the Floquet spectral theory of its associated Zakharov-Shabat linear operator $$\hat L$$ , is developed in sufficient detail for later use in studies of perturbations of the NLS equation. “Counting lemmas” for the non-selfadjoint operator $$\hat L$$ , are established which control its spectrum and show that all of its eccentricities are finite in number and must reside within a finite discD in the complex eigenvalue plane. The radius of the discD is controlled by theH 1 norm of the potential $$\overrightarrow q $$ . For this integrable NLS Hamiltonian system, unstable tori are identified, and Backlund transformations are then used to construct global representations of their stable and unstable manifolds-“whiskered tori” for the NLS pde. The Floquet discriminant $$\Delta (\lambda ;\overrightarrow q )$$ is used to introduce a natural sequence of NLS constants of motion, [ $$[F_j (\overrightarrow q ) \equiv \Delta (\lambda = \lambda _j^c (\overrightarrow q );\overrightarrow q )$$ , where λ c j denotes thej th critical point of the Floquet discriminant Δ(λ)]. A Taylor series expansion of the constants $$F_j (\overrightarrow q )$$ , with explicit representations of the first and second variations, is then used to study neighborhoods of the whiskered tori. In particular, critical tori with hyperbolic structure are identified through the first and second variations of $$F_j (\overrightarrow q )$$ , which themselves are expressed in terms of quadratic products of eigenfunctions of $$\hat L$$ . The second variation permits identification, within the disc D, of important bifurcations in the spectral configurations of the operator $$\hat L$$ . The constant $$F_j (\overrightarrow q )$$ , as the height of the Floquet discriminant over the critical point λ c j , admits a natural interpretation as a Morse function for NLS isospectral level sets. This Morse interpretation is studied in some detail. It is valid globally for the infinite tail, $$\{ F_j (\overrightarrow q )\} _{|j| 〉 N} $$ , which is associated with critical points outside the discD. Within this disc, the interpretation is only valid locally, with the same obstruction to its global validity as to a global ordering of the spectrum. Nevertheless, this local Morse theory, together with the Backlund representations of the whiskered tori, produces extremely clear pictures of the stratification of NLS invariant sets near these whiskered tori-pictures which are useful in the study of perturbations of NLS. Finally, a natural connection is noted between the constants $$F_j (\overrightarrow q )$$ of the integrable theory and Melnikov functions for the theory of perturbations of the NLS equation. This connection generates a simple, but general, representations of the Melnikov functions.