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  • 1
    ISSN: 1469-8986
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: A Barlow-type electromechanical strain gauge and an indium/gallium-in-rubber strain gauge were compared for linearity of output, replicability, stability, and sensitivity to temperature changes. Distension of the strain gauges was achieved by placing them on standard size glass dilators, while temperature changes were produced and monitored in a controlled environment. Both gauges demonstrated comparable and very linear outputs and both had high test-retest reliability. Variations in temperature affected the outputs for both gauges, although for neither did they affect the degree of linearity between pen deflection and circumference. The electromechanical strain gauge was marginally less sensitive to temperature changes than the indium/gallium gauge, although for neither was the degree of error introduced of great practical significance. Although the output from the electromechanical strain gauge was slightly less stable over time than that from the indium/gallium gauge, when all variables were considered, the former gauge was marginally preferred over the latter.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1442-2042
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background The prevalence of lower urinary tract symptoms was determined by survey as an initial step in estimating the significance of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) in Asia and Australia. Methods The symptom index (0 to 35) and quality-of-life (QOL) index (0 to 6) of the international prostate symptom score were measured in 7588 men in 9 Asian countries and 146 men in Australia. Results The percentages of Asian men considered to be symptomatic (symptom index ≧ 8) were 18%, 29%, 40%, and 56% in the age groups of 40 to 49, 50 to 59, 60 to 69, and 70 to 79 years, respectively. For Australian men, these figures were 36%, 33%, and 37% in the 50 to 59, 60 to 69, and 70 to 79 year age groups, respectively. Conclusions Our estimates indicate that the prevalences of symptomatic men in Asia and Australia are similar to or greater than those in Europe and America, and suggest BPH is similarly common in these areas.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-2323
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La formation des Internes et des Résidents en chirurgie doit être axée sur les pathologies les plus fréquemment rencontrées et la thérapeutique adaptée à ces pathologies. Ceci est devenu de plus en plus difficile en Australie en raison de l'hétérogénéité de la population soignée dans les hôpitaux Universitaires. De plus, le nombre d'admissions en urgence a augmenté au profit d'une diminution du nombre de patients opérés à froid, ce qui crée une tension nerveuse constante concernant aussi bien les hospitalisés que les consultants. Enfin, les contraintes financières ont eu comme résultat une surcharge de travail pour les chirurgiens enseignants, et par conséquent, une diminution du temps consacré à l'enseignement. Les Hôpitaux Universitaires en Australie sont aussi les centres de spécialités, et par conséquent, c'est là que sont traités les patients les plus malades de plus en plus rapidement avec des techniques les plus complexes. Parallèlement, il y a davantage de chirurgie ambulatoire. Le projet Heaslip à l'Université de Flinders a été créé pour évaluer et établir ensuite la réforme des études en chirurgie. D'après les enquêtes, les besoins les plus importants ressentis par des chirurgiens diplômés et des étudiants ont été le développement des techniques et l'expérience acquise en soins de base. Ces techniques et soins sont actuellement la partie fondamentale de la formation. Les étudiants sont obligés de passer beaucoup de temps avec les patients, dans la planification des soins pré et postopératoires, ainsi que dans les consultations. Alors que ces réformes concernent les points mentionnés, elles peuvent être en défaut si la spécialisation continue d'augmenter. Les hôpitaux Universitaires doivent continuer de fournir un enseignement et pour cela traiter les patients tout venant présentant des pathologies variées et les plus fréquentes.
    Abstract: Resumen La educación en cirugía en el pregrado debe ser enfocada hacia las entidades quirúrgicas más comunes y hacia los principios básicos, algo que es cada día más difícil en Australia debido a la variada actual población de pacientes hospitalarios. En efecto, se registra un creciente número de ingresos por emergencia, con la consiguiente disminución de la cirugía electiva y presión sobre la referencia de pacientes hospitalizados y ambulatorios. Los hospitales docentes en Australia son también centros de referencia para la atención terciaria. Como tales, se han convertido en centros altamente especializados y registran un gran movimiento de pacientes en estado agudo que requieren tratamiento de alta tecnología. El diagnóstico y tratamiento de las condiciones quirúrgicas se conduce mayormente en forma ambulatoria. El Proyecto Heaslip de la Universidad de Flinders fue establecido con el propósito de evaluar e introducir reformas en el programa de enseñanza de la cirugía del nivel de pregrado. Mediante encuenstas realizadas sobre médicos y estudiantes se identificó la necesidad de concentrar la enseñanza sobre los problemas quirúrgicos comunes, desarrollando habilidades y destreza en la ejecución de procedimientos y ofreciendo experiencia en los principios básicos de la atención quirúrgica. Tales aspectos han venido a ser los componentes principales de la modificada pasantía quirúrgica de pregrado. Los estudiantes también emplean más tiempo interactuando con los pacientes, participando en la planeación y el manejo del cuidado pre y postoperatorio y trabajando en los servicios de consulta externa. Aunque las reformas se han realizado con base en las identificadas áreas de interés, es posible que no sean suficientes si la población de pacientes en los hospitales universitarios continúa limitándose. Los hospitales universitarios seguirán ofreciendo valiosas experiencias educativas, pero éstas deben ser suplementadas y complementadas con experiencia en el manejo del paciente quirúrgico en el contexto más amplio de la comunidad.
    Notes: Abstract Undergraduate surgical education should focus on common surgical conditions and management principles. It has become increasingly difficult in Australia because of the changed patient mix in teaching hospitals. There has been an increased number of emergency admissions with a consequent reduction in elective surgery and pressure on inpatient and outpatient referrals. In addition, cost cutting has led to the intensification of staff workloads, thereby reducing potential time for teaching. Australian teaching hospitals are also tertiary referral centers. As such they have become more specialized with a more rapid turnover of acutely ill patients undergoing complex technologic treatments. More diagnosis and management of surgical conditions is conducted in ambulatory settings and through office and day surgery. The Heaslip Project at Flinders University was set up to evaluate and reform the undergraduate surgery curriculum. Graduate and student surveys revealed a need to concentrate on teaching about common surgical conditions, developing proficiency in skills and procedures and providing experience in the common principles of surgical care. These areas have now become the major components of changed surgery clerkships. Studients also spend more time interacting with patients, participating in the planning and management of preoperative and postoperative care, and working in outpatient clinics. Although the reforms have addressed the identified concerns, they may not be sufficient if the patient mix in teaching hospitals continues to narrow. Teaching hospitals will continue to provide valuable educational experiences, but they should be supplemented and complemented with the experience of managing surgical patients in the wider community.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1573-7381
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The expression of neuropeptides, and the enzymes nitric oxide synthase and tyrosine hydroxylase were examined in intramural ganglia of human urinary bladder using single label immunocytochemistry. Scattered ganglia composed of between 1–36 neurons (median 4) were observed in all layers of the lateral wall of the bladder. These contained immunoreactivity to vasoactive intestinal peptide, nitric oxide synthase, neuropeptide Y, and galanin. Neurons within the bladder were heterogeneous with regard to their content of these antigens, with the proportion of immunopositive cells ranging from 58–84%. Occasional neurons with immunoreactivity to the catecholamine-synthesizing enzyme, tyrosine hydroxylase, were also observed. No cell somata, however, were immunoreactive for enkephalin, substance P, calcitonin generelated peptide or somatostatin. Varicose terminals entering the ganglia were seen to form pericellular baskets surrounding some of the principal ganglion cells. The most prominent pericellular varicosities were those containing calcitonin gene-related peptide- or vasoactive intestinal peptide-immunoreactivity, followed by those with immunoreactivity for enkephalin, neuropeptide Y, or galanin. Less common were pericellular varicosities with substance P-immunoreactivity, which may represent collateral processes of unmyelinated primary sensory fibres, and presumptive noradrenergic processes containing tyrosine hydroxylase. Some calcitonin gene-related peptide-immunoreactive varicosities constituted a distinct type, terminating as large pericellular boutons 2–4 μm in diameter. Fibres containing nitric oxide synthase- or somatostatin-immunoreactivity were not associated with the intramural neurons. The results demonstrate that intrinsic neurons within the human urinary bladder express a number of neuroactive chemicals, and could in principle form circuits with the potential to support integrative activity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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