Note: Intro -- Yeast Stress Responses -- Table of Contents -- List of contributors -- 1 Introduction -- What is stress? -- Studies of stress responses -- Cell proliferation and stress -- Aim of the stress response -- Phases of the stress response -- Sensing and signalling -- Adaptation to stress -- Yeast as a model -- 2The environmental stress response: a common yeast response to diverse environmental stresses -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 The environmental stress response -- 2.3 Responsiveness of ESR gene expression -- 2.4 Transcript levels versus protein synthesis levels -- 2.5 Functions represented by genes repressed in the ESR -- 2.5.1 Ribosome synthesis -- 2.5.2 tRNA synthesis -- 2.5.3 General transcription -- 2.5.4 RNA splicing and export -- 2.5.5 Translation -- 2.6 Functions represented by genes induced in the ESR -- 2.6.1 Carbohydrate metabolism -- 2.6.2 Fatty acid metabolism -- 2.6.3 Respiration -- 2.6.4 Oxidative stress defense -- 2.6.5 Autophagy and vacuolar functions -- 2.6.6 Protein folding and degradation -- 2.6.7 Cytoskeletal reorganization -- 2.6.8 Signaling -- 2.7 Functional themes in the ESR -- 2.7.1 Differential expression of isozymes -- 2.7.2 Coinduction of genes with counterproductive functions -- 2.7.3 Regulation of control steps of metabolic processes -- 2.8 The role of the ESR -- 2.9 Regulation of ESR gene expression -- 2.9.1 Rap1p -- 2.9.2 Chromatin remodeling -- 2.9.3 Regulated mRNA turnover -- 2.9.4 Msn2p and Msn4p -- 2.9.5 Condition-specific transcriptional induction -- 2.9.6 Condition-specific cellular signaling -- 2.9.7 Advantages of the complex regulation of ESR gene expression -- 2.10 Orchestration of cellular responses to stress -- 2.11 Conclusions -- 3 The yeast response to heat shock -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 The heat shock and environmental stress responses. , 3.2.1 Transcriptional regulators of heat shock gene induction -- 3.2.2 Delineation of the Hsf1p and Msn2p/Msn4p heat shock regulons -- 3.2.3 The role of trehalose in thermotolerance -- 3.2.4 Thermal stress phenotypes in yeast -- 3.3 Regulation of the heat shock factor Hsf1p -- 3.3.1 Regulation of Hsf1p transcriptional activation -- 3.3.2 The role of phosphorylation in Hsf1p regulation -- 3.3.3 Genetic and structural insights into DNA binding and regulation -- 3.3.4 Sensing the proteome: regulation by protein chaperones -- 3.3.5 Hsf1p-like proteins in yeast -- 3.3.6 Hsf1p and the cell cycle -- 3.4 New directions in protein chaperone biology -- 3.4.1 Hsp90 chaperone complex subunits in yeast -- 3.4.2 Endogenous yeast Hsp90 substrates -- 3.4.3 Protein chaperones and yeast prion propagation -- 3.5 Stress and aging -- 3.6 Conclusions -- 4 The osmotic stress response of Saccharomyces cerevisiae -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Structural and morphological effects caused by osmotic stress -- 4.3 Glycerol and glycerol metabolism -- 4.3.1 Glycerol metabolic pathways -- 4.3.2 Glycerol transport -- 4.3.3 Glycerol accumulation under osmotic stress: multiple levels of control -- 4.4 Transport processes affected by osmotic stress -- 4.4.1 MIP channels: aquaporins and glycerol channels -- 4.4.2 Osmolyte uptake systems -- 4.4.3 Ion channels -- 4.5 Perception of and response to osmotic stress: the role of signalling pathways -- 4.5.1 S. cerevisise MAPK pathways -- 4.5.2 The HOG MAPK pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisise -- 4.5.3 Control of gene expression -- 4.5.4 The cell integrity pathway -- 4.5.5 Skn7p: a putative link between osmosensing pathways -- 4.5.6 Additional systems involved in osmotic stress signalling -- 4.5.7 Mechanisms of osmosensing -- 4.6 Metabolic adjustments -- 4.7 Osmotic signalling in other yeasts: the S. pombe Sty1 pathway -- 4.8 Conclusions. , 5 Ion homeostasis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae under NaCl stress -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Yeast Na+ and K+ relations -- 5.2.1 Growth and intracellular ion levels -- 5.2.2 Why is K but not Na a preferred intracellular cation? -- 5.2.3 Na toxicity -- 5.3 Adaptation to high concentrations of salt: role of ion transporters -- 5.3.1 The plasma membrane H -ATPase -- 5.3.2 K transport systems -- 5.3.3 The Pmr2Ap/Ena1p sodium transporter -- 5.3.4 The Nha1p Na /H antiporter -- 5.3.5 Compartmentalization of Na -- 5.4 Regulation of ion homeostasis -- 5.4.1 Control at transcriptional level: ENA1 -- 5.4.2 Control on protein level -- 5.4.3 Regulation of the Trk1/2p system -- 5.5 Ion transporters and membrane targeting -- 5.5.1 Targeting of P-type ATPases to the plasma membrane -- 5.5.2 Nhx1p is involved in membrane traffic out of the prevacuolar compartment -- 5.6 The genome-wide transcriptional response -- 5.7 Conclusions -- 6 Oxidative stress responses in yeast -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Effects of oxygen free radicals on biological molecules -- 6.2.1 Some concepts of free radical chemistry -- 6.3 Biological effects of oxygen free radicals in yeast -- 6.3.1 Methods for measuring the cellular toxicity of ROS -- 6.3.2 Cellular effects of ROS in S. cerevisiae -- 6.4 Antioxidant defenses and thiol redox homeostasis -- 6.4.1 Metal containing antioxidants -- 6.4.2 Thiol redox control pathways and peroxidase systems -- 6.5 Adaptive oxidative stress responses -- 6.5.1 S. cerevisiae adaptive responses to oxidative stress -- 6.5.2 The genomic response underlying oxidative stress adapted states -- 6.6 Control of S. cerevisiae oxidative stress responses -- 6.6.1 The Yap1 pathway -- 6.6.2 Skn7 as a stress response coordinator -- 6.6.3 An H2O2-inducible Msn2/4 pathway -- 6.5.4 Other regulators of the oxidative stress response in S. cerevisiae. , 6.7 Control of S. pombe oxidative stress responses -- 6.7.1 The stress-activated MAP kinase pathway -- 6.7.2 Atf1, a bZip transcription factor substrate of Spc1/Sty1 -- 6.7.3 The S. pombe Yap1 homologue Pap1 -- 6.7.4 The response regulator Prr1, a homologue of Skn7 -- 6.7.5 Two two-component phosphorelay systems contribute to the H2O2 response -- 6.8 Regulators of the oxidative stress response in other yeasts -- 6.9 Conclusions -- 7 From feast to famine -- adaptation to nutrient availability in yeast -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Setting the stage: limitation, starvation, and cell cycle checkpoints -- 7.3 Specific responses to nutrient depletion -- 7.3.1 Carbon Source Signalling -- 7.3.2 Nitrogen Source Signalling -- 7.3.3 Phosphor Limitation and Starvation -- 7.3.4 Sulphur Limitation and Starvation -- 7.4 Common responses to nutrient depletion -- 7.4.1 General Concepts -- 7.4.2 Nutrient signal integration and the control of metabolism and growth -- 7.4.3 The FGM pathway -- an integrator of responses to nutrient availability -- 7.4.4 Nutritional control by targets of rapamycin (Tor) proteins -- 7.4.5 Glycogen and Trehalose metabolism -- 7.4.6 Morphological differentiation as a response to nutrient limitation -- 7.5 Conclusions -- Index.