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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mutual inhibition and the organization of a non-visual orientation inNotonecta (1973)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 84 (1973), S. 31-40 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. Hypotheses concerning the neural mechanisms by which the back swimmerNotonecta undulata locates prey have been examined using behavioral tests. 2. The results are consistent with the following hypotheses: A. The receptor nearest the target controls the direction of the turn which is elicited by a stimulus (Figs. 2 and 3). B. Sensory input via a given receptor is capable of eliciting a very limited range of motor responses (Fig. 3). C. There are inhibitory interactions between receptors at some level of the central nervous system (Figs. 6 and 7C). 3. A neuronal network analogous to a lateral inhibitory network is proposed to be the neural basis for the orientation (Fig. 5).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00694145
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sensory aspects of the control of orientation to prey by the waterstrider, Gerris remigis (1971)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 72 (1971), S. 168-185 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. Sensory aspects of the control of orientation to surface ripples have been examined in the waterstrider. The angular component of the motor response of tethered animals is highly correlated with the angular deviation of a target from the longitudinal body axis (Fig. 1). 2. Amputation of three unilateral legs just proximal to the tibio-tarsal joint blocks normal orientation. Most turns by these preparations are directed toward the intact side irrespective of target position (Fig. 3). Amputations at more distal points on the legs have no observable effect (Fig. 2). 3. Orientation does not depend on a full complement of receptors since responses normally correlated with target deviation do occur when the target is ipsilateral to the intact receptors of a unilaterally amputated preparation (negative target deviations, Fig. 3). 4. A series of ablation experiments suggests that the system may function by determining the receptor nearest the source of ripples since a number of fairly accurate predictions can be made by assuming this is the case (Figs. 5, 6, 7, 9). 5. Each receptor has a negative influence on the torque elicited by an ipsilateral and more posterior receptor.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00297820
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Localization of receptors controlling orientation to prey by the back swimmerNotonecta undulata (1973)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 84 (1973), S. 19-30 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. A behavioral analysis aided by video tape recordings was used to localize the vibration receptors important to the detection of prey by the surface dwelling bugNotonecta undulata. 2. One group of receptors necessary for the detection of prey is located in the pro- and mesothoracic legs. The critical receptors are probably located at or near the tibio-femoral joint (Pigs. 4 and 7). The receptors located at the tibio-tarsal joint are not required for prey localization (Fig. 3). 3. Another group of receptors important to the orientation behaviour is located at the tip of the abdomen. These consist of mechanoreceptive hairs located along the margins of the three most posterior segments and on the genitalia (Figs. 6 and 7).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00694144
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Motor control of orientation to prey by the waterstrider, Gerris remigis (1971)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 72 (1971), S. 150-167 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. Orientation to prey by the waterstrider Gerris remigis has been examined with the aid of motion pictures and electromyography. 2. Localization of prey occurs in a series of discrete turning movements. The angular component of each turn, toward a target, is correlated with the angular deviation of the source of ripples from the longitudinal body axis (Figs. 2 and 3). 3. The leg movements during turning are graded as a fuction of the turn produced. The two mesothoracic legs and the metathoracic leg ipsilateral to the target are most intimately involved in producing the torque during a turn (Fig. 5). 4. Myograms from the large mesothoracic muscles confirm the results of the filmed analysis. The phase of firing of motor neurons innervating three large mesothoracic muscles depend on the angular deviation of the target (Figs. 7-11).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00297819
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The cercus-to-giant interneuron system of crickets (1977)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 119 (1977), S. 285-300 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. The two largest interneurons in the abdominal nervous system of crickets (the Medial and Lateral Giant Interneurons, MGI and LGI) have been studied using intracellular and extracellular recording techniques and cobalt filling. 2. All of the largest action potentials (5–7mV) seen in the extracellularly recorded phasic response of the connectives anterior to the terminal abdominal ganglion to sound stimulation can be accounted for by the behavior of MGI and LGI. In favorable preparations the action potentials of the two cells can be discriminated from each other on the basis of amplitude, LGI potentials being up to 30% greater than those of MGI. 3. The thresholds of the two cells to sound stimulation are similar, but the intensity response curve of MGI rises relatively steeply while that of LGI rises slowly and may saturate at levels as low as two spikes per response. At moderate sound intensities (e.g. 80 dB) MGI produces the majority of giant action potentials. 4. Both neurons are directionally sensitive to tones. In the horizontal plane they respond maximally when the stimulus is positioned transversely to the cercus ipsilateral to the axon of the interneuron. Directional sensitivity diagrams in three dimensions are presented. 5. Both interneurons exhibit similar frequency response curves and are maximally sensitive to 500 Hz tones.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00656639
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The cercus-to-giant interneuron system of crickets (1977)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 119 (1977), S. 319-330 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. The pattern of connections between cereal sensory neurons and a single sensory interneuron, the medial giant interneuron (MGI), was examined using intracellular methods. 2. Two types of sound sensitive hairs are located on each cercus. Each type was examined for its ability to excite, or inhibit the MGI. 3. The effect of stimulating a large population of one hair type was examined by blocking movement of all other types, recording intracellularly from MGI, and stimulating the preparation with tones. 4. T-hairs on the ipsilateral cercus powerfully excited MGI initiating a train of action potentials. L-hairs on either cercus weakly excited MGI. T-hairs on the contralateral cercus inhibited MGI. 5. The effect of stimulating individual receptor hairs was examined by blocking the movement of all but a single hair. Intracellular recordings from MGI exhibit subthreshold synaptic potentials when L-or ipsi-T hairs are stimulated. When the hair was removed the potentials disappeared. Ipsilateral T-hairs excite MIG with a high probability (approximately 75%) while ipsilateral L-hairs excite MGI with a lower probability (approximately 50%). 6. Thus the strengths of connection between hair type and MGI can be ranked as follows: Ipsilateral T-hairs provide the strongest excitatory input and therefore determine the overall directional characteristics of MGI. Ipsilateral L-hairs provide weaker, often subthreshold excitatory inputs and contralateral L-hairs provide the weakest excitatory input to MGI. Finally the contralateral T-hairs inhibit MGI.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00656641
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The response of cereal receptors and identified interneurons in the cricket (Acheta domesticus) to airstreams (1979)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 129 (1979), S. 51-59 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The directional properties of cereal afferents and the interneurons they innervate in the abdominal giant fiber system of the cricket (Acheta domesticus) were studied using laminar flow airstreams as a stimulus. 2. Each sensory neuron was excited when its associated mechanoreceptive hair was deflected in one direction. Background activity in these neurons was blocked when the hair was deflected in the polar opposite direction suggesting that the cell was hyperpolarized when deflected in the null direction (Fig. 1). 3. Each of the two morphological classes of receptor hair previously described (T-hairs and L-hairs) could be further subdivided into two types on physiological grounds. One type was excited when the hairs were deflected in one direction, consistent with their hinge plane, while others were excited when moved in the opposite direction (Fig. 2). 4. Two uniquely identified interneurons responded preferentially to airstreams directed at the specimen from positions ipsilateral to the giant axons (Figs. 3 and 4). 5. The directional response properties of the interneurons can be understood as the sum of excitatory input via the receptors on one cercus and inhibitory input from the other cercus. 6. Maximal activation of the interneurons occurs when T-hairs, on the cercus ipsilateral to the axons of the interneurons, are deflected toward the midline or L-hairs, on the same cercus, are deflected toward the body (Fig. 7).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00679911
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A second cricket cereal sensory system: bristle hairs and the interneurons they activate (1985)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 156 (1985), S. 357-367 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A new sensory system, in the abdomen of the cricketAcheta domesticus, is described. It consists of hair-like receptors, which we have called ‘bristles’, distributed on the cercus and abdomen. The sensory neurons, innervating bristles of a wide variety of shapes and sizes, project to a common area of the terminal abdominal ganglion. This region is distinct from the area called the cereal glomerulus which receives input from other receptor types. Three interneurons, whose dendrites are located exclusively in the projection area of bristle sensory neurons, are then described. These interneurons respond to tactile stimuli of the cercus and abdomen, but not to infrasound or to body orientation as do previously described interneurons. Based on the anatomical segregation of the afferents and interneurons, as well as the functional distinction from previously described cereal sensory systems, it is becoming clear that the cereal system is a multimodal sensory system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00610728
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ectopic neurons and the organization of insect sensory systems (1985)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 156 (1985), S. 381-389 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The transplantation of appendages from one place to another on the body of crickets (Acheta domesticus) has been used to study the similarities and differences between the sensory systems of various ganglia. Mesothoracic legs have been transplanted to the abdomen in place of a cercus and cerci have been transplanted to thoracic leg stumps. After the ectopic sensory neurons had time to regenerate into the CNS, they were stained and their axonal arborizations examined. The results, which were concerned primarily with bristle receptors, revealed that bristle afferents on ectopic cerci arborized in ventral neuropil (the ventralmost association center) and leg afferents arborized in a ventral anterior region of the terminal abdominal ganglion. The results support the idea that each ganglion contains only a few distinct regions of neuropil (probably three), each receiving separate subsets of the afferent projection. The ectopic cerci were also shown to excite interneurons in the thoracic ganglia whose dendrites were located in the most ventral neuropil. These neurons normally respond to thoracic bristle afferents. Thus, the segregation of afferent axons has a correlate in the interneurons they excite.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00610730
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pre- and postsynaptic inhibition of identified giant interneurons in the cricket (Acheta domesticus) (1980)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 135 (1980), S. 269-282 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. The neuronal pathways responsible for the cerecl-mediated inhibition of three cricket giant sensory interneurons were investigated. 2. Two interneurons which had not previously been studied in detail were found to be influenced markedly by inhibitory inputs. Sensory interneuron 10-3 (SI 10-3) received excitatory synaptic input from longitudinally vibrating sound receptive hairs (L-hairs) on the cercus contralateral, and transversely vibrating hairs (T-hairs) on the cercus ispilateral to its axon. It was inhibited by contralateral T-hairs and ipsilateral L-hairs (Figs. 3 and 4). This pattern of receptor inputs imparts directional sensitivity upon SI 10-3. The inhibitory inputs increased the intensity range over which this directionality was observed (Figs. 4 and 5). SI 10-2 was also directionally selective and received similar cerecl inputs. The relative strength of inhibition, however, was much stronger. SI 10-2 was therefore primarily inhibited by sound (Fig. 6). 3. The long latency of inhibition suggested that the pathway from cerecl receptors to the sensory interneurons was polysynaptic. The inhibitory potential could be reversed by injection of hyperpolarizing current (Fig. 7). Furthermore, the inhibitory pathway was capable of blocking action potentials produced by injection of current into the sensory interneurons (Fig. 8). The inhibition was therefore due, at least in part, to synapses impinging directly upon the sensory interneurons. 4. The lateral giant interneuron (L.G.I.), also received cerecl inputs capable of producing an inhibitory postsynaptic conductance increase (Fig. 10). In addition, the cerecl receptor-to-giant interneuron pathway was inhibited presynaptically. The excitatory synaptic inputs from cerecl receptors to the L.G.I. were “protected” against decrement by prior activation of the inhibitory pathway (Figs. 12 and 13). 5. Intracellular recordings from cerecl afferent axons revealed a primary afferent depolarization (P.A.D.), in response to activation of the cerecl receptors responsible for inhibition (Fig. 14). The latency of the P.A.D. suggested that the pathway involved was indirect. Action potentials occurring in the afferent axon during the P.A.D. had a reduced base-to-peak amplitude (Fig. 14).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00657255
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