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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 136 (1991), S. 143-154 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Earthquake statistics ; earthquake hazard ; Vrancea seismogenic region
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A maximum likelihood method is used to estimate the earthquake hazard parameters maximum magnitudeM max, annual activity rate λ, and theb value of the Gutenberg-Richter equation in the Vrancea (Romania) region. The applied procedure permits the use of mixed catalogs with incomplete historical as well as complete instrumental parts, the consideration of variable detection thresholds, and the incorporation of earthquake magnitude uncertainty. Our imput data, comprises 105 historical earthquakes which occurred between 984 and 1934, and a complete data file containing 1067 earthquakes which occurred during the period 1935–30 August, 1986. The complete part was divided into four subcatalogs according to different thresholds of completeness. Only subcrustal events were considered, and dependent events were removed. The obtained $$\hat b$$ value (=0.65) is at the lower range of the previously reported results, but it appears concurrent with conceptual and observational facts. The same concerns inferred value of $$\hat M$$ max = 7.8 and activity rate $$\hat \lambda $$ 4.0 = 5.34.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2019-11-04
    Description: A probabilistic approach was applied to map the seismic hazard in Greece and the surrounding region. The procedure does not require any specification of seismic sources or/and seismic zones and allows for the use of the whole seismological record, comprising both historical and instrumental data, available for the region of interest. The new seismic hazard map prepared for Greece and its vicinity specifies a 10% probability of exceedance of the given Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) values for shallow seismicity and intermediate soil conditions for an exposure time of 50 years. When preparing the map, the new PGA attenuation relation given by Margaris et al. (2001) was employed. The new map shows a spatial distribution of the seismic hazard that corresponds well with the features of shallow seismicity within the examined region. It depicts the level of seismic hazard in which the exceedance of the PGA value of 0.25 g may be expected to occur within limited areas. The highest estimated levels of seismic hazard inside the territory of Greece are found in the Northern Sporades Islands, where PGA values in excess of 0.50 g are reached at individual sites, and in the Zante Island in Western Greece, where PGA values in the range of 0.35 g to 0.40 g are obtained at more numerous localities. High values are also observed in the sea between the Karpathos and Rhodes islands, near the Island of Amorgos (Cyclades Archipelago) and in the Southwestern Peloponnesus. The levels of seismic hazard at the sites of seven Greek cities (Athens, Jannena, Kalamata, Kozani, Larisa, Rhodes and Thessaloniki) were also estimated in terms of probabilities that a given PGA value will be exceeded at least once during a time interval of 1, 50 and 100 years at those sites. These probabilities were based on the maximum horizontal PGA values obtained by applying the design earthquake procedure, and the respective median values obtained were 0.24 g for Athens, 0.28 g for Jannena, 0.30 g for Kalamata, 0.21 g for Kozani, 0.24 g for Larisa, 0.43 g for Rhodes and 0.35 g for Thessaloniki. The probabilities of exceedance of the estimated maximum possible PGA value were also calculated for the cities to illustrate the uncertainty of maximum PGA assessment.
    Description: Published
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: seismicity of Greece ; probabilistic seismic ; hazard ; peak ground acceleration ; design earthquake procedure ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.11. Seismic risk
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
    Format: 2793454 bytes
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2019-11-14
    Description: We review historical earthquake research in Northern Europe. 'Historical' is defined as being identical with seismic events occurring in the pre-instrumental and early instrumental periods between 1073 and the mid-1960s. The first seismographs in this region were installed in Uppsala, Sweden and Bergen, Norway in 1904-1905, but these mechanical pendulum instruments were broad band and amplification factors were modest at around 500. Until the 1960s few modern short period electromagnetic seismographs were deployed. Scientific earthquake studies in this region began during the first decades of the 1800s, while the systematic use of macroseismic questionnaires commenced at the end of that century. Basic research efforts have vigorously been pursued from the 1970s onwards because of the mandatory seismic risk studies for commissioning nuclear power plants in Sweden, Finland, NW Russia, Kola and installations of huge oil platforms in the North Sea. The most comprehensive earthquake database currently available for Northern Europe is the FENCAT catalogue covering about six centuries and representing the accumulation of work conducted by many scientists during the last 200 years. This catalogue is given in parametric form, while original macroseismic observations and intensity maps for the largest earthquakes can be found in various national publications, often in local languages. No database giving intensity data points exists in computerized form for the region. The FENCAT catalogue still contains some spurious events of various kinds but more serious are some recent claims that some of the presumed largest historical earthquakes have been assigned too large magnitude values, which would have implications for earthquake hazard levels implemented in national building codes. We discuss future cooperative measures such as establishing macroseismic data archives as a means for promoting further research on historical earthquakes in Northern Europe.
    Description: Published
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: historical earthquakes ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.05. Historical seismology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
    Format: 544294 bytes
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/report
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: The earthquakes of magnitudes Mw 5.0 and 5.2 in the Kaliningrad enclave of Russia on September 21, 2004 were unexpected in a low-seismicity area. The earthquakes caused moderate damage in the Kaliningrad enclave, and smaller damage in northern Poland and in southern and western Lithuania. The largest earthquake was the strongest ever recorded instrumentally in the region, and it was felt at distances up to 800 km. In directions towards the west and south the perceptibility area is abruptly cut off by the Tornquist-Teisseyre Zone, the south-west margin of the East European Craton. The earthquakes are instrumentally located at depths 16-20 km under the central-northern part of the Sambia Peninsula in the Kaliningrad enclave. For these events it is noted that the macroseismic calculations of 10-19 km depths are in reasonable agreement. The source mechanism of the largest earthquake was determined to be a right lateral strike slip on a WNW-ESE near-vertical fault of orientation almost parallel to the Tornquist-Teisseyre Zone and to the north coast of the Sambia Peninsula. Based on available stress information it is interpreted that the underlying cause of the earthquakes is the absolute plate motion. Historical information is scanty. It is searched in an attempt to evaluate past seismic activity in the region, and to evaluate vulnerable weakness zones in the geological structures.
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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  • 6
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    In:  Proceedings of the 29th IASPEI General Assembly Workshop 17, 386
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2023-02-03
    Description: A seismic network was installed in Helsinki, Finland to monitor the response to an ∼6‐kilometer‐deep geothermal stimulation experiment in 2018. We present initial results of multiple induced earthquake seismogram and ambient wavefield analyses. The used data are from parts of the borehole network deployed by the operating St1 Deep Heat Company, from surface broadband sensors and 100 geophones installed by the Institute of Seismology, University of Helsinki, and from Finnish National Seismic Network stations. Records collected in the urban environment contain many signals associated with anthropogenic activity. This results in time‐ and frequency‐dependent variations of the signal‐to‐noise ratio of earthquake records from a 260‐meter‐deep borehole sensor compared to the combined signals of 24 collocated surface array sensors. Manual relocations of ∼500 events indicate three distinct zones of induced earthquake activity that are consistent with the three clusters of seismicity identified by the company. The fault‐plane solutions of 14 selected ML 0.6–1.8 events indicate a dominant reverse‐faulting style, and the associated SH radiation patterns appear to control the first‐order features of the macroseismic report distribution. Beamforming of earthquake data from six arrays suggests heterogeneous medium properties, in particular between the injection site and two arrays to the west and southwest. Ambient‐noise cross‐correlation functions reconstruct regional surface‐wave propagation and path‐dependent body‐wave propagation. A 1D inversion of the weakly dispersive surface waves reveals average shear‐wave velocities around 3.3km/s below 20 m depth. Consistent features observed in relative velocity change time series and in temporal variations of a proxy for wavefield partitioning likely reflect the medium response to the stimulation. The resolution properties of the obtained data can inform future monitoring strategies and network designs around natural laboratories.
    Language: English
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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  • 8
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    In:  XXVIII General Assembly of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG)
    Publication Date: 2023-09-12
    Description: This investigation searches for contemporary written documentation on damaging earthquake consequences in intraplate northern Europe between the late 1800s and early 1900s, when the region experienced a period of elevated seismicity of earthquakes with M 〈 5.5. Augmenting information is expected to improve the success of intensity assignment and the subsequent determination of non-instrumental magnitude and epicenter. Ultimately, such examples would provide helpful validation of the intensity scale. This is demanding, however, because damage levels in the region can typically be linked to the masonry parts of houses, timber being resilient to ground shaking, and only ordinary buildings are recommended to be used for intensity assessment by the EMS-98 guidelines. Once the contemporary newspapers have been exhaustively scanned, the search for archived documentation about the non-structural earthquake impact faces several challenges. Many documents were not written in the first place for dwellings that sustained some damage, but were not insured. Documentation lost over the decades is all too familiar. Earlier work on an earthquake of 1898 showed that both direct and indirect earthquake effects occurred: Ground shaking cracked unreinforced masonry chimneys and stoves, which posed a serious fire hazard in predominantly wooden towns. Additional cases from 1882 and 1904 are explored. Indirect earthquake hazards can occur at long epicentral distances, but establishing a time frame for them can be difficult. Estimates of earthquake-related costs at a few localities are attempted. A reasonable assessment of the economic impact of past earthquakes would make them more existent outside the seismological community.
    Language: English
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2024-02-15
    Description: To design user-centred and scientifically high-quality outreach products to inform about earthquake-related hazards and the associated risk, a close collaboration between the model developers and communication experts is needed. In this contribution, we present the communication strategy developed to support the public release of the first openly available European Seismic Risk Model and the updated European Seismic Hazard Model. The backbone of the strategy was the communication concept in which the overall vision, communication principles, target audiences (including personas), key messages, and products were defined. To fulfil the end-users' needs, we conducted two user testing surveys: one for the interactive risk map viewer and one for the risk poster with a special emphasis on the European earthquake risk map. To further ensure that the outreach products are not only understandable and attractive for different target groups but also adequate from a scientific point of view, a two-fold feedback mechanism involving experts in the field was implemented. Through a close collaboration with a network of communication specialists from other institutions supporting the release, additional feedback and exchange of knowledge was enabled. Our insights, gained as part of the release process, can support others in developing user-centred products reviewed by experts in the field to inform about hazard and risk models.
    Language: English
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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