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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The nervous system of Tricladida. III. Neuroanatomy of Dendrocoelum lacteum and Polycelis tenuis (Plathelminthes, Paludicola): an immunocytochemical study (1996)
    Springer
    Zoomorphology 116 (1996), S. 111-122 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-234X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  The organization of the nervous system of Dendrocoelum lacteum (Tricladida, Paludicola, Dendrocelidae) and Polycelis tenuis (Tricladida, Paludicola, Planariidae) was studied by immunocytochemical double staining, using neuropeptide RFamide and serotonin (5-HT) antisera on cryosections. The study confirmed the status of the main nerve cords (MCs) as the most important and stable of the longitudinal cords and supported the hypothesis of a common phylogenetic origin of the MCs in flatworms. The ganglion-like structures along the MCs at the beginning of transverse commissures and lateral branches showed a close contact with ventral fibres of the submuscular nerve plexus indicating an origin from crossing points of insunken ring commissures. The distributional pattern and morphology of the RFamide-IR cell bodies in D. lacteum corresponded to that of neurosecretory cells. Most RFamide-IR cells were unipolar and rounded while 5-HT-IR cells were uni- bi- and multipolar. The neuropile consisted of a dense RFamide-IR and a loose 5-HT-IR network. RFamide dominated in all parts of the genital plexus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004350050014
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    No news on the flatworm front! Nitric oxide synthase in parasitic and free-living flatworms (1998)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 383 (1998), S. 161-166 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Nitric oxide ; NADPH diaphorase ; Diphyllobothrium ; Girardia ; Hymenolepis ; Planaria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The free radical nitric oxide (NO) has emerged as a simple and unique signalling molecule that can serve as neurotransmitter, paracrine substance or hormone. NO is a gas, formed by various neuronal cells, both centrally and peripherally. NO regulates cyclic GMP synthesis. The production of NO can be detected using the NADPH diaphorase (NADPH-d) histochemical stain for nitric oxide synthase (NOS). NOS was detected in two parasitic flatworms, Diphyllobothrium dendriticum and Hymenolepis diminuta, and two free-living flatworms, Planaria torva and Girardia tigrina. The staining for NOS was very strong in the nervous system of both parasitic worms. The main nerve cords, the transverse ring commmissures, nerves in association with the musculature, especially the cirrus musculature and sensory nerve endings showed NADPH-d staining. The NADPH-d staining in the free-living flatworms was much weaker. Still NOS activity was found in the neuropile of the brain and in association with the pharynx musculature. The demonstration of NOS in flatworms, indicates that NO is an old signal molecule in evolutionary terms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003472419317
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The nervous system of Tricladida. IV. Neuroanatomy of Planaria torva (Paludicola, Planaridae): an immunocytochemical study (1998)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 383 (1998), S. 167-173 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Tricladida ; nervous system ; neuropeptides ; serotonin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Characters of the nervous system have scarcely been used in consideration of the phylogenetic relationships of the Tricladida. In order to contribute characters toward this end, we studied the nervous system of Planaria torva with immunocytochemical methods and we compare the results with what is known of nervous system structure in other triclads. Antisera against four neuroactive substances were used: neuropeptide F (NPF), RFamide, GYIRFamide, and serotonin (5-HT). All four substances showed positive immunoreactions throughout the nervous system; and the patterns of distribution of the first three were similar, while 5-HT showed a distinct distribution. The organization of these nervous system elements in Planariidae and Dendrocoelidae resembles that of the Maricola but differs from that of the Dugesiidae. The results support the hypotheses that the Paludicola is a more advanced taxon than the Maricola and that the Planariidae and Dendrocoelidae together are a sister group of the Dugesiidae.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003426013382
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Organization of the orthogon – main and minor nerve cords (1998)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 383 (1998), S. 175-182 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Orthogon ; flatworm ; central nervous system
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The central nervous system of flatworms has been regarded as comprised of the bilobed brain, the longitudinal cords and the connecting transverse commissures forming a so called orthogon. The peripheral nervous system comprises the submuscular and subepidermal plexuses. As a confusion in the terminology of the longitudinal nerve cords has prevailed, two concepts have been introduced, the main nerve cords (MCs) and the minor cords. The MCs have been defined as the pair of longitudinal nerve cords that (1) start with strongest roots in the brain, (2) consist of wide fibre bundles and (3) are associated with more neurons (particularly amninergic marker neurons) than the other cords. Longitudinal nerve cords in other positions are thinner and have less pronounced contact with the brain. They have collectively been named minor cords. Support for the special status of the MCs has been obtained from studies of the neuroanatomy of Catenulida, Macrostomida, Proseriata, Tricladida and Lecithoepitheliata and of parasitic flatworms. Using the above mentioned criteria for the MCs and the results of recent studies, we present the following hypothese: The MCs in all flatworms correspond to each other and have a common origin.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003478030220
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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