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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    In-use tolerability of two new syndet bars with sodium cocoyl isethionate, disodium lauryl sulfosuccinate and wheat starch as major ingredients in differing relations: results of a cross-over trial (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    International journal of cosmetic science 14 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: In a cross-over trial two different new syndet bars differing in their content of sodium cocoyl isethionate, disodium lauryl sulfosuccinate and wheat starch as major components were compared in the cleansing of hand skin of 72 healthy volunteers. The preparation designated ‘T’containing a higher amount of wheat starch turned out to be less irritant as judged from the parameters itching and erythema (p 〈 0.05, Wilcoxon's test for matched pairs). The present trial design looks appropriate to differentiate the irritancy potential of two chemically similar syndet bar preparations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-2494.1992.tb00060.x
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Increased frequency of intracellular interleukin (IL)-13 and IL-10, but not IL-4, expressing CD4+ and CD8+ peripheral T cells of patients with atopic dermatitis (2002)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    British journal of dermatology 147 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2133
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Background  A number of studies exist demonstrating the increased expression of type 2 cytokines and decreased capacity to produce interferon-γ (IFN-γ) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of patients with atopic dermatitis (AD). Objectives  To clarify the results of recent studies concerning the role of interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13 in PBMCs of AD patients, we analysed the activation status of lymphocyte subpopulations. Methods  We measured the intracellular expression and serum levels of certain type 1 and type 2 cytokines, using cell surface and intracellular cytokine staining, flow cytometry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay techniques. Results  The frequency of IL-10 and IL-13 producing CD4+ and CD8+ T cells was significantly higher in patients with AD, while the frequency of IFN-γ secreting helper and cytotoxic T cells was significantly lower in patients with AD than in control subjects. The serum levels of IL-10 and IL-13 were also significantly increased. There were no significant differences observed between the experimental groups in the frequency of IL-4 producing CD4+ and CD8+ cells. Conclusions  This study demonstrates a type 2 cytokine production in the CD4+ and CD8+ T cells of AD patients, which is characterized by an elevated IL-13, but not by IL-4 secretion, and by an increased level of the immunoregulatory IL-10, which can contribute to a decrease in IFN-γ expression.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2133.2002.05013.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Resistenzsteigerung vom Mehrschrittyp bei in vitro wiederholt subinhibitorischen Konzentrationen von Zweitgenerationschinolonen ausgesetzten Neisseria gonorrhoeae-Isolaten (1989)
    Springer
    Infection 17 (1989), S. S6 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-0973
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Five recent gonoccal isolates were exposed to subinhibitory concentrations of several antibioticsin vitro 25 times. In the presence of rifampicin all strains quickly became resistant. In the presence of penicillin, enoxacin and ciprofloxacin, antimicrobial susceptibility also decreased. Here development of resistance, however, corresponded to the multi- and not to the one-step type. It seems remarkable that even at the end of the experiments no strain grew at concentrations of ciprofloxacin exceeding 0.064 mg/l. In conclusion, quick development of resistance need not be expected after the introduction of newer quinolones into the therapy of gonorrhoea on a large scale.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Fünf rezente Gonokokkenisolate wurden 25mal in Flüssigmedien überimpft, welche subinhibitorische Konzentrationen verschiedener Antibiotika enthielten. In Gegenwart von Rifampicin wurden alle Stämme schnell resistent (Einschrittyp). In Gegenwart von Penicillin, Enoxacin sowie Ciprofloxacin konnte ebenfalls eine Resistenzsteigerung beobachtet werden. Diese ist jedoch offensichtlich dem langsameren Mehrschrittyp zuzuordnen. Bemerkenswert ist ferner, daß bei Ciprofloxacin, sicherlich mit bedingt durch die von vornherein niedrigere MHK, bei keinem der fünf untersuchten Keime in Gegenwart einer höheren Konzentration als 0,064 mg/l noch Wachstum nach 25 Kulturpassagen auftrat. Eine schnelle Resistenzentwicklung vonNeisseria gonorrhoeae gegenüber Enoxacin oder Ciprofloxacin, welche in der Gonorrhoetherapie eingesetzt werden, muß somit nicht erwartet werden.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01643626
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  • 4
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    Myosin and Tropomyosin Stabilize Formin-nucleated Actin [Cell Biology] (2012)
    The American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (ASBMB)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-09-15
    Description: The conformational elasticity of the actin cytoskeleton is essential for its versatile biological functions. Increasing evidence supports that the interplay between the structural and functional properties of actin filaments is finely regulated by actin-binding proteins; however, the underlying mechanisms and biological consequences are not completely understood. Previous studies showed that the binding of formins to the barbed end induces conformational transitions in actin filaments by making them more flexible through long range allosteric interactions. These conformational changes are accompanied by altered functional properties of the filaments. To get insight into the conformational regulation of formin-nucleated actin structures, in the present work we investigated in detail how binding partners of formin-generated actin structures, myosin and tropomyosin, affect the conformation of the formin-nucleated actin filaments using fluorescence spectroscopic approaches. Time-dependent fluorescence anisotropy and temperature-dependent Förster-type resonance energy transfer measurements revealed that heavy meromyosin, similarly to tropomyosin, restores the formin-induced effects and stabilizes the conformation of actin filaments. The stabilizing effect of heavy meromyosin is cooperative. The kinetic analysis revealed that despite the qualitatively similar effects of heavy meromyosin and tropomyosin on the conformational dynamics of actin filaments the mechanisms of the conformational transition are different for the two proteins. Heavy meromyosin stabilizes the formin-nucleated actin filaments in an apparently single step reaction upon binding, whereas the stabilization by tropomyosin occurs after complex formation. These observations support the idea that actin-binding proteins are key elements of the molecular mechanisms that regulate the conformational and functional diversity of actin filaments in living cells.
    Print ISSN: 0021-9258
    Electronic ISSN: 1083-351X
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Published by The American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (ASBMB)
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  • 5
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    Petrophysical, Geochemical, and Hydrological Evidence for Extensive Fracture-Mediated Fluid and Heat Transport in the Alpine Fault's Hanging-Wall Damage Zone (2017)
    In:  Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems (G3)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: Fault rock assemblages reflect interaction between deformation, stress, temperature, fluid, and chemical regimes on distinct spatial and temporal scales at various positions in the crust. Here we interpret measurements made in the hanging-wall of the Alpine Fault during the second stage of the Deep Fault Drilling Project (DFDP-2). We present observational evidence for extensive fracturing and high hanging-wall hydraulic conductivity (∼10−9 to 10−7 m/s, corresponding to permeability of ∼10−16 to 10−14 m2) extending several hundred meters from the fault's principal slip zone. Mud losses, gas chemistry anomalies, and petrophysical data indicate that a subset of fractures intersected by the borehole are capable of transmitting fluid volumes of several cubic meters on time scales of hours. DFDP-2 observations and other data suggest that this hydrogeologically active portion of the fault zone in the hanging-wall is several kilometers wide in the uppermost crust. This finding is consistent with numerical models of earthquake rupture and off-fault damage. We conclude that the mechanically and hydrogeologically active part of the Alpine Fault is a more dynamic and extensive feature than commonly described in models based on exhumed faults. We propose that the hydrogeologically active damage zone of the Alpine Fault and other large active faults in areas of high topographic relief can be subdivided into an inner zone in which damage is controlled principally by earthquake rupture processes and an outer zone in which damage reflects coseismic shaking, strain accumulation and release on interseismic timescales, and inherited fracturing related to exhumation.
    Language: English
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/article
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 6
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    Extreme hydrothermal conditions at an active plate-bounding fault (2017)
    In:  Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: Temperature and fluid pressure conditions control rock deformation and mineralization on geological faults, and hence the distribution of earthquakes1. Typical intraplate continental crust has hydrostatic fluid pressure and a near-surface thermal gradient of 31 ± 15 degrees Celsius per kilometre2, 3. At temperatures above 300–450 degrees Celsius, usually found at depths greater than 10–15 kilometres, the intra-crystalline plasticity of quartz and feldspar relieves stress by aseismic creep and earthquakes are infrequent. Hydrothermal conditions control the stability of mineral phases and hence frictional–mechanical processes associated with earthquake rupture cycles, but there are few temperature and fluid pressure data from active plate-bounding faults. Here we report results from a borehole drilled into the upper part of the Alpine Fault, which is late in its cycle of stress accumulation and expected to rupture in a magnitude 8 earthquake in the coming decades4, 5. The borehole (depth 893 metres) revealed a pore fluid pressure gradient exceeding 9 ± 1 per cent above hydrostatic levels and an average geothermal gradient of 125 ± 55 degrees Celsius per kilometre within the hanging wall of the fault. These extreme hydrothermal conditions result from rapid fault movement, which transports rock and heat from depth, and topographically driven fluid movement that concentrates heat into valleys. Shear heating may occur within the fault but is not required to explain our observations. Our data and models show that highly anomalous fluid pressure and temperature gradients in the upper part of the seismogenic zone can be created by positive feedbacks between processes of fault slip, rock fracturing and alteration, and landscape development at plate-bounding faults.
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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  • 7
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    Advanced seismic imaging techniques characterize the Alpine Fault at Whataroa (New Zealand) (2016)
    In:  Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-11-24
    Description: The plate‐bounding Alpine Fault in New Zealand is an 850 km long transpressive continental fault zone that is late in its earthquake cycle. We have acquired and processed reflection seismic data to image the subsurface around the main drill site of the Deep Fault Drilling Project (DFDP‐2). The resulting velocity models and seismic images of the upper 5 km show complex subsurface structures around the Alpine Fault zone. The most prominent feature is a strong reflector at depths of 1.5–2.2 km with an apparent dip of 48° to the southeast below the DFDP‐2 borehole, which we assume to be the main trace of the Alpine Fault. Above the main reflector, parallel reflectors suggest the presence of a ∼600 m wide damage zone. Additionally, subparallel reflectors are imaged that we interpret as secondary branches of the main fault zone. Conjugate faults imaged by the data show the complexity of the subsurface. The derived P wave velocity model reveals a 300–600 m thick sedimentary layer with velocities of ∼2.3 km/s above a schist basement with velocities of 4.5–5.5 km/s. A low‐velocity layer can be observed within the basement at 0.8–2 km depth. A small‐scale low‐velocity anomaly appears at the top of the basement that can be correlated to the fault zone. The results provide a reliable basis for a seismic characterization of the DFDP‐2 drill site that can be used for further structural and geological investigations of the architecture of the Alpine Fault in this area.
    Language: English
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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