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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Berlin, Heidelberg :Springer Berlin / Heidelberg,
    Keywords: Sediments (Geology) -- Europe. ; Electronic books.
    Description / Table of Contents: This book documents how researchers have analysed the structural, thermal, and sedimentary evolution as well as fluid dynamics of a complex sedimentary basin system which has experienced a variety of activation and reactivation impulses.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    Pages: 1 online resource (531 pages)
    Edition: 1st ed.
    ISBN: 9783540850854
    DDC: 551.8
    Language: English
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Cham :Springer International Publishing AG,
    Keywords: Power resources. ; Electronic books.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    Pages: 1 online resource (248 pages)
    Edition: 1st ed.
    ISBN: 9783319912295
    Language: English
    Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Abbreviations and Units -- Units -- Chemical Element Symbols and Empirical Formulae -- Summary -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Will Raw Materials Ever Be Depleted? -- 1.2 Objectivity in the Discussion -- 1.3 Social Acceptance: A Condition for the Exploitation of Natural Resources -- References -- 2 Fundamentals -- 2.1 Conventional Classification of Natural Resources and Definitions -- 2.2 Reserves, Resources and Geopotential -- 2.3 Critical Raw Materials and Raw Materials of Strategic Economic Importance -- 2.4 Availability of Raw Materials: The Feedback Control Cycle of Raw Materials Supply and Commodity Studies -- 2.4.1 The Feedback Control Cycle of Raw Material Supply -- 2.4.2 Studies on Raw Materials Criticality -- References -- 3 Supply of Raw Materials and Effects of the Global Economy -- 3.1 Primary Exploitation of Raw Materials and Forecasts of Future Availability -- 3.1.1 Production Peak Instead of Static Life Time of Reserves and Resources? -- 3.1.2 Energy and Water Requirements -- 3.2 Price Setting and Market Mechanisms -- 3.3 The Demand-Side -- 3.3.1 General Trends -- 3.3.2 Technological Developments in the Demand-Side -- 3.4 The Supply-Side -- 3.4.1 The Impacts of Geology and Mining Economics on the Supply of Primary Raw Materials -- 3.4.2 Political and Social Impacts on the Supply of Primary Raw Materials -- 3.4.3 Technologies for Exploration and Exploitation of Mineral Resources -- 3.4.4 The Availability of Secondary Resources -- 3.4.5 Development of Technologies for the Recycling of Secondary Materials -- 3.4.6 The Influence of Substitution and Increased Material Efficiency on the Supply of Natural Resources -- References -- 4 Current Status of Natural Resources-An Overview -- 4.1 Supply Situation of Mineral Natural Resources -- 4.1.1 Founding of a German Natural Resource Company?. , 4.1.2 Avoidance Strategies for a Reliable Supply -- 4.1.3 Secondary Resources Increase the Reliability of Supply -- 4.2 Supply Situation of Fossil Energy Fuels -- 4.3 Supply Situation for Biomass -- 4.3.1 Proportion of Bioenergy in Primary Energy Consumption -- 4.3.2 The Balance Sheet for Plant Biomass Production in the Countryside -- 4.3.3 Biomass from Forests and Woodlands -- 4.3.4 Biomass from the Agricultural Industry -- 4.3.5 Lignocellulose -- 4.3.6 Land, Soils, Water, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium -- 4.3.7 Economic Aspects of the Utilization of Biomass -- References -- 5 The Raw Material Requirements for Energy Systems -- 5.1 Demand-Driven Competition of Critical Raw Materials for Energy Technologies -- 5.2 Response Capacity of the Global Raw Material System -- 5.3 Critical Raw Materials for the Energy Transition -- 5.3.1 Raw Material Criticality Studies: Comparison of Meta-studies -- 5.3.2 Comparison of Analyses of Critical Raw Materials Required for the Energy Transition -- 5.4 Author's Assessment of Criticality -- 5.4.1 Raw Materials Derived from Individual Deposits, in Particular the Rare-Earth Elements, and By-Product Elements -- 5.4.2 Phosphorus and the Noble Gas Helium -- 5.4.3 The Metals Lithium and Copper -- References -- 6 Conclusions -- Appendix A -- Par5 -- Appendix B: Examples of Quantification of the Raw Material Requirements for Individual Energy Technologies Based on the Studies by the Wuppertal Institute and JRC-IET [1, 2] -- Par19 -- Appendix C: Lists of the studies that were evaluated by the KRESSE study, Erdmann and Graedel and the UK Energy Research Centre for Their Comparative Analyses -- Index.
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  • 3
    Book
    Book
    München : acatech - Deutsche Akademie der Technikwissenschaften e.V.
    Keywords: Energieversorgung ; Rohstoffversorgung ; Rohstoffmarkt ; Welt ; Energieversorgung ; Rohstoffversorgung ; Rohstoffmarkt ; Welt ; Graue Literatur ; Energieversorgung ; Rohstoff
    Type of Medium: Book
    Pages: 198 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Edition: Stand: November 2015
    ISBN: 398170486X , 9783981704860
    Series Statement: Schriftenreihe Energiesysteme der Zukunft
    DDC: 333.811
    Language: German
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  • 4
    Keywords: Earth sciences ; Renewable energy sources ; Alternate energy sources ; Green energy industries ; Earth Sciences ; Earth sciences ; Renewable energy sources ; Alternate energy sources ; Green energy industries ; Renewable energy resources ; Economic geology ; Geobiology ; Renewable energy resources ; Economic geology ; Geobiology ; Force and energy. ; Materials science. ; Welt ; Rohstoffversorgung ; Natürliche Ressourcen ; Erneuerbare Energien ; Energiewirtschaft ; Energieversorgung ; Rohstoff ; Rohstoffbedarf ; Rohstoffverbrauch ; Energiewende ; Energieversorgung ; Rohstoffbedarf ; Wertstoff ; Strategischer Rohstoff ; Seltenerdmetall ; Erneuerbare Energien ; Kritischer Rohstoff ; Mineralischer Rohstoff
    Description / Table of Contents: This is the first book that analyses the future raw materials supply from the demand side of a society that chiefly relies on renewable energies, which is of great significance for us all. It addresses primary and secondary resources and substitution, not only from technical but also socioeconomic and ethical points of view. The “Energiewende” (Energy Transition) will change our consumption of natural resources significantly. When in future our energy requirements will be covered mostly by wind, solar power and biomass, we will need less coal, oil and natural gas. However, the consumption of minerals, especially metallic resources, will increase to build wind generators, solar panels or energy storage facilities. Besides e.g. copper, nickel or cobalt, rare earth elements and other high-tech elements will be increasingly used. With regard to primary metals, Germany is 100 % import dependent; only secondary material is produced within Germany. Though sufficient geological primary resources exist worldwide, their availability on the market is crucial. The future supply of the market is dependent on the development of prices, the transparency of the market and the question of social and ethical standards in the raw materials industry, as well as the social license to operate, which especially applies to mining. The book offers a valuable resource for everyone interested in the future raw material supply of our way of life, which will involve more and more renewable energies
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XXX, 225 p. 53 illus. in color, online resource)
    ISBN: 9783319912295
    Series Statement: SpringerLink
    RVK:
    Language: English
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    München : acatech - Deutsche Akademie der Technikwissenschaften e. V.
    Keywords: Forschungsbericht ; Energieversorgung
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    Pages: 1 Online Ressource (202 Seiten, 1,94 MB) , Diagramme
    Edition: Stand November 2015
    Series Statement: Schriftenreihe Energiesysteme der Zukunft
    Language: German
    Note: Förderkennzeichen BMBF EDZ 2013 , Projektlaufzeit: 04/2013 bis 02/2016 , Literaturverzeichnis: Seite 182-195
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  • 6
    Keywords: sediments ; organic geochemistry ; petroleum ; Hochschulschrift ; Biogenes Sediment ; Sedimentation ; Diagenese ; Verwitterung ; Erdöl ; Sediment ; Geochemie ; Mittelmeer ; Westeuropa ; Toarcium ; Posidonienschiefer ; Schwarzschiefer ; Muttergestein
    Type of Medium: Book
    Pages: IX, 216 S , graph. Darst , 25 cm
    ISBN: 0387566619 , 3540566619
    Series Statement: Lecture notes in earth sciences 47
    DDC: 551.3
    RVK:
    Language: English
    Note: Literaturverz. S. [194] - 216 , Zugl.: Habilschr.
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2023-12-19
    Description: The shale gas potential of Ediacaran and Lower Silurian shales from the Upper Yangtze platform is assessed in this study with a focus on the contributions of clay minerals and organic matter to sorption capacity. For this purpose, a multidisciplinary assessment was carried out using petrophysical, mineralogical, petrographic and geochemical methods. In terms of TOC contents (4.2%), brittle mineral contents (68.6%) and maximum gas storage capacities (0.054–0.251 mmol/g) Ediacaran shales from this study show comparable properties to other producing shale gas systems although the thermal maturity is extremely high (VRr = 3.6%). When compared to lower Silurian shales from the same region, it is evident that (1) deeper maximum burial and (2) a lack of silica-associated preservation of the pores resulted in a relatively lower mesopore volume, higher micropore volume fraction and lower overall porosity (Ediacaran shales: 1.4–4.6%; Silurian shales: 6.2–7.4%). Gas production is therefore retarded by poor interconnectivity of the pore system, which was qualitatively demonstrated by comparing experimental gas uptake kinetics. TOC content exhibits a prominent control on sorption capacity and micropore volume for both shales. However, different contributions of clay minerals to sorption capacity were identified. This can partly be attributed to different clay types but is likely also related to burial-induced recrystallisation and different origins of illite. Additionally, it was shown that variations in sorption capacity due to incorrect estimates of clay mineral contribution are in the same range as variations due to differences in thermal maturity. Article highlights Pore structure and gas storage characteristics are evaluated for the first time for Ediacaran Shales from the Upper Yangtze platform Due to a lower free gas storage capacity and diffusivity, the Ediacaran shale can be regarded as a less favorable shale gas prospect when compared to the Silurian shale Clay mineral contribution to sorption capacity is evaluated taking clay mineralogy into consideration Maturity-related changes of organic matter sorption capacity have been discussed on the basis of a compiled data set
    Description: RWTH Aachen University (3131)
    Keywords: ddc:552 ; Ediacaran ; Silurian ; Sorption capacity ; Pore structure ; Mineralogy ; Thermal maturity
    Language: English
    Type: doc-type:article
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Energy & fuels 8 (1994), S. 1498-1512 
    ISSN: 1520-5029
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International journal of earth sciences 78 (1989), S. 391-410 
    ISSN: 1437-3262
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract More than 60 samples from 5 coal seams and adjacent siltstones and sandstones were selected from a well through Westphalian B sediments from Northern Germany in order to study bitumen generation and migration. The cores were drilled between 1200 und 1530 metres depth. In this interval, vitrinite reflectance (Rr) is increasing from 0.70 to 0.92%. Results reveal high hydrocarbon generation potentials for all coal samples, but not for adjacent clastic rocks, although maceral compositions of both are quite similar. Yields and compositions of thermal extracts from the coals depend on maceral compositions and rank. However, the bulk of the already generated bitumen has not been removed during natural coalification and is not easily releasable by thermovaporisation. A mass balance based on elemental composition of dull coals indicates that in the rather narrow rank interval (0.70–0.92% Rr) a total mass loss of 20% may have occurred by migration. This is evidenced by a loss of about 20% of the original hydrogen, the rest being stored in the coals.
    Abstract: Résumé Dans un forage pratiqué à travers le Westphalien B du nord de l'Allemagne, on a sélectionné plus de 60 échantillons provenant de 5 couches de charbon ainsi que des siltites et grès adjacents, dans le but d'étudier la formation et la migration du bitume. Les carottes proviennent de profondeurs situées entre 1200 et 1530 m. Dans cet intervalle, le pouvoir réflecteur de la vitrinite (Rr) passe de 0,70 à 0,92%. L'étude révèle des potentiels élevés en hydrocarbure pour tous les échantillons de charbon, mais pas pour les roches détritiques voisines, bien que les compositions «macérales» soient analogues dans les deux cas. L'importance et la composition des extrait athermiques des charbons dépendent de la composition «macérale» et du degré d'évolution. Toutefois, la plus grande partie du bitume engendré est restée sur place au cours de la houillification naturelle et elle est difficile à extraire avex la methode de thermovaporisation. Une balance des masses d'éléments indique pour cet intervalle relativement étroit (0,7–0,92% Rr) une perte totale de masse de 20% due à la migration. Ce résultat correspond à une perte d'environ 20% de l'hydrogène originel, les 80% restants étant demeurés dans le charbon.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Um die Entstehung und Migration von Bitumen zu untersuchen wurden in Norddeutschland mehr als 60 Proben aus 5 Kohleflözen und benachbarten Silt- und Sandsteinen aus einer Bohrung durch Westphal B-Sedimente bearbeitet. Die Entnahmetiefe der Bohrkerne liegt zwischen 1200 und 1530 Metern. Innerhalb dieses Intervales steigt die Vitrinit-Reflexion (Rr) von 0,70 auf 0,92%. Für alle Proben aus den Flözen ergeben sich hohe Kohlenwasserstoff-Bildungspotentiale, nicht aber für die benachbarten klastischen Gesteine, obwohl die Mazeral-Zusammensetzungen in beiden ähnlich sind. Die Ausbeute und Zusammensetzung thermaler Extrakte aus den Flözen hängen von Mazeral-Zusammensetzung und Reife ab. Allerdings wurden weder während der Inkohlung größere Mengen des Bitumens abtransportiert, noch ist dieses durch Thermovaporisation leicht freisetzbar. Eine Massenbalanzierung auf der Basis der Elementzusammensetzung ergibt für das relativ schmale Interval von C,70-0,92% Rr ein Massenverlust von 20% durch Migration. Diese Angabe basiert auf einer 20%igen Reduzierung der ursprünglichen Wasserstoffmenge, wobei die restlichen 80% in der Kohle gespeichert bleiben.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1437-3262
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract In the coal-mining Ruhr-area, Upper Carboniferous rocks (ca. 4000 m) consist of interlayered sandstones, siltstones, mudstones and coals. They were deposited in a tropical, paralic environment where alternating fluvial sedimentation, occasional marine ingressions, and swamp growth resulted in an irregular cyclic succession. The total sedimentary package contains on an average 6 Vol.-% of organic matter. About 70 Vol.-% of the organic matter occurs in coal seams, the rest as dispersed organic matter in clastic rocks. The organic matter is autochthonous in the coals and allochthonous in associated sandstones and siltstones. It consists of about 70% vitrinite, 20% inertinite, and 10% liptinite. The overall maceral group composition is the same for coals and dispersed organic matter. This surprising similarity is caused by a nearly exclusive input of land-plant derived organic matter to swamps and fluvial systems and a similar degree of preservation. Highest average liptinite contents (% of total macerals) were found in unrooted mudstones, highest average inertinite contents in coarse-grained siltstones and highest average vitrinite percentages in sandstones. Maturities of the sediments studied are well within the hydrocarbon generation window, e. g. vitrinite reflectivities range from 0.6% to 1.6%. Reflectivities measured on dispersed particles in clastic rocks are similar to those measured in coal seams. Calculations of the amount of methane generated indicate that coal seams contributed more to the total hydrocarbon generation than dispersed organic matter.
    Abstract: Résumé Dans la région minière de la Ruhr, le Carbonifère supérieur constitue une succession, épaisse de 4.000 m environ, de grès, de siltites et de charbon. Leur dépôt, dans un milieu paralique tropical, a été marqué par des alternances de sédimentation fluiviale, de transgressions marines occasionnelles, et d'épisodes marécageux; il en résulte une disposition cyclique irrégulière. La série sédimentaire contient dans l'ensemble 6% de matière organique en moyenne. Environ 70% de cette matière organique se trouve dans les couches de charbon où elle est autochtone; le reste est allochtone et dispersé dans les grès et siltites. La matière organique se répartit approximativement en 70% de vitrinite, 20% d'inertinite et 10% de liptinite. La composition moyenne du groupe «macéral» est la même pour les charbons et la matière organique dispersée. Cette identité surprenante est l'expression d'une alimentation provenant exclusivement de plantes terrestres et d'un même degré de conservation. La maturité des sédiments étudiés se situe à l'intérieur du domaine de genèse des hydrocarbures: le pouvoir réflecteur de la vitrinite s'échelonne entre 0,6% et 1,6%. Les gradients du pouvoir réflecteur observés dans les roches détritiques et dans les couches de charbon sont analogues. Le calcul de la quantité de méthane engendré indique que la contribution des couches de charbon à la production totale d'hydrocarbure est supérieur à celle de la matière organique dispersée.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Das Oberkarbon des Ruhrgebietes besteht aus ca. 4000 Metern wechsellagernder Sandsteine, Siltsteine und Kohleflöze. Der Ablagerungsraum der Sedimente war eine Region mit tropischem Klima, genauer ein paralisches Environment mit unregelmäßig alternierenden Folgen von fluviatilen Sedimenten, marinen Transgressionen und verbreiteten Sumpfablagerungen. Der Anteil organischer Substanzen an der gesamten Sedimentmenge beträgt durchschnittlich 6%. 70% dieser organischen Masse ist in Kohleflözen angereichert, der Rest liegt verteilt in den klastischen Gesteinen vor. Die Herkunft der organischen Substanz in den Kohleflözen ist autochthon, die in den benachbarten Sand- und Siltsteinen allochton. Die Zusammensetzung des organischen Materials ist 70% Vitrinit, 20% Inertinit und 10% Liptinit. Die allgemeine Zusammensetzung nach Mazeral-Gruppen ist für die Kohleflöze und das verteilte Material in den Nachbargesteinen identisch. Diese Ähnlichkeit beruht auf der gemeinsamen Herkunft der organischen Substanz in Sümpfen und Flußsystemen, die fast ausschließlich von Landpflanzen bestimmt wird, und einer sich entsprechenden Konservierung. Der Reifegrad der analysierten Sedimente liegt innerhalb des Kohlenwasserstoff-Bildungsbereiches (die Vitrinit-Reflexionen reichen von 0,6–1,6%). Dabei entsprechen die in den klastischen Gesteinen beobachteten Reflexionswerte weitgehend denen der Kohleflöze. Anhand der Menge des erzeugten Methans läßt sich erkennen, daß der Anteil der Kohleflöze an der Kohlenwasserstoff-Produktion höher ist als der Anteil, den disperse organische Substanzen der Klastika beisteuern.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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