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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Norepinephrine Microinjections in the Hypothalamic Paraventricular Nucleus Increase Extracellular Dopamine and Decrease Acetylcholine in the Nucleus Accumbens: Relevance to Feeding Reinforcement (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 68 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract: Norepinephrine (NE) was microinjected into the paraventricular nucleus (PVN), while microdialysis was used to monitor extracellular dopamine (DA) and acetylcholine (ACh) in the nucleus accumbens (NAc). The PVN is a site where exogenously administered NE can act through α2 receptors to elicit eating behavior and preference for carbohydrates. It was hypothesized that NE in the PVN acts on a behavior reinforcement system by altering the DA/ACh balance in the NAc. NE microinjections (80 nmol in 0.3 µl), which effectively elicited feeding in satiated rats in a separate test, caused a significant increase in extracellular DA (109%) and decrease in ACh (−27%) when the same animals were tested in the absence of food. In contrast when the food was available and ingested, ACh increased (51%) instead of decreasing. These results support the hypothesis that a functional link exists between the PVN and the NAc in which DA helps initiate and ACh helps stop appetitive behavior involved in the reinforcement of eating.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1471-4159.1997.68020667.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Self-injection of amphetamine directly into the brain (1983)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 81 (1983), S. 158-163 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Self-injection ; Self-administration ; Amphetamine ; Nucleus accumbens ; Rats
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Rats learned to self-administer d-amphetamine (10 μg/μl) through a cannula implanted in the nucleus accumbens. They responded more frequently for 65±15 nl of amphetamine than for equal amounts of saline. When presented with two levers (one amphetamine, one blank) they responded more on the correct lever for amphetamine. They would also switch levers, when necessary, to maintain access to the drug. When half the usual drug intake was given automatically, animals reduced their response rate by half, thus self-regulating the total amount of amphetamine they received. In tests for leakage into the ventricles, eight rats that self-injected with an accumbens cannula showed response extinction when switched to a ventricular cannula. We conclude that amphetamine self-injected into the accumbens is a positive reinforcer. This localization of ‘amphetamine reward’ suggests that the nucleus accumbens contains a synaptic mechanism underlying amphetamine abuse and, perhaps, also natural reinforcement of behavior.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00429012
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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