Note: Front cover -- Carbonates in Continental Settings: Geochemistry, Diagenesis and Applications -- Copyright page -- Contents -- Contributors -- Preface -- Chapter 1. The Geochemistry of Continental Carbonates -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Precipitation of Inorganic Carbonates -- 3. The Role of Magnesium -- 4. Stable Isotopes of Carbonates -- 5. Pedogenic Carbonates -- 6. Tufa -- 7. Speleothems -- 8. Saline Carbonates -- 9. Ostracods -- Other Biotic Carbonates -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 2. Diagenesis of Carbonates in Continental Settings -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Diagenesis of Lacustrine Carbonates -- 3. Diagenetic Processes -- 4. Dolomite in Lacustrine Sediments and Rocks -- 5. Diagenetic Aspects in Calcretes and Dolocretes -- 6. Telogenesis -- 7. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 3. Silicification of Continental Carbonates -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Overview -- 3. Burial Diagenesis -- 4. Meteoric Diagenesis at or near the Surface -- 5. Isotope Data of Cherts in Continental Carbonates -- 6. Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 4. Continental Carbonates as Indicators of Paleoclimate -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Pedogenic Carbonates -- 3. Lacustrine Carbonates -- 4. Palustrine Carbonates -- 5. Speleothem Carbonates -- 6. Tufas -- 7. Summary -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Chapter 5. Continental Sequence Stratigraphy and Continental Carbonates -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Sequence Stratigraphy History and Terminology -- 3. Continental Sequence Delineation Methods -- 4. Continental Carbonates and Sequence Stratigraphy -- 5. Discussion -- 6. Summary -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 6. Economic Aspects of Continental Carbonates and Carbonates Transformed under Continental Conditions -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Lacustrine and Palustrine Carbonates and Associated Resources. , 3. Calcretes and Associated Resources -- 4. Travertines and Tufas and their Economic Interest -- 5. Karst Structures and Related Economic Resources -- 6. Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 7. Continental Carbonates - Preservation of Natural and Historic Heritage Sites -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Natural Sites -- 3. Conservation and the Built Environment -- 4. Conclusions -- References -- Subject Index.

Note: Front Cover -- Mitochondrial Dysfunction -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Table of Contents -- Contributors -- Preface -- Introduction: Criteria for Assessing Normal and Abnormal Mitochondrial Function -- Mitochondrial Heterogeneity -- Mitochondrial Plasticity -- Causes of Mitochondrial Dysfunction -- Programmed Cell Death -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 1. Mitochondrial Isolation from Liver and Kidney: Strategy, Techniques, and Criteria for Purity -- INTRODUCTION -- ISOLATION OF MITOCHONDRIA FROM LIVER AND KIDNEY HOMOGENATES -- SUBFRACTIONATION OF ISOLATED MITOCHONDRIA FROM LIVER AND KIDNEY -- ISOLATION OF MITOCHONDRIA FROM INTACT HEPATOCYTES AND KIDNEY CELLS: DIGITONIN FRACTIONATION -- ISOLATION OF MITOCHONDRIA FROM INTACT HEPATOCYTES: DIGITONIN-NAGARSE TREATMENT AND FILTRATION ON POLYCARBONATE MEMBRANES -- COMMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 2. Mitochondrial Isolation from Brain: Strategy, Techniques, and Criteria for Purity -- INTRODUCTION -- MATERIALS AND REAGENTS -- PROCEDURES -- COMMENTS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 3. Intact Rat Brain Mitochondria from a Single Animal: Preparation and Properties -- INTRODUCTION -- ISOLATION OF INTACT RAT FOREBRAIN MITOCHONDRIA -- PROPERTIES OF RAT BRAIN MITOCHONDRIAL PREPARATION -- COMMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 4. Study of Skeletal Muscle Mitochondrial Dysfunction -- INTRODUCTION -- PREPARATION OF MITOCHONDRIAL FRACTIONS -- MEASUREMENT OF MITOCHONDRIAL OXIDATIONS -- MEASUREMENT OF ACTIVITY OF RESPIRATORY CHAIN COMPLEXES I-IV -- MEASUREMENT OF MITOCHONDRIAL β-OXIDATION FLUX -- ENZYMES OF MITOCHONDRIAL FATTY ACID OXIDATION -- MEASUREMENT OF MITOCHONDRIAL FATTY ACID OXIDATION ENZYME ACTIVITIES IN FIBROBLAST HOMOGENATES -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 5. Small-Scale Preparation of Skeletal Muscle Mitochondria and Its Application in the Study of Human Disease -- INTRODUCTION. , PREPARATION OF INTACT MITOCHONDRIA AND MITOCHONDRIAL FRAGMENTS -- PROPERTIES -- COMMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 6. Metabolie Control Analysis as a Method to Assess Mitochondrial Dysfunction -- INTRODUCTION -- CONCEPTS OF METABOLIC CONTROL ANALYSIS -- EXPERIMENTAL METHODS EMPLOYED IN CONTROL ANALYSIS -- CONTROL ANALYSIS AS A TOOL IN DIAGNOSIS -- CONTROL ANALYSIS OF POTENTIAL THERAPIES -- CONTROL BY MITOCHONDRIAL FUNCTION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 7. Commentary: Methods for in Vivo Assessment of Mitochondrial Function -- ASSESSMENT OF MITOCHONDRIAL FUNCTION in Vivo -- THERAPEUTIC EVALUATIONS -- SUMMARY -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 8. Noninvasive Assessment of Mitochondrial Function by Breath Analysis Using Ketoisocaproic Acid -- INTRODUCTION -- MATERIAL AND REAGENTS -- PROCEDURES -- COMMENTS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 9. Absorption Spectroscopy for Assessment of Mitochondrial Function in Vivo -- INTRODUCTION -- OPTICAL BEHAVIOR OF THE MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT SYSTEM -- METHODS FOR OPTICAL SPECTROSCOPY OF INTACT TISSUES -- APPLICATIONS OF OPTICAL SPECTROSCOPY in Vivo -- SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 10. Analysis of Mitochondrial Function by Carbon-13 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy in Intact Tissues -- INTRODUCTION -- MITOCHONDRIAL FUNCTION AND CARBON TRACERS -- DETECTION OF 13C-ENRICHED COMPOUNDS BY NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY -- SOURCES OF ACETYL-COENZYME A -- CITRIC ACID CYCLE KINETICS -- ANAPLEROSIS: ANALYSIS UNDER STEADY-STATE CONDITIONS -- SUBSTRATE SELECTION IN HEART TISSUE -- LIMITATIONS OF ISOTOPOMER ANALYSIS BY 13C NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 11. Phosphorus-31 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy in the Study of Mitochondrial Metabolism -- INTRODUCTION. , REGULATION OF OXYGEN CONSUMPTION IN SKELETAL MUSCLE -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 12. Mitochondrial Dysftinctíon in Ischemic Organs -- INTRODUCTION -- MITOCHONDRIAL DYSFUNCTION IN ISCHEMIC LIVER -- DYSFUNCTION OF ISOLATED MITOCHONDRIA DURING ANOXIC INCUBATION -- LEAKAGE OF MITOCHONDRIAL ENZYMES DURING REOXYGENATION -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 13. Screening for Mitochondrial Cytopathy: The Subanaerobic Threshold Exercise Test -- INTRODUCTION -- METHODS -- COMMENTS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 14. Morphometry of Mitochondria: Size, Internal Structure, Subcellular Distribution, and Three-Dimensional Reconstruction -- INTRODUCTION -- MITOCHONDRIAL VOLUME DENSITY AND SURFACE DENSITY -- MITOCHONDRIAL INNER MEMBRANE SURFACE DENSITY -- MITOCHONDRIAL NUMBER, SIZE, AND SHAPE -- THREE-DIMENSIONAL RECONSTRUCTION -- MITOCHONDRIAL DISTRIBUTION -- CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENT -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 15. Megamitochondria -- INTRODUCTION -- EXPERIMENTAL INDUCTION OF MEGAMITOCHONDRIA -- ANALYSIS OF FUNCTION OF MEGAMITOCHONDRIA -- ANALYSIS OF MECHANISMS OF MEGAMITOCHONDRIA FORMATION -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 16. Redox Status and Mitochondrial Inner Membrane Permeability -- INTRODUCTION -- MATERIALS -- PROCEDURES -- COMMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 17. Assessment of Mitochondrial Glutathione as a Measure of Cell Injury -- INTRODUCTION -- MEASUREMENT OF MITOCHONDRIAL GLUTATHIONE IN HEPATOCYTES AND OTHER CELLS -- SAMPLE PREPARATION -- MITOCHONDRIAL GLUTATHIONE -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 18. Experimental Manipulation of Mitochondrial Glutathione Concentrations -- INTRODUCTION -- MATERIALS -- PROCEDURES -- COMMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 19. Determination of Flux, Activity, and Activity State of Mitochondrial α-Keto Acid Dehydrogenase Complexes -- INTRODUCTION -- MATERIALS AND REAGENTS -- PROCEDURES. , REFERENCES -- Chapter 20. Regulation of Oxygen Uptake in the Liver Lobule by Oxygen Tension -- INTRODUCTION -- METHODS -- RESULTS -- COMMENTS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 21. Generation of Reactive Oxygen Metabolites and Oxidative Damage in Mitochondria: Role of Calcium -- INTRODUCTION -- EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES -- CHEMICALS -- RESULTS -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 22. Fatty Acid Metabolism and Reye's Syndrome -- INTRODUCTION -- METHODS -- COMMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 23. Antioxidative Function of Vitamin Ε and Ubiquinols -- INTRODUCTION -- COMPARISON OF UBIQUINOL AND TOCOPHEROL ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITIES IN MEMBRANES AND IN LIPOSOMES -- REDUCTION OF VITAMIN Ε RADICALS BY UBIQUINOLS IN LIPOSOMES AND IN MEMBRANES -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 24. Mitochondrial NADPH -- INTRODUCTION -- ROLE OF NADPH OF MITOCHONDRIAL ORIGIN IN DRUG METABOLISM AND TOXICITY -- DIRECT MEASUREMENT OF NADPH AND NADH WITH ENZYMATIC CYCLING -- ROLE OF MITOCHONDRIA IN ZONE-SPECIFIC TOXICITY TO THE LIVER LOBULE -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 25. Long-Chain Acyl-CoA Metabolism by Mitochondrial Carnitine Palmitoyltransferase: A Cell Model for Pathological Studies -- INTRODUCTION -- MATERIALS AND REAGENTS -- PROCEDURES -- COMMENTS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENT -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 26. Identification of Mitochondrial Dysfunction at Coupling Site I: Loss of Activity of NADH-Ubiquinone Oxidoreductase during Myocardial Ischemia -- INTRODUCTION -- MATERIALS AND REAGENTS -- PROCEDURES -- COMMENTS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 27. Identification of Mitochondrial Dysfunction at Coupling Site II -- INTRODUCTION -- SPECTROPHOTOMETWC ASSESSMENT OF COMPLEX III ACTIVITY -- POLAROGRAPHY -- MEASUREMENT OF MITOCHONDRIAL CYTOCHROME CONCENTRATIONS BY LOW TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE SPECTROSCOPY -- WESTERN BLOTTING. , APPLICATION OF TECHNIQUES TO DIAGNOSTIC INVESTIGATIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 28. Cellular Calcium and Mitochondrial Dysfunction -- INTRODUCTION -- MATERIALS AND REAGENTS -- PROCEDURES -- COMMENT -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 29. Chronic Alcoholism and the Mitochondrial F0F1-ATP Synthase -- INTRODUCTION -- MATERIALS AND REAGENTS -- PROCEDURES -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 30. Mitochondrial Pyrophosphate Metabolism in Health and Disease -- INTRODUCTION -- MATERIALS AND REAGENTS -- PROCEDURES -- COMMENTS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 31. Toxic Effects of Calcium on Mitochondria -- INTRODUCTION -- TECHNIQUES FOR in Situ IMAGING OF MITOCHONDRIAL MEMBRANE POTENTIAL -- PROBING MITOCHONDRIAL CALCIUM CYCLING WITH CYCLOSPORIN A -- USE OF SAPONIN-PERMEABILIZED CELLS TO STUDY MITOCHONDRIAL CALCIUM HOMEOSTASIS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 32. Calcium and the Regulation of Intramitochondrial Dehydrogenases -- INTRODUCTION -- PREPARATION OF INTACT AND PERMEABILIZED MITOCHONDRIA AND MITOCHONDRIAL EXTRACTS -- CALCIUM BUFFERS AND THEIR USE -- ASSAY OF PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE ACTIVITY WITHIN INTACT AND PERMEABILIZED MITOCHONDRIA -- ASSAY OF 2-0X0GLUTARATE DEHYDROGENASE AND NAD+-ISOCITRATE DEHYDROGENASE ACTIVITIES IN MITOCHONDRIAL EXTRACTS, PURIFIED PREPARATIONS AND PERMEABILIZED MITOCHONDRIA -- ASSAY OF 2-OXOGLUTARATE DEHYDROGENASE AND NAD+-ISOCITRATEDE HYDROGENASE ACTIVITIES WITHIN INTACT MITOCHONDRIA -- FINAL COMMENTS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 33. Use of Fluorescent Probes to Monitor Mitochondrial Membrane Potential in Isolated Mitochondria, Cell Suspensions, and Cultured Cells -- INTRODUCTION -- MEMBRANE POTENTIAL IN ISOLATED MITOCHONDRIA -- MITOCHONDRIAL MEMBRANE POTENTIAL IN CELL SUSPENSIONS -- FLUORESCENCE MICROSCOPY OF SINGLE CELLS. , QUANTITATIVE IMAGING OF MEMBRANE POTENTIAL BY CONFOCAL MICROSCOPY.

Note: Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources

Note: Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Contributors -- Chapter 1: The Late Triassic Timescale -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Some History -- 1.3 Upper Triassic Chronostratigraphy -- 1.3.1 Upper Triassic Series -- 1.3.2 Carnian Stage -- 1.3.3 Norian Stage -- 1.3.4 Rhaetian Stage -- 1.3.5 Other Upper Triassic Chronostratigraphic Scales -- 1.4 Radioisotopic Ages -- 1.5 Magnetostratigraphy -- 1.6 Cyclostratigraphy -- 1.7 Isotope Stratigraphy -- 1.8 Conclusion: A Late Triassic Timescale -- References -- Chapter 2: Late Triassic Global Plate Tectonics -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Methods -- 2.3 Convergent Tectonics -- 2.4 Extensional Tectonics -- 2.5 Sedimentation and Paleolithofacies -- 2.6 Global Base-Level Changes -- 2.7 Climate Change and Episodic Tectonism -- 2.8 Concluding Summary -- References -- Chapter 3: Climates of the Late Triassic: Perspectives, Proxies and Problems -- 3.1 Global Overview -- 3.2 Global Climate Models -- 3.3 Estimating Paleo-pCO2 -- 3.3.1 Isotopic Composition of Pedogenic Carbonate -- 3.3.2 Use of Stomatal Indices -- 3.4 Regional Trends -- 3.4.1 Marine Record: Tethyan Realm -- 3.4.2 Continental Record: North America -- 3.4.2.1 Colorado Plateau -- 3.4.2.2 Newark Supergroup Basins -- 3.5 Major Climate Events -- 3.5.1 The Mid-Carnian Event -- 3.5.1.1 Evidence for Mid-Carnian humidity -- 3.5.1.2 Isotopic Record of the CPE -- 3.5.1.3 Causal Mechanism -- 3.5.2 End-Triassic Event -- 3.6 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 4: The Central Atlantic Magmatic Province (CAMP): A Review -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Defining the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province -- 4.3 Outcrops and Estimates of Surface Area and Volume -- 4.4 Volcanologic Aspects -- 4.5 Age of CAMP Basalts -- 4.6 Rock Compositions -- 4.6.1 Major and Trace Element Composition and Volcano-­Stratigraphic Correlations -- 4.6.2 Sr-Nd-Pb-Os Isotopic Compositions of CAMP Rocks. , 4.6.3 Main Magma Types and Intra- and Inter-Continental Correlations -- 4.7 Origin of CAMP Magmas -- 4.7.1 Fractional Crystallization -- 4.7.2 Crustal Assimilation -- 4.7.3 Mantle Source of CAMP Basalts -- 4.8 CAMP and the End-Triassic Extinction -- 4.8.1 Volcanogenic Gases from the CAMP -- 4.9 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 5: Distal Processes and Effects of Multiple Late Triassic Terrestrial Bolide Impacts: Insights from the Norian Manicouagan Event, Northeastern Quebec, Canada -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.1.1 Previous Work -- 5.1.2 Impact Research Databases -- 5.2 Late Triassic Terrestrial Impact Structures -- 5.2.1 Paleogeographic Setting -- 5.2.2 Stratigraphic Distribution -- 5.2.3 Geochronologic Control -- 5.2.3.1 Radioisotopic Age-dating -- 5.2.3.2 Biostratigraphic Dating/Correlation -- 5.3 Types of Evidence (Proximal vs. Distal) -- 5.3.1 Impact Geoscience Terminology -- 5.3.2 Shock Metamorphism -- 5.3.3 Distal Impact Signatures -- 5.3.3.1 Ejecta Layer Characteristics -- 5.3.3.2 Late Triassic Shocked Quartz Occurrences -- 5.3.3.3 Impact Spherule Evidence -- 5.3.3.4 Geochemical Anomalies -- 5.3.3.5 Associated (syn- to post-) Sedimentary Deformation -- 5.3.3.6 Additional Tectono-sedimentological Evidence -- 5.4 The Norian Manicouagan Impact -- 5.4.1 General Description (Crater Area and Vicinity) -- 5.4.2 Distal Evidence: Continental Sections -- 5.4.2.1 Europe: Wickwar, Southwestern Britain -- 5.4.2.2 North America: Bay of Fundy, Eastern Canada -- 5.4.3 Distal Evidence: Marine Sections -- 5.4.4 Stratigraphic Implications -- 5.5 Late Triassic Impact Effects -- 5.5.1 Paleoenvironmental Changes -- 5.5.2 Biotic Response -- 5.6 Directions and Recommendations -- 5.7 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 6: New Upper Triassic Conodont Biozonation of the Tethyan Realm -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Upper Triassic Conodonts: Overview. , 6.3 The New Conodont Zonation -- 6.4 The Ladinian/Carnian Boundary and the Carnian Stage -- 6.4.1 Julian Conodont Biozonation -- 6.4.1.1 Paragondolella polygnathiformis Interval Zone -- 6.4.1.2 Mazzaella carnica Interval Zone -- 6.4.1.3 Paragondolella praelindae Interval Zone -- 6.4.2 The Julian/Tuvalian Boundary and the Tuvalian Substage -- 6.4.2.1 Hayashiella tuvalica Interval Zone -- 6.4.2.2 Metapolygnathus praecommunisti Interval Zone -- 6.4.2.3 Neocavitella cavitata Interval Zone -- 6.4.2.4 Carnepigondolella orchardi Interval Zone -- 6.4.2.5 Epigondolella vialovi Interval Zone -- 6.4.2.6 Metapolygnathus communisti Interval Zone -- 6.5 The Carnian/Norian Boundary and the Norian Stage -- 6.5.1 Lacian Conodont Biozonation -- 6.5.1.1 Metapolygnathus parvus Interval Zone -- 6.5.1.2 Carnepigondolella gulloae Taxon-range Zone -- 6.5.1.3 Epigondolella rigoi-Epigondolella quadrata Interval Zone -- 6.5.2 The Lacian/Alaunian Boundary and the Alaunian Substage -- 6.5.2.1 Mockina spiculata Interval Zone -- 6.5.2.2 Mockina postera Interval Zone -- 6.5.2.3 Mockina serrulata Interval Zone -- 6.5.2.4 Mockina slovakensis Interval Zone -- 6.5.3 The Alaunian/Sevatian Boundary and the Sevatian Substage -- 6.5.3.1 Mockina bidentata Interval Zone -- 6.5.3.2 Parvigondolella andrusovi Interval Zone -- 6.5.3.3 Misikella hernsteini Interval Zone -- 6.6 The Norian/Rhaetian Boundary and the Rhaetian Stage -- 6.6.1 Rhaetian Conodont Biozonation -- 6.6.1.1 Misikella posthernsteini Interval Zone -- 6.6.1.2 Misikella ultima Interval Zone -- 6.6.1.3 Neohindeodella detrei Taxon-range Zone -- 6.7 Systematic Palaeontology -- 6.8 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 7: Late Triassic Ammonoids: Distribution, Biostratigraphy and Biotic Events -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Some History -- 7.3 Geographic Distribution -- 7.4 Paleobiogeography -- 7.5 Biostratigraphy -- 7.5.1 Base Carnian GSSP. , 7.5.2 Carnian Ammonoid Biostratigraphy -- 7.5.3 Norian Ammonoid Biostratigraphy -- 7.5.4 Rhaetian Ammonoid Biostratigraphy -- 7.6 Biotic Events -- 7.6.1 Major Features of Late Triassic Ammonoid Evolution -- 7.6.2 Late Carnian Events -- 7.6.3 Early-Middle Norian Events -- 7.6.4 Late Norian Events -- 7.6.5 Rhaetian Events -- 7.7 Conclusion: Late Triassic Extinctions -- References -- Chapter 8: Late Triassic Marine Reptiles -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Ichthyopterygia -- 8.2.1 Late Triassic Shastasauridae -- 8.2.2 Feeding Adaptations in the Shastasauridae -- 8.2.3 Late Triassic Euichthyosauria -- 8.2.4 Problematical or Invalid Ichthyosaurian Taxa from the Upper Triassic -- 8.3 Sauropterygia -- 8.3.1 Placodontia -- 8.3.1.1 Late Triassic Placodonts -- 8.3.1.2 Palaeoecology of Late Triassic Placodonts -- 8.3.2 'Pachypleurosauria' -- 8.3.3 Nothosauroidea -- 8.3.3.1 Late Triassic Nothosauroidea -- 8.3.4 Pistosauroidea -- 8.3.4.1 Late Triassic Pistosauroids -- 8.4 Thalattosauria -- 8.4.1 Late Triassic Thalattosaurs -- 8.5 Chelonia -- 8.6 Phytosauria -- 8.7 Tanystropheidae -- 8.7.1 Late Triassic Tanystropheids -- 8.8 Choristodera -- 8.9 Is a Triassic-Jurassic Boundary Extinction of Marine Reptile Clades Supported? -- 8.10 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 9: The Zorzino Limestone Actinopterygian Fauna from the Late Triassic (Norian) of the Southern Alps -- 9.1 Introduction: Historical Background -- 9.2 The Zorzino Fish Fauna -- 9.2.1 Subholosteans -- 9.2.2 The Durophagous -- 9.2.3 The Stem Teleostei, The Pholidophoriformes -- 9.3 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 10: Late Triassic Terrestrial Tetrapods: Biostratigraphy, Biochronology and Biotic Events -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Temporal Framework -- 10.3 Biofacies and Biases -- 10.4 Late Triassic Terrestrial Tetrapod Record -- 10.4.1 Berdyankian Tetrapod Assemblages. , 10.4.2 Otischalkian Tetrapod Assemblages -- 10.4.3 Adamanian Tetrapod Assemblages -- 10.4.4 Revueltian Tetrapod Assemblages -- 10.4.5 Apachean Tetrapod Assemblages -- 10.4.6 Wassonian LVF -- 10.5 Late Triassic Tetrapod Footprints and Bromalites -- 10.6 Biotic Events -- 10.6.1 Introduction -- 10.6.2 Archosaurs Rise to Dominance -- 10.6.3 Temnospondyl Diminishment and Extinctions -- 10.6.4 Turtle Origins -- 10.6.5 Rhynchosaurs -- 10.6.6 Phytosaurs and Aetosaurs -- 10.6.7 Crocodylomorphs -- 10.6.8 Pterosaur Origins -- 10.6.9 Dinosaur Origins -- 10.6.10 Dicynodont Diminishment and Extinction -- 10.6.11 Cynodont Evolution and Mammal Origins -- 10.6.12 Oddities -- 10.6.13 Provinciality -- 10.7 Conclusion: Late Triassic Extinctions -- References -- Chapter 11: The Late Triassic Record of Cynodonts: Time of Innovations in the Mammalian Lineage -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Cynodont Diversity -- 11.2.1 Traversodontid Supremacy -- 11.2.2 Proliferation of the Small Probainognathians -- 11.2.3 Twilight of the Non-mammaliaform Cynodonts: The Tritylodontids -- 11.2.4 Enter Mammaliaforms -- 11.3 Cynodonts and Biostratigraphy -- 11.4 Late Triassic Pulses of Cynodont Diversity -- 11.5 Taxonomic Diversity of Cynodonts and Dinosauromorphs in the Late Triassic/Early Jurassic Transition -- 11.6 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 12: Late Triassic Nonmarine Vertebrate and Invertebrate Trace Fossils and the Pattern of the Phanerozoic Record of Vertebrate Trace Fossils -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Triassic World -- 12.3 Tetrapod Footprints -- 12.3.1 Ichnotaxonomy -- 12.3.1.1 Archosaur Footprints -- 12.3.1.2 Non-archosaur Footprints -- 12.3.2 Footprint Ichnoassemblages -- 12.3.2.1 North America -- 12.3.2.2 South America -- 12.3.2.3 Europe -- 12.3.2.4 North Africa -- 12.3.2.5 Southern Africa -- 12.3.2.6 Greenland -- 12.3.2.7 Other Regions. , 12.3.3 Biostratigraphy and Biochronology.

Note: Front Cover -- Introducton to Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- PREFACE -- CHAPTER 1. VIBRATIONAL AND ROTATIONAL SPECTRA -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Photon Energy -- 1.3 Degrees of Freedom of Molecular Motion -- 1.4 Normal Modes of Vibration -- 1.5 Mechanical Molecular Models -- 1.6 Coordinates Used to Describe Molecular Vibrations -- 1.7 Classical Vibrational Frequency Formula for a Diatomic Molecule -- 1.8 Infrared Absorption and the Change in Dipole Moment -- 1.9 Anharmonicity and Overtones -- 1.10 Vibrational Potential Function -- 1.11 Introduction to the Quantum Effect -- 1.12 The Quantum Mechanical Harmonic Oscillator -- 1.13 The Boltzmann Distribution Function -- 1.14 Vibrational Transitions and Infrared Absorption -- 1.15 The Anharmonic Oscillator -- 1.16 Combination and Difference Bands -- 1.17 Fermi Resonance -- 1.18 Rotation of Linear Molecules -- 1.19 Rotational Transitions and Infrared Absorption -- 1.20 The Nonrigid Rotator -- 1.21 Rotational Line Intensities -- 1.22 Types of Rotators -- 1.23 Rotation of Symmetric Top Molecules -- 1.24 Vibrational-Rotational Spectrum, Classical Picture -- 1.25 Vibrational-Rotational Spectrum, Quantum Mechanical Treatment -- 1.26 Vibrational-Rotational Spectrum Nonrigid Rotator -- 1.27 Spherical Top Molecules -- 1.29 Asymmetrical Top Molecules -- 1.30 The Raman Effect -- 1.31 Polarizability -- 1.32 The Tensor Character of the Polarizability -- 1.33 Depolarization Ratio -- 1.34 Pure Rotational Raman Spectra -- 1.35 Raman Sources -- CHAPTER 2. IR EXPERIMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS -- 2.1 Source of Infrared Radiation -- 2.2 Infrared Detectors -- 2.3 Monochromators -- 2.4 Interferometers -- 2.5 Infrared Transmitting Materials -- 2.6 Salt Polishing -- 2.7 Infrared Cells -- 2.8 Solid Sampling -- 2.9 Internal Reflection Spectroscopy -- 2.10 Polarized Infrared Radiation. , 2.11 Quantitative Analysis -- CHAPTER 3. MOLECULAR SYMMETRY -- 3.1 Symmetry Properties -- 3.2 Point Groups -- 3.3 Group Theory -- 3.4 Group Theory Applied to Point Groups -- 3.5 Representation of Groups -- 3.6 Irreducible Representations -- 3.7 The Character Table -- 3.8 Irreducible Representation Components in a Representation -- 3.9 Transformation Properties of a Vector -- 3.10 The Number of Fundamentals of Each Type -- 3.11 Selection Rules -- 3.12 Infrared Activity of Fundamentals -- 3.13 Raman Activity of Fundamentals -- 3.14 Overtone and Combination Bands -- 3.15 Symmetry Coordinates -- 3.16 Isotope Effects and the Product Rule -- 3.17 Character Tables and Selection Rules -- CHAPTER 4. THE VIBRATIONAL ORIGIN OF GROUP FREQUENCIES -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Diatomic Oscillators -- 4.3 Coupled Oscillators -- 4.4 Unsymmetrical Coupled Oscillators -- 4.5 X-H Stretching Frequencies -- 4.6 Triple Bond Vibrations -- 4.7 Cumulated Double Bonds -- 4.8 The Linear M1-M2-M3 Model -- 4.9 X-C≡N Compounds -- 4.10 CarbonyI and C=C Compounds -- 4.11 Cyclic Compound Stretching Vibrations -- 4.12 The Bent M1-M2-M1 Stretching Frequencies -- 4.13 Noncyclic Single Bond Vibrations -- 4.14 Bend-Bend Interaction -- 4.15 Bend Stretch Interaction -- 4.16 Multiple Oscillator Groups -- 4.17 Interaction Force Constant Effects -- 4.18 Hydrogen Bonding -- CHAPTER 5. METHYL AND METHYLENE GROUPS -- 5.1 Introduction to Group Frequencies -- 5.2 Methyl Groups -- 5.3 CH3 Stretching Vibrations -- 5.4 CH3 Deformation Vibrations -- 5.5 CH3 Rock Vibrations -- 5.6 Methylene Groups -- 5.7 CH2 Stretching Vibrations -- 5.8 CH2 Deformation Vibrations -- 5.9 CH2 Wag Vibrations -- 5.10 CH2 Rock Vibrations -- 5.11 CH2 Twisting Vibrations -- 5.12 CH2 in Cyclic Compounds -- 5.13 Carbon Hydrogen Group -- CHAPTER 6. TRIPLE BONDS AND CUMULATED DOUBLE BONDS -- 6.1 Introduction. , 6.2 Monosubstituted Acetylenes -- 6.3 Disubstituted Acetylenes -- 6.4 Allenes -- 6.5 Nitriles -- 6.6 Nitrile N-Oxides and Complexes -- 6.7 Cyanates -- 6.8 Isocyanates -- 6.9 Thiocyanates -- 6.10 Isothiocyanates -- 6.11 Nitrites on a Nitrogen Atom -- 6.12 Carbodiimides -- 6.13 Ketene Imines -- 6.14 Diazo Compounds -- 6.15 Azides -- 6.16 Aryl Diazonium Salts -- 6.17 Isocyanides -- 6.18 Ketenes -- 6.19 Cyanide Ions -- 6.20 Cyanate Ions -- 6.21 Thiocyanate Ions -- 6.22 Metal Carbonyls -- 6.23 Three and Four Cumulated Double Bonds -- CHAPTER 7. OLEFIN GROUPS -- 7.1 Noncyclic Olefins -- 7.2 Olefinic Hydrogen Wagging Vibrations -- 7.3 Cyclic C=C -- CHAPTER 8. AROMATIC AND HETEROAROMATIC RINGS -- 8.1 Benzene Rings -- 8.2 The Carbon-Carbon Vibrations -- 8.3 The 1600 cm-1 Region -- 8.4 The 1500 cm-1 Region -- 8.5 The 700 cm-1 Region -- 8.6 The 900-700 cm-1 CH Wag Bands -- 8.7 The 2000-1650 cm-1 Summation Bands -- 8.8 The 1300-1000 cm-1 Region -- 8.9 The 850-600 cm-1 Region -- 8.10 The 550-400 cm-1 Region -- 8.11 Condensed Ring Aromatic Compounds -- 8.12 Pyridines -- 8.13 Pyridine N-Oxides -- 8.14 Pyrimidines -- 8.15 Triazines -- 8.16 Alkyl- or Aryl-Substituted Triazines -- 8.17 Melamines and Guanamines -- 8.18 Chloro-, Oxy-, and Thio-substituted Triazines -- 8.19 Tetrazines -- 8.20 Heteroaromatic Five-Membered Ring Compounds -- 8.21 Cyclopentadienyl Ring-Metal Complexes -- CHAPTER 9. CARBONYL COMPOUNDS -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Mass Effects -- 9.3 Bond Angle Effects -- 9.4 Inductive Effects -- 9.5 Mesomeric Effects -- 9.6 Ketones -- 9.7 α-Chloro Ketones -- 9.8 Conjugated Ketones -- 9.9 Conjugated Hydrogen Bonded Ketones -- 9.10 Bond Angle Effects in Ketones -- 9.11 Aldehyde CH Vibrations -- 9.12 Aldehyde Carbonyl Vibrations -- 9.13 Aldehyde C--C -- 9.14 Ester C=O -- 9.15 Ester C--O -- 9.16 Out-of-Plane Hydrogen Vibrations in Unsaturated Esters. , 9.17 Groups Next to the Carbonyl in Esters -- 9.18 Groups on the Oxygen Atoms in Esters -- 9.19 Lactones -- 9.20 Thiol Esters and Related Compounds -- 9.21 Organic Carbonate Derivatives and Related Compounds -- 9.22 Oxalates -- 9.23 Anhydrides -- 9.24 Peroxides, Acyl or Aroyl -- 9.25 Halogen-Substituted Carbonyls -- 9.26 Carboxylic Acid OH Stretch -- 9.27 Carboxyl- Carbonyl Stretch -- 9.28 Carboxyl OH Bending and C-O Stretching -- 9.29 Monomeric Acids -- 9.30 Aliphatic Peroxy Acids -- 9.31 Aromatic Acids -- 9.32 Aliphatic Bands in Long Chain n-Aliphatic Carboxylic Acids, Esters, and Soaps -- 9.33 Carboxyl Salts -- 9.34 Amino Acids -- 9.35 Amido Acids -- 9.36 Unsubstituted Amides -- 9.37 N-Substituted Amides (trans) -- 9.38 N-Substituted Amides (cis) (Lactams) -- 9.39 Disubstituted Amides -- 9.40 Ureas -- 9.41 Carbamates -- 9.42 Hydroxamic Acids -- 9.43 Imides -- 9.44 Isocyanurates -- 9.45 Acid Hydrazides -- CHAPTER 10. ETHERS, ALCOHOLS, AND PHENOLS -- 10.1 Aliphatic Ethers -- 10.2 Aromatic Ethers -- 10.3 Vinyl Ethers -- 10.4 Cyclic Ether Linkages -- 10.5 Oxirane Ring Compounds -- 10.6 OH Stretch in Alcohols and Phenols -- 10.7 C-O Stretch -- 10.8 OH Deformation -- 10.9 Phenols -- 10.10 Noncyclic Acetals and Related Compounds -- 10.11 Cyclic Acetals -- 10.12 Carbohydrates -- 10.13 Peroxides -- CHAPTER 11. AMINES, C=N, AND N=O COMPOUNDS -- 11.1 NH2 Stretch in Amines -- 11.2 NH2 Deformation in Amines -- 11.3 NH -- 11.4 C-N in Aliphatic Amines -- 11.5 C-N in Aromatic Amines -- 11.6 Aliphatic Bands in Amines -- 11.7 The Ammonium Ion -- 11.8 Amine Salts -- 11.9 C=N Groups -- 11.10 Nitro Group -- 11.11 Organic Nitrates -- 11.12 Nitramines -- 11.13 Organic Nitrites -- 11.14 Inorganic Nitrates and Nitrites -- 11.15 N=N Azo -- 11.16 Azoxy and Azothio Groups -- 11.17 C-Nitroso Compounds -- 11.18 Nitrosamines. , CHAPTER 12. COMPOUNDS CONTAINING BORON, SILICON, PHOSPHORUS, SULFUR, OR HALOGEN -- 12.1 Boron Compounds -- 12.2 B--O -- 12.3 B--OH -- 12.4 B--N -- 12.5 B--H -- 12.6 B--Cl -- 12.7 B--CH3 -- 12.8 B-Phenyl -- 12.9 Silicon Compounds -- 12.10 Si--H -- 12.11 Si--CH3 -- 12.12 Si--CH2--R -- 12.13 Si--C6H5 -- 12.14 Si-CH=CH2 -- 12.15 Si-O-R -- 12.16 Si-0-C6H5 -- 12.17 Si-O-Si -- 12.18 Si--OH -- 12.19 Si--Halogen -- 12.20 Si--N -- 12.21 Phosphorus Compounds -- 12.22 P--H -- 12.23 P=0 -- 12.24 P--OH -- 12.25 P--O--P -- 12.26 P02-, POS-, PO32-, PO43- -- 12.27 P--O-C (Aliphatic) -- 12.28 P--O--C (Phenyl) -- 12.29 P--CH2 -- 12.30 P--CH3 -- 12.31 P--Phenyl -- 12.32 P=S -- 12.33 P--SH -- 12.34 P--N -- 12.35 P=N -- 12.36 P-F, P-Cl, P-C -- 12.37 S--H -- 12.38 Sulfides and Disulfides -- 12.39 CH2--S -- 12.40 CH3--S -- 12.41 S--CH=CH2 -- 12.42 S--Aryl -- 12.43 S--F -- 12.44 SO -- 12.45 S02 -- 12.46 Sulfones -- 12.47 Sulfonamides -- 12.48 Sulfonic Acids -- 12.49 Sulfonic Acid Salts -- 12.50 Sulfinic Acids -- 12.51 HSO4- -- 12.52 SO42- -- 12.53 SO32- -- 12.54 S--0--CH2 -- 12.55 Thionylamine -- 12.56 C=S -- 12.57 (FHF)- -- 12.58 FCH -- 12.59 FC=C -- 12.60 FC=0 -- 12.61 F-Aryl -- 12.62 CF Stretch -- 12.63 C--Cl -- 12.64 C--Br -- 12.65 C--I -- 12.66 Aryl Halides -- 12.67 Organometallic Compounds -- 12.68 Inorganic Metal Oxides -- CHAPTER 13. MAJOR SPECTRA-STRUCTURE CORRELATIONS BY SPECTRAL REGIONS -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 3700-3100 cm-1 (OH, NH, and ≡CH) -- 13.3 3180-2980 cm-1 (Aryl, Olefinic, and Three-Membered Ring CH) -- 13.4 3000-2700 cm-1 (Aliphatic CH) -- 13.5 3100-2400 cm-1 (Acidic and Strongly Bonded Hydrogens) -- 13.6 2600-2100 cm-1 (SH, BH, PH, and SiH) -- 13.7 2300-1900 cm-1 (X≡Y and X=Y=Z) -- 13.8 2000-1700 cm-1 (Aryl and Olefinic Overtones) -- 13.9 1900-1550 cm-1 (C=O) -- 13.10 1700-1550 cm-1 (C=C and C=N) -- 13.11 1660-1450 cm-1 (N=0). , 13.12 1660-1500 cm-1 (NH2, NH3+, and CNH).

Note: Intro -- Brain Imagingin Behavioral Medicineand Clinical Neuroscience -- Foreword -- Preface -- Contents -- Contributors -- Chapter 1: Brain Imaging in Behavioral Medicine and Clinical Neuroscience: An Introduction -- Psychophysiological Perspective -- Vascular Psychophysiology -- Radiological Imaging -- Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging -- Evolution of Functional Brain Imaging as Tool for Neuroscientific Research -- Conceptual and Methodological Considerations -- Brain Imaging in Behavioral Medicine and Clinical Neuroscience -- References -- Chapter 2: Basic MR Physics: Considerations for Behavioral Medicine and Neuropsychology -- Origin of the Nuclear Induction Signal -- Relaxation -- Spatial Encoding -- Image Acquisition Pulse Sequences -- Contrast -- Signal-to-Noise Ratio -- MRI Hardware -- The Magnet -- The Gradient System -- RF Coils -- Safety -- References -- Chapter 3: Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging -- Introduction -- Historical Overview -- BOLD FMRI Signal Quantification and Experimental Design -- Strengths and Limitations of BOLD FMRI -- Future Directions -- References -- Chapter 4: Diffusion-Tensor Imaging and Behavioral Medicine* -- Part I: Basic Concepts -- Diffusion in the Brain -- Measuring Diffusion in the Brain -- The Diffusion Tensor -- Considerations for Acquisition of DTI Data -- Utilization of DTI Data -- Scalar Metrics -- Visualizing Scalar DTI Metrics -- Tractography -- Streamline Methods -- Probabilistic Tractography -- Quantitative Analysis of DTI Data -- Region of Interest Approach -- Voxel-Based Morphometry -- Quantitative Tractography -- Tract-Based Spatial Statistics -- Imaging Artifacts -- Subject Motion -- Eddy Currents -- Magnetic Susceptibility Artifacts -- Image Noise -- Part II: Clinical Application -- Hypertension -- Diabetes and Metabolic Syndrome -- Alcohol Abuse -- Nicotine and Substance Use. , HIV Infection -- Part III: Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 5: Perfusion MRI -- Introduction -- Susceptibility Methods -- Dynamic Susceptibility Contrast Methods -- Steady-State Techniques -- Arterial Spin Labeling -- Creation of the Spin Label -- Pulsed ASL -- Echo-Planar Imaging and Signal Targeting with Alternating Radio Frequency -- Flow Alternating Inversion Recovery -- Proximal Inversion with a Control for Off-Resonance Effects -- Continuous ASL -- Velocity-Sensitive ASL -- Methods Used to Control Duration of ASL Tagging -- Absolute Perfusion Quantification with ASL -- Image Readout for Arterial Spin Labeling -- Spin-Echo Vs. Gradient Echo -- Fast Imaging Techniques -- Volumetric Acquisition -- Suppression of Macrovascular Signal -- Background Suppression -- Implications of Magnetic Field Strength -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 6: Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (1H MRS): A Practical Guide for the Clinical Neuroscientist -- The Basic Principles of Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy -- Required Hardware -- Important MRS Terms -- Localization and Volume-of-Interest -- Echo Time -- Shimming -- Water Suppression -- Spin-Lattice (T1) and Spin-Spin (T2) Relaxation Times -- Quantification -- 1H MRS Visible Metabolites of Neurobiological Significance -- 2.02 ppm: N-Acetyl-Aspartate (NAA) -- 3.26 ppm: Choline (Cho), Phosphocholine (PCh), and Glycerophosphocholine (GPC) -- 3.03 ppm: Creatine (Cr) and Phosphocreatine (PCr) -- 3.56 ppm: Myo-Inositol -- 3.44 and 3.8 ppm: Glucose -- 2.34 and 2.36 ppm: Glutamate -- Other Chemicals in the 1H MRS Spectrum -- Imaging Other Nuclei -- References -- Chapter 7: Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy -- Introduction -- Principles -- Apparatus -- Comparison with Other Neuroimaging Technologies -- Strengths -- Limitations -- Validation Efforts -- Applications -- Conclusions and Future Implications. , References -- Chapter 8: Methodological Considerations for Using Bold fMRI in the Clinical Neurosciences -- The BOLD fMRI Affect -- Data Acquisition -- The MRI Environment -- Head Motion and Sources of Noise in fMRI Data -- Data Processing and Analyzing the BOLD fMRI Signal -- Data Preparation -- Activation Detection and Statistical Considerations -- Test-Retest Reliability and Reproducibility in fMRI -- The Basis of the BOLD Signal -- Natural Heterogeneity in the Brain -- Effects of Normal Development on the BOLD Signal -- Effects of Injury and Pathology on the BOLD Signal -- Effects of Exogenous Substances/Medication on BOLD -- fMRI Data Interpretation -- An Infinite Number of Explanations for "Activation" -- Tasks that Can Be Performed -- Directly Examine Performance and Activation Relationships -- Clinical fMRI and the Trouble with Subtraction -- Influence of Mood/Affect on Data Interpretation -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 9: Application of Functional Neuroimaging to Examination of Nicotine Dependence -- Overview -- Neurobiology of Nicotine Dependence -- Functional Neuroimaging Approaches -- Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging -- Positron Emission Tomography -- Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography -- Electroencephalography, Event-Related Potentials, and Magnetoencephalography -- Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy -- Imaging Genomics -- Advantages and Disadvantages of Different Neuroimaging Approaches for Nicotine Dependence Research -- Functional Neuroimaging Studies of Nicotine Dependence -- Cue Exposure Effects and Cognitive, Affective, or Working Memory Tasks -- Nicotine and/or Tobacco Effects -- Abstinence Effects on Task Performance -- Task-Free Approaches -- Imaging Genomic Studies -- Summary and Implications for Advancing the State of the Science of Nicotine Dependence Treatment -- References. , Chapter 10: The Relationship Between Mood, Stress, and Tobacco Smoking -- The Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors -- Anatomical Localization -- In Vivo Imaging of the nAChR -- In Vivo Imaging of Monoamine Oxidase -- Nicotine Dependence and Major Depressive Disorder -- nAChRs Are Important Modulators of Serotonin -- Cholinergic Hypothesis of Depression -- The Cholinergic System as a Therapeutic Target in Depression -- Classical Antidepressants Are nAChR Antagonists -- Mood Stabilizers for Bipolar Disorder and the Cholinergic System -- Reduction in Acetylcholine Concentration Has Antidepressant Effect -- Nicotine Dependence and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder -- Role of Nicotinic Acetylcholinergic System in Cognition and Behavior in PTSD -- Brain and Cognition -- b2-nAChR Availability in PTSD -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 11: Imaging Substance Use and Misuse: Psychostimulants -- Introduction -- Public Health Impact -- Methodological Issues -- Overarching Research Questions of Interest -- Acute Drug Effects -- Chronic Drug Effects -- Craving -- Withdrawal -- Relapse -- Between-Person Factors -- Overarching Models of Substance Use and Misuse -- Unanswered Questions and Future Directions: Identifying Vulnerability and Protective Factors -- Developing Effective Treatment Options -- Novel Applications of Real-Time fMRI for Substance Abuse Research and Treatment -- References -- Chapter 12: Eating Disorders -- Overeating -- Sensory Cues -- Consumption of Food -- Binge Eating Disorder -- Bulimia Nervosa -- Structural and Global Functional Deficits -- Abnormal Processing of Food Reward and Taste -- Abnormal Body Image Perception and Response to Food Cues -- Considerations for Future Work -- Anorexia Nervosa -- Structural Abnormalities -- Deficits in Global and Regional Brain Function -- Serotonin and Dopamine Transmission. , Disturbed Relationships to Food -- Abnormal Body Image Perception -- Conclusions and Considerations for Future Work -- References -- Chapter 13: Structural and Functional Neuroimaging in Obesity -- Introduction -- Morphological Brain Alterations -- Computed Tomography -- Magnetic Resonance Imaging -- Diffusion-Weighted Imaging -- Positron Emission Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy -- Summary of Morphological Brain Alterations in Obesity -- Functional Brain Alterations -- Functional Imaging of Eating Behavior -- Functional Imaging in Obesity -- Limitations of Current Research -- Future Directions -- Summary and Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 14: Neuropsychology and Neuroimaging in Metabolic Dysfunction -- Metabolic Dysfunction: from Obesity to Insulin Resistance to Insulin Dependence -- Insulin Resistance -- Insulin Resistance and Cognitive Functioning -- Neuropathology and Neuroimaging in Insulin Resistance -- Neuroimaging in Diabetes -- Hypertension and Cognitive Functioning -- Neuroimaging and Hypertension -- Neuropsychology of Obesity -- Obesity and Brain Function -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 15: Neuroimaging of Cardiovascular Disease -- Rationale for Neuroimaging in CVD -- Vascular Influences on Neurodegenerative Brain Disease -- Evidence from Studies of VCI -- Pathophysiological Considerations -- Microvascular Disease in AD -- Contribution of Blood-Brain Barrier Dysfunction -- Capillaries and Cerebral Arterioles Disruption in AD -- CVD-Associated Neurocognitive and Brain Dysfunction -- Cognitive Change Over Time in CVD -- Vascular and Metabolic Contributions -- Cerebral Hypoperfusion as a Basis for CVD-Associated Brain Dysfunction -- Systemic Vascular Contributions -- Cardiac Output -- Cerebral Hemodynamic Autoregulatory Failure -- Vascular Burden -- Endothelial Disturbance -- Systemic Vascular Measurement. , Systemic Vascular and Neurocognitive Function.