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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Simulated difficult intubation (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Anaesthesia 51 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2044
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: A randomised study was carried out to compare the efficacy of the gum elastic bougie and the stylet in a simulated difficult intubation. A laryngoscopy assessment, as described by Cormack and Lehane, was made in 100 patients. A Grade 3 view was then simulated. In the Bougie First Group (50 patients) two attempts were made to pass a gum elastic bougie and a tracheal tube into the trachea. If these first two attempts were not successful, two further attempts at intubation were allowed with a stylet placed in the tracheal tube. In the Stylet First Group (50 patients) the order was reversed. After two attempts the tube was correctly placed in the trachea in 96% of cases in the Bougie First Group compared to only 66% of cases in the Stylet First Group (p 〈 0.001). We recommend that a gum elastic bougie should be readily available and that anaesthetists should use it in preference to a stylet whenever a good view of the glottis is not immediately available.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2044.1996.tb14961.x
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Successful difficult intubation (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Anaesthesia 43 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2044
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The reliability of two signs of tracheal placement of a gum elastic bougie was studied. These signs were clicks (produced as the tip of the bougie runs over the trachea! cartilages) and hold up of the bougie as it is advanced (when the tip reaches the small bronchi). Ninety-eight simulated and two genuine Grade 3 difficult intubations were attempted with the aid of a gum elastic bougie. Seventy-eight trachea/ and 22 oesophageal placements of the bougie resulted. No clicks or hold up occurred with the bougie in the oesophagus. Clicks were recorded in 89.7% of tracheal placements of the bougie. Hold up at between 24–40 cm occurred in all tracheal placements. We conclude that these signs are reliable and that they should be taught as part of any difficult intubation drill in which the gum elastic bougie is used.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2044.1988.tb06625.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A reply (2001)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Anaesthesia 56 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2044
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2044.2001.02137-19.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Internal jugular vein cannulation confused with carotid artery cannulation (1999)
    Oxford : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Anaesthesia 54 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2044
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2044.1999.00870.x
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Respiratory complications associated with tracheal extubationTiming of tracheal extubation and use of the laryngeal mask during emergence from anaesthesia (1998)
    Oxford : Blackwell Science Ltd, UK
    Anaesthesia 53 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2044
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Sixty patients were randomly allocated to one of three groups and the incidences of respiratory complications which occurred during emergence from anaesthesia were compared under the following three circumstances: tracheal extubation after the patient had regained consciousness (awake group); tracheal extubation while the patient was still anaesthetised (anaesthetised group); and the use of the laryngeal mask during emergence from anaesthesia (mask group). In the mask group, the laryngeal mask was inserted under deep anaesthesia before tracheal extubation and the lungs were ventilated through the laryngeal mask after tracheal extubation. In the awake group, straining (bucking) occurred in 18 patients and desaturation (arterial oxygen haemoglobin saturation 〈 95%) in two patients. In the anaesthetised group, airway obstruction occurred in 17 patients and desaturation in one of these patients. In the mask group, ventilation through the laryngeal mask was temporarily difficult immediately after tracheal extubation in one patient and coughing occurred before removal of the mask in three patients. No respiratory complications occurred in two patients in the awake group, three patients in the anaesthetised group and 16 patients in the mask group. The incidence of respiratory complications during recovery from anaesthesia was significantly lower in the mask group than in the other two groups (pooled) (p 〈〈 0.001). Therefore, the use of the laryngeal mask after tracheal extubation decreases the incidence of respiratory complications during recovery from anaesthesia.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2044.1998.00397.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The rigid nasendoscope as a tool for difficult tracheal intubation: A manikin study (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Anaesthesia 58 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2044
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary We examined the use of the 30° rigid nasendoscope in aiding difficult tracheal intubations. A Cormack and Lehane grade 4 difficult intubation (no view of glottis or epiglottis) was set up on a manikin. After 10 s of tuition, 40 anaesthetists attempted to pass a standard gum elastic bougie between the cords, with and without the nasendoscope, in randomised order. A bougie curved to an ‘optimal curve’ was also tested. Using the standard bougie 13/40 (33%) passed the bougie between the cords without the nasendoscope, compared with 31/40 (78%) when using the nasendoscope (p 〈 0.001). The ‘optimal curve’ bougie resulted in 29/40 (73%) and 39/40 (98%) success rates without and with the nasendoscope, respectively (p = 0.004). The nasendoscope is a simple and easy to use tool in grade 4 intubation, and results are improved further by the use of an ‘optimal curve’ bougie.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2044.2003.03203.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Prehospital airway management in Ambulance Services in the United Kingdom (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Anaesthesia 59 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2044
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: A postal survey of the 38 Ambulance Services in the United Kingdom was undertaken to find out what equipment is provided for paramedic crews to aid tracheal intubation and to confirm tracheal placement. The response rate to our survey was 100%. Fourteen (37%) ambulance services provided neither stylet nor bougie to facilitate difficult intubation. The laryngeal mask airway was available to 15 (40%) ambulance services. Seventeen (45%) ambulance services had use of a needle cricothyroidotomy set. Twenty-nine (76%) ambulance services had no type of device other than a stethoscope to confirm tracheal tube placement. This survey showed wide variations in the equipment for airway management available to paramedic crews in the United Kingdom. We recommend provision of a standard set of airway management equipment to all paramedic crews in the United Kingdom together with introduction of appropriate training programmes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2044.2004.03965.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bougie-assisted difficult airway management in a manikin – the effect of position held on placement and force exerted by the tip (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Anaesthesia 59 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2044
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: In a randomised cross-over study, 50 anaesthetists attempted to place a multiple-use bougie in the trachea of a manikin, when holding it at either 20 cm or 30 cm from the tip. A grade 3 laryngoscopic view was simulated. The anaesthetists were blinded to success (tracheal placement) or failure (oesophageal placement). The success rates when held at 20 and 30 cm distance from the tip were 68 and 62%, respectively (p = 0.55). In a separate experiment, multiple and single-use bougies were held at four different positions and pressed onto a disc attached to a force transducer. The peak force exerted by the single-use bougies was two to three times greater than that which could be exerted by the multiple-use bougies (p 〈 0.0001). Holding the bougie at either 20 or 30 cm distance from the tip is unlikely to influence bougie placement. The single-use bougie is much more likely to cause trauma to tissue during placement, particularly if held close to the tip.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2044.2004.03448.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Training in airway management (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Anaesthesia 59 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2044
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2044.2004.03586.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A comparison of simulated difficult intubation with multiple-use and single-use bougies in a manikin (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Anaesthesia 58 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2044
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In a randomised cross-over study, 20 anaesthetists attempted to place a multiple- or single-use bougie in the trachea of a manikin, in which a grade 3 Cormack and Lehane laryngoscopic view was simulated. The anaesthetists made two attempts at placement with each bougie and were blinded to success (tracheal placement) or failure (oesophageal placement). The success rates for the first attempts with the multiple- and single-use bougies were 85 and 15%, respectively [mean (95% CI) difference between the two bougies 70% (40–84%); p 〈 0.001]. The success rates for the second attempts were similar to those for the first attempts with both bougies. There is an increased risk of failure to intubate the trachea when using a single-use bougie, and this must be weighed against the unquantified risk of cross-infection from prions when using a multiple-use bougie.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2044.2003.02871.x
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