Note: Cover -- Contents -- Contributors -- Preface -- PART I: COMPARATIVE BIOLOGY AND ECOL OGY -- 1 Phylogeny of the Asteroidea -- 2 The Asteroid Arm -- 3 Functional Biology of Asteroid Tube Feet -- 4 Reproduction in Asteroidea -- 5 Asteroid Evolutionary Developmental Biology and Ecol ogy -- 6 Larval Ecol ogy, Settlement, and Recruitment of Asteroids -- 7 Ecological Role of Sea Stars from Populations to Meta-ecosystems -- 8 Chemistry and Ecological Role of Starfish Secondary Metabolites -- 9 Steroids in Asteroidea -- PART II: INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY -- 10 Astropecten -- 11 Luidia -- 12 Odontaster validus -- 13 Acanthaster planci -- 14 Oreaster reticulatus -- 15 Heliaster helianthus -- 16 Pisaster ochraceus -- 17 Asterias amurensis -- 18 Leptasterias polaris -- 19 Coscinasterias -- 20 Echinaster -- References -- Index -- A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- J -- K -- L -- M -- N -- O -- P -- R -- S -- T -- U -- V -- W -- X -- Z.

Note: Intro -- Sea Urchins: Biology and Ecology -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Chapter 1: Phylogeny and classification of echinoids -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Class Echinoidea Leske, 1778 -- 2.1. Stem group Echinoidea (Paleozoic echinoids) -- 2.2. Subclass Perischoechinoidea McCoy, 1849 (possibly paraphyletic) -- 3. Crown group Echinoidea -- 3.1. Subclass Cidaroidea Smith, 1984 -- 3.2. Subclass Euechinoidea Bronn, 1860 -- 3.2.1. Infraclass Aulodonta Jackson, 1912 (= Diadematacea sensu Mongiardino Koch et al., 2018) -- 3.2.2. Infraclass Carinacea Kroh and Smith, 2010 -- 3.2.3. Irregularia Latreille, 1825 -- 3.2.4. Stem group Irregularia -- 3.2.5. Crown group Irregularia -- 3.2.6. Neognathostomata Smith, 1981 -- 3.2.7. Atelostomata von Zittel, 1879 -- 3.2.8. Order Holasteroida Durham and Melville, 1957 -- 3.2.9. Order Spatangoida Agassiz, 1840 -- 4. Conclusion -- References -- Further reading -- Chapter 2: Sea urchin life-history strategies -- 1. Concepts -- 2. Habitats and life-history strategies of sea urchins -- 2.1. The deep sea -- 2.2. Antarctic seas -- 2.3. Tropical reef flats -- 2.4. Kelp forests -- 2.5. Tropical seagrass beds -- 3. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Further reading -- Chapter 3: Gametogenesis in regular sea urchins: Structural, functional, and molecular/genomic biology -- 1. Sea urchin gametogenesis: Structural microenvironment -- 2. Sea urchin gametogenesis: Annual structural variation -- 2.1. The dual functionality of sea urchin gonads: Gametogenesis of germinal cells and nutrient storage in somatic NPs -- 2.2. Nutritive phagocytes in ovaries and testes -- 2.3. Intergametogenesis and NP phagocytosis in S. droebachiensis -- 2.4. Pregametogenesis and NP renewal in S. droebachiensis -- 2.5. Gametogenesis and NP utilization in S. droebachiensis. , 2.6. End of gametogenesis, NP exhaustion, and spawning in S. droebachiensis -- 3. Sea urchin gametogenesis: Annual molecular variation -- 3.1. Differentiation and identification of oogonia and spermatogonia -- 3.2. Gamete differentiation including nutrient input (ova) and meiotic division and preparation of gametes for fertilizat ... -- 3.3. Meiosis in oocytes and spermatocytes -- 3.4. Preparation of ova and spermatozoa for fertilization -- 3.5. Recycling NPs and regenerating the gametogenic microenvironment -- 4. Sea urchin gametogenesis: Environmental control -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Further reading -- Chapter 4: Biochemical and energy requirements of gonad development in regular sea urchins -- 1. Cellular energy utilization -- 2. Energy metabolism during development -- 3. Biochemical components of cellular metabolism -- 4. Gonad growth -- 5. Gonad energy metabolism -- 5.1. Protein metabolism -- 5.2. Carbohydrate metabolism -- 5.3. Lipid metabolism -- 5.4. Anaerobic metabolism -- 6. Feeding and metabolism -- 7. Summary -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 5: Endocrine regulation of regular echinoid reproduction -- 1. Sea urchin gonads -- 2. Exogenous regulation of reproduction -- 2.1. Environmental factors -- 2.2. Endocrine disruptors -- 3. Endogenous regulation of reproduction -- 3.1. Steroids -- 3.1.1. Early studies on sex steroids in the gonads -- 3.1.2. Steroid-converting enzymes in the gonads -- 3.1.3. Sex steroids in the gonads -- 3.1.4. Response to exogenous administration of sex steroids -- 3.2. Protein and peptidergic factors -- 3.3. Catecholaminergic and cholinergic factors -- 4. Mechanisms of regulation -- 4.1. Paracrine -- 4.2. Endocrine -- 5. Gene regulation in reproduction -- 6. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 6: Larval ecology of echinoids -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Patterns in abundance. , 3. Growth and development -- 4. Mortality and predation -- 5. Feeding -- 6. Swimming behavior and vertical distributions -- 7. Dispersal -- 8. Settlement -- 9. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 7: Growth and survival of postsettlement sea urchins -- 1. Growth -- 1.1. Introduction -- 1.2. Skeletal composition -- 1.3. Resorption -- 1.4. Natural growth lines -- 1.5. Tagging -- 1.6. Growth models -- 2. Survival -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Further reading -- Chapter 8: Digestive system in regular sea urchins -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Structure and function of the definitive digestive system as a whole -- 2.1. General anatomy -- 2.2. General histology of digestive system -- 2.2.1. Fundamental tissue layers -- 2.2.2. Ossicle-forming scleroblasts in the wall of the digestive system -- 2.2.3. Coelomocytes wandering in the wall of the digestive system -- 2.3. Cell kinetics in the digestive system of regular sea urchins -- 2.4. Passage of food through the digestive system -- 3. Major regions of the regular sea urchin digestive system -- 3.1. Teeth and buccal cavity -- 3.2. Pharynx -- 3.3. Esophagus -- 3.4. Cecum and stomach -- 3.5. Siphonal grooves and siphons -- 3.6. Intestine and rectum -- 3.7. Symbionts in the intestinal lumen -- 3.7.1. Symbiotic bacteria -- 3.7.2. Symbiotic protists -- 3.7.3. Symbiotic metazoans -- 4. Development of the digestive system -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Further reading -- Chapter 9: Ingestion, digestion, and digestibility of regular sea urchins -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Ingestion -- 2.1. Attractants -- 2.2. Stimulants -- 2.3. Deterrents -- 2.4. Environmental conditions -- 2.4.1. Hydrodynamics -- 2.4.2. Light -- 2.4.3. Temperature -- 2.5. Food shape -- 2.6. Food quality -- 2.7. Physiological state -- 2.7.1. Nutritional state -- 2.7.2. Body size -- 2.7.3. Reproductive state -- 3. Digestion -- 3.1. Digestive enzymes. , 3.2. Role of bacteria -- 3.2.1. Digestion -- 3.2.2. Nitrogen fixation -- 3.3. Gut transit time -- 4. Digestibility -- 5. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Further reading -- Chapter 10: Nutrition -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. Why nutrition? -- 1.2. Nutrition vs dietetics -- 1.3. Historical and contemporary approaches -- 2. Basic considerations in sea urchin nutrition research -- 3. Feed development-Dietary nutrient requirements -- 3.1. Purified, semipurified, and practical ingredients -- 3.2. Physical feed characteristics -- 3.3. Toxins in feed ingredients -- 3.4. Feed management -- 3.4.1. Feed ration -- 3.4.2. Feeding rate -- 3.4.3. Feeding time -- 3.4.4. Feed ration at each feeding period -- 3.4.5. Preexposure/sensitization -- 3.4.6. Group vs individual culture -- 3.5. Outcome assessment -- 3.5.1. Ingestion -- 3.5.2. Digestibility -- 3.5.3. Survival and growth -- 3.5.4. Effect of nutrients on organs -- 3.5.5. Production, production efficiencies, and energetics -- 3.5.6. Functional or physiological metrics -- 3.5.7. Role of gut flora -- 3.5.8. Molecular advances -- 4. Basic nutrient profiles -- 4.1. Protein -- 4.2. Carbohydrate -- 4.3. Lipids -- 4.4. Fiber -- 4.5. Minerals -- 4.6. Vitamins -- 4.7. Feed additives -- 5. Basic applications of feed development -- 6. Summary -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Further reading -- Chapter 11: Carotenoids in sea urchins -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Distribution of carotenoids in sea urchins -- 2.1. Gonad pigments -- 2.2. Sex differences, eggs, and larvae -- 2.3. Gut pigments -- 2.4. Test pigments -- 2.5. Changes during the reproductive cycle -- 2.6. Heritability -- 3. Metabolism of carotenoids in sea urchins -- 3.1. Isomerization -- 4. The effect of dietary carotenoids on gonad color and deposition -- 4.1. Assessing color -- 4.2. Carotenoid deposition -- 5. The role of carotenoids in sea urchins. , 5.1. Egg production and development -- 5.2. Biological functions -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Chapter 12: Sea urchin diseases: Effects from individuals to ecosystems -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Documented diseases -- 3. Effects on individuals -- 3.1. Paramoebiasis -- 3.2. Vibriosis -- 3.3. Bald sea urchin disease -- 4. Effects on populations and ecosystems -- References -- Chapter 13: Immunology in sea urchins -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. General concepts -- 1.2. Coelomocytes -- 1.3. Phagocytosis -- 1.4. Inflammatory process -- 1.5. Origin of the coelomocytes -- 1.6. Coelomic fluid and coelomocyte concentration -- 1.7. Coelomocytes as biomarkers -- 1.8. Coagulation and encapsulation -- 1.9. The complement system -- 2. Humoral factors -- 2.1. The sea urchin genome and advances in the immune system studies -- References -- Further reading -- Chapter 14: Deep-sea sea urchins -- 1. Taxa characteristic of the deep sea -- 2. Unique morphologies -- 3. Life-history traits: Growth and reproduction -- 4. Nutrition, growth, and reproduction -- 4.1. Food sources, trophic positioning, and nutrient partitioning -- 4.2. Seasonal dietary shifts -- 4.3. Bioerosion of deep-sea corals -- 5. Ecology -- 5.1. Patterns in distribution, abundance, and habitat associations -- 5.2. Predation and competition in the deep sea -- 5.3. Symbionts -- 6. Evolutionary history -- 7. Summary -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 15: Regular sea urchins as drivers of shallow benthic marine community structure -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Functional evolution of sea urchins and their rise in ecological importance -- 3. Agents of biological disturbance, strong interactors, and drivers of community structure -- 4. Drivers of ecosystem structure and function: Sea grass, coral reef, and kelp forest biome case studies -- 4.1. Sea grass ecosystems -- 4.2. Coral reef ecosystems. , 4.2.1. Ecological impact of D. antillarum: Revelations from mass mortality.

Note: Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Adhesion in echinoderms -- Mutable collagenous tissues: Extracellular matrix as mechano-effector -- Mass mortality of echinoderms from abiotic factors -- Biological activities and biological role of triterpene glycosides fromholothuroids (Echinodermata) -- An index of names of recent Asteroidea - Part 3: Velatida and Spinulosida.

Note: Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- Patterns and problems in echinoderm evolution -- Phenotypic variability in echinoderms -- Genomic variability in echinoderms -- Respiratory gas exchange in echinoderms -- Innate and learned responses to external stimuli in asteroids -- Form and function of pedicellariae -- Recruitment in echinoderms.

Note: Front Cover -- Table of Contents -- Preface to the first edition -- Preface to the second edition -- List of Contributors -- Chapter 1 Edible Sea Urchins: Use and Life-History Strategies -- 1 Prehistoric Fishing of Sea Urchins -- 2 Contemporary Commercial Fishing of Sea Urchins -- 3 Aquaculture of Sea Urchins -- 4 Edible Sea Urchins -- 5 Life-History Strategies of Sea Urchins -- 6 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 2 Gametogenesis and Reproduction of Sea Urchins -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Structure of the Gonads of the Sea Urchin -- 3 Interacting Gametogenic and Nutritive Phagocyte Cycles in the Sea Urchin Gonad: Stages, Physiology, and Molecular Biology -- 3.1 Stages in Gametogenesis -- 3.2 Nutritive Phagocytes in Ovaries and Testes -- 3.3 Inter-gametogenesis and NP Phagocytosis -- 3.4 Pre-gametogenesis and NP Renewal -- 3.5 Gametogenesis and NP Utilization -- 3.6 End of Gametogenesis, NP Exhaustion, and Spawning -- 3.7 Environmental Control of Gametogenesis -- 4 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 3 Biochemical and Energy Requirements of Gonad Development -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Cellular Energy Utilization -- 3 Energy Metabolism During Development -- 4 Biochemical Components of Cellular Metabolism -- 5 Gonad Growth -- 6 Gonad Energy Metabolism -- 6.1 Protein Metabolism -- 6.2 Carbohydrate Metabolism -- 6.3 Anaerobic Metabolism -- 7 Feeding and Metabolism -- 8 Summary -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 4 Endocrine Regulation of Sea Urchin Reproduction -- 1 Sea Urchin Gonad -- 2 Exogenous Regulation of Reproduction -- 2.1 Environmental Factors -- 2.2 Endocrine Disruptors -- 3 Endogenous Regulation of Reproduction -- 3.1 Steroids -- 3.2 Protein and Peptidergic Factors -- 3.3 Catecholaminergic and cholinergic factors -- 4 Mechanisms of Regulation -- 4.1 Paracrine -- 4.2 Endocrine. , 5 Gene Regulation in Reproduction -- 6 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 5 Echinoid Larval Ecology -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Echinoid Life Cycle -- 3 Life Cycle Diversity -- 4 Echinoid Larval Diversity -- 5 Reproductive Ecology -- 5.1 Egg Provisioning -- 5.2 Fertilization Ecology -- 6 Larval Ecology -- 6.1 Reproductive Strategies -- 6.2 Feeding -- 6.3 Larval Growth -- 6.4 Phenotypic Plasticity -- 6.5 Swimming -- 6.6 Mortality and Defense -- 7 Recruitment Ecology -- 7.1 Larval Transport and Dispersal -- 7.2 Settlement -- 7.3 Metamorphosis and Recruitment -- 8 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 6 Growth and Survival of Postsettlement Sea Urchins -- 1 Growth -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Skeletal Composition -- 1.3 Resorption -- 1.4 Natural Growth Lines -- 1.5 Tagging -- 1.6 Growth Models -- 2 Survival -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 7 Feeding, Digestion, and Digestibility -- 1 Ingestion -- 1.1 Food Chemistry -- 1.2 Environmental Conditions -- 1.3 Food Shape -- 1.4 Physiological State -- 2 Digestion -- 2.1 Structure of the Gut -- 2.2 Digestive Enzymes -- 2.3 Gut Transit Time -- 2.4 Role of Microorganisms in Digestion -- 3 Digestibility -- 4 Conclusions -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Chapter 8 Carotenoids in Sea Urchins -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Carotenoid Distribution in Sea Urchins -- 3 Metabolism of Carotenoids in Sea Urchins -- 4 The Effect of Dietary Carotenoids on Gonad Color in Sea Urchins -- 5 The Role of Carotenoids in Sea Urchins -- 5.1 Egg Production and Development -- 5.2 Biological Functions -- 6 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 9 Disease in Sea Urchins -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Bacterial Disease in Japanese Sea Urchins -- 2.1 Evidence for Bacterial Disease -- 2.2 Symptoms of the Disease. , 2.3 Isolation and Description of the Disease-Causing Bacterium -- 2.4 Biological Responses to Bacterial Infection -- 2.5 Bacterial Control -- 3 Immunological Response to Bacterial Diesases in Sea Urchins -- 3.1 General Concept of the Immune Response -- 3.2 Coelomocyte Types -- 3.3 Phagocytosis -- 3.4 Inflammatory Process -- 3.5 Origin of the Coelomocytes -- 3.6 Coelomic Fluid and Coelomocyte Concentration -- 3.7 Coagulation and Encapsulation -- 3.8 The Complement System and Humoral Factors -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- Color Plates -- Chapter 10 Ecology of Centrostephanus -- 1 Biogeography -- 2 Ecological Impacts -- 2.1 Habitat Structure -- 2.2 Food and Feeding Ecology -- 3 Population Regulation -- 3.1 Recruitment -- 3.2 Predation and Disease -- 3.3 Competition -- 3.4 Physical Factors -- 4 Reproduction -- 4.1 Reproductive Cycle -- 4.2 Habitat Related Patterns -- 4.3 Development and Larval Ecology -- 5 Growth and Age -- 6 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 11 Ecology of Diadema -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Species of Diadema -- 1.2 Biogeography and Large-Scale Distribution -- 1.3 Local Distribution and Abundance Patterns -- 2 Population Biology and Ecology -- 2.1 Reproductive Biology and Ecology -- 2.2 Reproductive Cycles -- 2.3 Feeding Ecology -- 2.4 Growth and Longevity -- 2.5 Pelagic Larval Dynamics -- 2.6 Benthic Population Dynamics -- 3 Community Ecology and Coexistence -- 3.1 Ecosystem Effects -- 3.2 Competitive Interactions with Other Sea Urchins -- 3.3 Competitive Interactions with Fish -- 3.4 Predation and Predators -- 4 Herbovory and Grazing Effects -- 4.1 Herbivory -- 4.2 Bioerosion -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 12 Ecology of Loxechinus albus -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Morphology -- 3 Distribution -- 4 Habitat and Substrate Preferences -- 5 Food -- 6 Reproduction Ecology. , 7 Population Ecology -- 8 Community Ecology -- 9 El Niño -- 10 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 13 Ecology of Paracentrotus lividus -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Distribution and Habitat -- 2.1 Habitat -- 2.2 Densities -- 2.3 Short- and Long-Term Changes in Density -- 2.4 Co-occurring Species -- 3 Food and Feeding -- 3.1 Food Preferences -- 3.2 Consumption Rate -- 3.3 Ecological Consequences of Feeding -- 3.4 Competition with Other Herbivores -- 4 Movement and Migration -- 5 Mortality -- 5.1 Predators -- 5.2 Diseases and Parasites -- 5.3 Other Causes of Mortality -- 6 Growth -- 7 Reproduction -- 7.1 Reproductive Cycles -- 7.2 Spawning -- 7.3 Recruitment -- 8 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 14 Ecology of Psammechinus miliaris -- 1 Appearance -- 2 Distribution -- 3 Habitat -- 4 Density -- 5 Population Structure -- 6 Food and Trophic Ecology -- 7 Growth Rates, Ageing and Energy Partitioning -- 8 Reproduction -- 9 Larval Biology -- 10 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 15 Ecology of Echinometra -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Species of Echinometra -- 1.2 Biogeography and Large-scale Distribution -- 1.3 Local Distribution and Abundance Patterns -- 2 Population Biology and Ecology -- 2.1 Reproductive Biology and Ecology -- 2.2 Feeding Ecology -- 2.3 Energetics -- 2.4 Growth and Longevity -- 2.5 Pelagic Larval Dynamics -- 2.6 Benthic Population Dynamics -- 3 Community Ecology and Coexistence -- 3.1 Competitive Interactions with Other Herbivores -- 3.2 Competitive Interactions with Other Sea Urchins -- 3.3 Competitive Interactions with Fish -- 3.4 Predation and Predators -- 4 Herbivory and Grazing Effects -- 4.1 Herbivory -- 4.2 Erosion of Calcium Carbonate -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 16 Ecology of Evechinus chloroticus -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Geographic Distribution. , 3 Habitat -- 4 Associated Species -- 4.1 Kelp -- 4.2 Gastropods -- 5 Feeding -- 5.1 Diet -- 5.2 Feeding Rate -- 6 Movement -- 7 Reproduction -- 7.1 Gametogenesis -- 7.2 Reproductive Cycle -- 7.3 Reproductive Output -- 7.4 Size at Sexual Maturity -- 7.5 Spawning -- 8 Larval Development -- 9 Recruitment -- 10 Population Biology -- 10.1 Growth -- 10.2 Mortality -- 10.3 Population Genetics -- References -- Chapter 17 Ecology of Heliocidaris erythrogramma -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Population Genetics and Colour Variability -- 3 Reproduction, Development, Settlement and Recruitment -- 4 Growth and Age -- 5 Movement and Feeding -- 6 Influence on Benthic Plants, Occurrence of Urchin Barrens and Feeding Fronts -- 7 Predators, Parasites, Commensals and Other Ecological Interactions -- 8 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 18 Ecology of Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis -- 1 Distribution and Abundance -- 1.1 Geographic Range -- 1.2 Population Density and Spatial Distribution -- 1.3 Physiological Tolerance Limits -- 2 Food and Feeding -- 2.1 Food Preferences and Nutrition -- 2.2 Feeding Behavior -- 2.3 Feeding Rates -- 3 Growth -- 3.1 Determinants of Growth -- 3.2 Growth Rates -- 4 Reproduction -- 4.1 Reproductive Timing -- 4.2 Gonad Growth and Gamete Production -- 4.3 Fertilization Rates -- 5 Settlement and Recruitment -- 5.1 Larval Development and Settlement Behavior -- 5.2 Temporal and Spatial Patterns of Settlement -- 5.3 Temporal and Spatial Patterns of Recruitment -- 5.4 Early Postsettlement Mortality -- 6 Predation -- 6.1 Predators -- 6.2 Behavioral Responses to Predators -- 6.3 Predation as a Mechanism of Population Regulation -- 7 Disease and Parasitism -- 7.1 Microbial Pathogens -- 7.2 Macroparasitic Infections -- 8 Mortality Due to Abiotic Factors -- 9 Ecological Role -- Acknowledgment -- References. , Chapter 19 The Ecology of Strongylocentrotus franciscanus and Strongylocentrotus purpuratus.

Note: Front Cover -- Edible Sea Urchins: Biology and Ecology -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Preface -- Chapter 1. The edible sea-urchins -- Chapter 2. Reproduction of sea urchins -- Chapter 3. Energy metabolism and gonad development -- Chapter 4. Reproductive endocrinology of sea urchins -- Chapter 5. Echinoid larval ecology -- Chapter 6. Growth and survival of post-settlement sea urchins -- Chapter 7. Digestion in sea urchins -- Chapter 8. Carotenoids in sea urchins -- Chapter 9. Disease in edible sea urchins -- Chapter 10. The ecology of Centrostephanus rodgersii -- Chapter 11. Ecology of Loxechinus albus -- Chapter 12. Ecology of Paracentrotus lividus -- Chapter 13. The ecology of Psammechinus miliaris -- Chapter 14. The ecology of Eehinometra -- Chapter 15. The ecology of Evechinus chloroticus -- Chapter 16. The ecology of Heliocidaris erytrhogramma -- Chapter 17. The ecology of Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis -- Chapter 18. The ecology of Strongylocentrotus franciscanus and Strongylocentrotus purpuratus -- Chapter 19.Ecology of Strongylocentrotus intermedius -- Chapter 20. Ecology of Strongylocentrotus nudus -- Chapter 21. Ecology of Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus, Pseudocentrotus depressus, and Anthocidaris crassispina in southern Japan -- Chapter 22. The ecology of Lytechinus variegatus -- Chapter 23. The ecology of Tripneustes -- Chapter 24. Sea-urchin roe cuisine -- Subject Index.

Note: Front Cover -- Sea Urchins:Biology and Ecology -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface to the first edition -- Preface to the second edition -- Preface to the third edition -- List of contributors -- Chapter 1 - Phylogeny of Sea Urchins -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. HISTORY OF RESEARCH -- 3. PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS -- 4. THE FOSSIL RECORD OF ECHINOIDS -- 5. RELATIONSHIPS AMONGST THE ECHINACEA -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 2 - Sea Urchin Life History Strategies -- 1. CONCEPTS -- 2. HABITATS AND LIFE HISTORY STRATEGIES OF SEA URCHINS -- 3. CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 3 - Sea Urchin Gametogenesis - Structural, Functional and Molecular/Genomic Biology -- 1. SEA URCHIN GAMETOGENESIS - STRUCTURAL MICROENVIRONMENT -- 2. SEA URCHIN GAMETOGENESIS - ANNUAL STRUCTURAL VARIATION -- 3. SEA URCHIN GAMETOGENESIS - ANNUAL MOLECULAR VARIATION -- 4. SEA URCHIN GAMETOGENESIS - ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 4 - Biochemical and Energy Requirements of Gonad Development -- 1. CELLULAR ENERGY UTILIZATION -- 2. ENERGY METABOLISM DURING DEVELOPMENT -- 3. BIOCHEMICAL COMPONENTS OF CELLULAR METABOLISM -- 4. GONAD GROWTH -- 5. GONAD ENERGY METABOLISM -- 6. FEEDING AND METABOLISM -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 5 - Endocrine Regulation of Echinoid Reproduction -- 1. SEA URCHIN GONADS -- 2. EXOGENOUS REGULATION OF REPRODUCTION -- 3. ENDOGENOUS REGULATION OF REPRODUCTION -- 4. MECHANISMS OF REGULATION -- 5. GENE REGULATION IN REPRODUCTION -- 6. CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 6 - Larval Ecology of Echinoids -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. PATTERNS IN ABUNDANCE -- 3. GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT -- 4. MORTALITY AND PREDATION -- 5. FEEDING -- 6. SWIMMING BEHAVIOR AND VERTICAL DISTRIBUTIONS -- 7. DISPERSAL -- 8. SETTLEMENT -- 9. CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES. , Chapter 7 - Growth and Survival of Postsettlement Sea Urchins -- 1. GROWTH -- 2. SURVIVAL -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 8 - Digestive System -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE DEFINITIVE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM AS A WHOLE -- 3. MAJOR REGIONS OF THE SEA URCHIN DIGESTIVE SYSTEM -- 4. DEVELOPMENT OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 9 - Feeding, Digestion and Digestibility of Sea Urchins -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. INGESTION -- 3. DIGESTION -- 4. DIGESTIBILITY -- 5. CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 10 - Nutrition -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. BASIC CONSIDERATIONS IN SEA URCHIN NUTRITION RESEARCH -- 3. FEED DEVELOPMENT - DIETARY NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS -- 4. BASIC NUTRIENT PROFILES -- 5. BASIC APPLICATIONS OF FEED DEVELOPMENT -- 6. SUMMARY -- Acknowledgments -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 11 - Carotenoids in Sea Urchins -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. DISTRIBUTION OF CAROTENOIDS IN SEA URCHINS -- 3. METABOLISM OF CAROTENOIDS IN SEA URCHINS -- 4. THE EFFECT OF DIETARY CAROTENOIDS ON GONAD COLOR IN SEA URCHINS -- 5. THE ROLE OF CAROTENOIDS IN SEA URCHINS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 12 - Disease in Sea Urchins -- 1. DISEASE IN SEA URCHINS IN THE FIELD -- 2. BACTERIAL DISEASE OF CULTURED SEA URCHINS IN JAPAN -- 4. CONTROL OF BACTERIA -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 13 - Immunology in Sea Urchins -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. THE SEA URCHIN GENOME AND ADVANCES IN THE IMMUNE SYSTEM STUDIES -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 14 - Sea Urchins as Drivers of Shallow Benthic Marine Community Structure -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. FUNCTIONAL EVOLUTION OF SEA URCHINS AND THEIR RISE IN ECOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE -- 3. AGENTS OF BIOLOGICAL DISTURBANCE, STRONG INTERACTORS AND DRIVERS OF COMMUNITY STRUCTURE -- 4. DRIVERS OF ECOSYSTEM STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION: SEAGRASS, CORAL REEF AND KELP FOREST BIOME CASE STUDIES. , 5. CONVERGENT PATTERNS AND PROCESS: CONCLUSIONS, SYNTHESIS AND SPECULATION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 15 - Stock Enhancement -- 1. MEANS FOR STOCK ENHANCEMENT -- 2. HABITAT ENHANCEMENT -- 3. TRANSPLANTATION OF WILD POPULATIONS -- 4. SEED PRODUCTION -- 5. RESEEDING -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 16 - Cidaroids -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. FUNCTIONAL MORPHOLOGY -- 3. GROWTH -- 4. REPRODUCTION -- 5. DEVELOPMENTAL MODES -- 6. SYMBIONTS -- 7. ECOLOGY -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 17 - Centrostephanus rodgersii -- 1. BIOGEOGRAPHY -- 2. ECOLOGICAL IMPACTS -- 3. POPULATION REGULATION -- 4. REPRODUCTION -- 5. DEVELOPMENT AND LARVAL ECOLOGY -- 6. GROWTH AND AGE -- 7. FISHERY AND RESOURCE MANAGEMENT -- 8. CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 18 - Diadema -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 3. COMMUNITY ECOLOGY AND COEXISTENCE -- 4. HERBIVORY AND GRAZING EFFECTS -- 5. CONCLUSIONS -- References -- CHAPTER 19 - ARBACIA -- 2. POPULATION BIOLOGY -- 3. ECOLOGY -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 20 - Loxechinus albus -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. MORPHOLOGY -- 3. DISTRIBUTION -- 4. HABITAT AND SUBSTRATE PREFERENCES -- 5. FOOD -- 6. REPRODUCTION ECOLOGY -- 7. POPULATION AND COMMUNITY ECOLOGY -- 8. EL NIÑO EFFECTS -- 9. FISHERY -- 10. FISHERY ENHANCEMENT -- 11. AQUACULTURE AND RESTORATION -- 12. CONSERVATION -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 21 - Paracentrotus lividus -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT -- 3. FOOD AND FEEDING -- 4. MOVEMENT AND MIGRATIONS -- 5. MORTALITY -- 6. GROWTH -- 7. REPRODUCTION -- 8. CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 22 - Psammechinus miliaris -- 1. APPEARANCE -- 2. DISTRIBUTION -- 3. HABITAT -- 4. DENSITY -- 5. POPULATION STRUCTURE -- 6. FOOD AND TROPHIC ECOLOGY -- 7. GROWTH RATES, AGING AND ENERGY PARTITIONING -- 8. REPRODUCTION -- 9. DIETARY CAROTENOIDS AND GONAD COLOR. , 10. LARVAL BIOLOGY -- 11. RESILIENCE TO CLIMATE CHANGE AND POLLUTANTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 23 - Echinometra -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. POPULATION BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY -- 3. COMMUNITY ECOLOGY AND COEXISTENCE -- 4. HERBIVORY AND GRAZING EFFECTS -- 5. CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 24 - Evechinus chloroticus -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION -- 3. HABITAT -- 4. ASSOCIATED SPECIES -- 5. FEEDING -- 6. MOVEMENT -- 7. REPRODUCTION -- 8. LARVAL DEVELOPMENT -- 9. RECRUITMENT -- 10. POPULATION BIOLOGY -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 25 - Heliocidaris erythrogramma -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. POPULATION GENETICS AND COLOR VARIABILITY -- 3. REPRODUCTION, DEVELOPMENT, SETTLEMENT AND RECRUITMENT -- 4. GROWTH AND AGE -- 5. MOVEMENT AND FEEDING -- 6. INFLUENCE ON BENTHIC PLANTS, OCCURRENCE OF SEA URCHIN BARRENS AND FEEDING FRONTS -- 7. RESPONSE TO CLIMATE CHANGE -- 8. PREDATORS, PARASITES, COMMENSALS AND OTHER SOURCES OF MORTALITY -- 9. CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 26 - Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis -- 1. DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE -- 2. FOOD AND FEEDING -- 3. GROWTH -- 4. REPRODUCTION -- 5. LARVAL ECOLOGY, SETTLEMENT AND RECRUITMENT -- 6. PREDATION -- 7. DISEASE AND PARASITISM -- 8. MORTALITY DUE TO ABIOTIC FACTORS -- 9. ECOLOGICAL ROLE -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 27 - Strongylocentrotus franciscanus and Strongylocentrotus purpuratus -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. SEA URCHIN GRAZING AND KELP FOREST ECOLOGY -- 3. GROWTH, SURVIVAL AND AGING -- 4. REPRODUCTION AND FERTILIZATION -- 5. LARVAE -- 6. RECRUITMENT -- 7. BIOTIC POPULATION REGULATION -- 8. ABIOTIC POPULATION REGULATION -- 9. GENETICS -- 10. FISHERIES -- 11. CONSERVATION -- 12. ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT -- 13. FUTURE RESEARCH DIRECTIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 28 - Strongylocentrotus intermedius -- 1. GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION -- 2. BIOLOGY -- 3. ECOLOGY. , References -- Chapter 29 - Strongylocentrotus nudus -- 1. GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION -- 2. BIOLOGY -- 3. ECOLOGY -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 30 - Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus, Pseudocentrotus depressus, and Heliocidaris crassispina -- 1. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION -- 2. BIOLOGY -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 31 - LYTECHINUS -- 2. HABITATS -- 3. ABUNDANCE -- 4. FACTORS INFLUENCING DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE -- 5. FOOD AND FEEDING -- 6. GROWTH AND SURVIVAL -- 7. REPRODUCTION -- 8. LARVAL ECOLOGY AND RECRUITMENT -- 9. POPULATION ECOLOGY -- 10. COMMUNITY ECOLOGY -- 11. ECTOSYMBIONTS -- 12. CONCLUSION -- Acknowledgments -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 32 - Tripneustes -- 1. THE GENUS TRIPNEUSTES -- 2. DISTRIBUTION -- 3. BIOLOGY -- 4. ECOLOGY -- 5. COMMUNITY ECOLOGY -- REFERENCES -- Index -- Color plates.

Note: Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Foreword -- Preface -- Part One: Food and Feeding Mechanisms -- Chapter 1 Perception of food -- 1. Chemoreception in echinoderms related to their structure and life style -- 2. Physical perception of food and feeding -- 3. Chemical perception of food and feeding -- 4. Organs of chemoreception -- 5. Variability of response to chemical stimuli -- 6. Conclusions -- Chapter 2 Food and feeding mechanisms: Crinozoa -- 1. Trophic classification -- 1.1 Stratification of feeding positions -- 1.2 Feeding periodicity -- 2. Functional morphology of feeding appendages -- 2.1 Tube-feet -- 2.2 Feeding postures of pinnulate crinoids -- 2.3 Functional morphology of feeding appendages in fossil crinoids -- 2.4 Feeding in non-crinoid crinozoans -- 3. Food composition -- 4. Conclusions -- Chapter 3 Food and feeding mechanisms: Holothuroidea -- 1. Deposit-feeding holothuroids -- 2. Suspension-feeding holothuroids -- 3. Discussion and conclusion -- Chapter 4 Food and feeding mechanisms: Echinoidea -- 1. Regularia -- 1.1 Food -- 1.1.1 Food of regular echinoids -- 1.1.2 Feeding rates -- 1.2 Feeding mechanisms -- 1.2.1 The Aristotle's lantern -- 1.2.2 The tube-feet -- 1.2.3 Capture of drift material -- 1.2.4 Ingestion of soft substrata -- 1.2.5 Conclusions -- 2. Irregularia -- 2.1 Irregularia Gnathostomata -- 2.1.1 Clypeasteroida -- Food -- Feeding mechanisms -- Food selection -- 2.1.2 Holectypoida -- Food -- Feeding mechanism -- 2.2 Irregularia Atelostomata -- 2.2.1 Spatangoida -- Food -- Feeding mechanisms -- Food selection -- 2.2.2 Cassiduloida -- Food -- Feeding mechanisms -- 2.2.3 Holasteroida -- Food -- Feeding mechanisms -- 2.3 Conclusion -- Chapter 5 Food and feeding mechanisms: Asteroidea -- 1. Food and trophic groups -- 1.1 Food resources of asteroids -- 1.2 Food of asteroids. , 1.3 Trophic groups -- 1.4 Breadth of diet and food preferences -- 2. Feeding mechanisms -- 2.1 Intraoral feeders -- 2.2 Extraoral feeders -- 2.2.1 Capture of motile prey -- 2.2.2 Capture of slow-moving, sedentary or attached unprotected prey -- 2.2.3 Capture of slow-moving, sedentary or attached protected prey -- 2.2.4 Feeding on corpses and plants -- 2.3 Ciliary-feeding and suspension-feeding -- 3. Digestion time, feeding rate and feeding rhythm -- 4. General conclusions -- Chapter 6 Food and feeding mechanisms: Ophiuroidea -- 1. Carnivorous feeding -- 2. Microphagous feeding -- 3. Other feeding methods -- 4. Discussion -- 5. Conclusions -- Part Two: Digestive Systems -- Chapter 7 Digestive systems: General considerations -- Chapter 8 Digestive systems: Crinozoa -- 1. Crinoid Crinozoa -- 1.1 Recent crinoids -- 1.2 Fossil crinoids -- 2. Non-crinoid Crinozoa -- 3. Conclusion -- Chapter 9 Digestive systems: Holothuroidea -- 1. Anatomy of the gut -- 2. Histology and cytology -- 3. Digestive organs -- 4. Mechanics of the gut -- 5. Conclusions -- Chapter 10 Digestive systems: Echinoidea -- 1. General and comparative anatomy of the digestive system -- 1.1 Regular echinoids -- 1.2 Irregular echinoids -- 2. Histology and cytology of the digestive system -- 2.1 Regular echinoids -- 2.2 Irregular echinoids -- 2.3 The hemal digestive system -- 3. Digestive organs -- 3.1 Buccal cavity and pharynx -- 3.2 Esophagus -- 3.3 Stomach -- 3.4 Siphon -- 3.5 Intestine -- 3.6 Rectum -- 4. Digestive mechanics -- 4.1 Regular echinoids -- 4.2 Irregular echinoids -- 5. Conclusions -- Chapter 11 Digestive systems: Asteroidea -- 1. General and comparative anatomy of the digestive system -- 1.1 Survey of asteroid families -- 1.2 The stomach retractor system -- 1.3 General conclusions on anatomy -- 2. Histology and cytology of the digestive system -- 2.1 The digestive epithelium. , 2.2 The basi-epithelial (epineural) nerve plexus -- 2.3 The connective tissue layer -- 2.4 The tissues external to the connective tissue layer -- 2.5 Note on the hemal system -- 3. Digestive organs -- 3.1 Stomach -- 3.2 Brachial digestive organs -- 3.3 Aboral digestive organs -- 4. Digestive mechanics -- 4.1 Asteriidae -- 4.2 Other families -- 5. Conclusions -- Chapter 12 Digestive systems: Ophiuroidea -- 1. Ophiurida -- 1.1 Anatomy, histology and cytology of the digestive system -- 1.2 Functions and mechanics of the gut -- 2. Oegophiurida -- 3. Phrynophiurida -- 4. Conclusions -- Part Three: Physiology and Biochemistry -- Chapter 13 Digestion -- 1. Post-metamorphic echinoderms -- 1.1 Intracellular digestion -- 1.2 Extracellular digestion -- 1.3 pH levels in extracellular digestion -- 1.4 Digestive enzymes -- 2. Larval echinoderms -- 3. Conclusions -- Chapter 14 Epithelial absorption -- 1. Absorption of organic nutrients from the alimentary lumen -- 1.1 The involvement of coelomocytes -- 1.2 Absorption via epithelial cells -- 1.3 Sugar absorption from the alimentary canal -- 1.4 Alimentary absorption of amino acids -- 2. Epidermal absorption -- 2.1 General evidence for a parenteral route of nutrient absorption -- 2.2 Mechanisms of absorption of monosaccharides -- 2.3 Mechanisms of absorption of amino acids -- 3. General considerations -- Chapter 15 The utilization of nutrients by postmetamorphic echinoderms -- 1. Respiration -- 2. Somatic growth -- 3. Gonadal growth -- 4. Bioenergetics -- 5. Conclusions -- Chapter 16 Nutrient translocation -- 1. Translocation systems -- 1.1 The hemal system -- 1.2 Coelomocytic transport -- 1.3 Perivisceral coelomic transport -- 1.4 The perihemal coelomic system -- 1.5 The water vascular system -- 1.6 Integumental translocation -- 2. Conclusions: a model for nutrient translocation -- 2.1 The model. , Chapter 17 Intermediary metabolism -- 1. Catabolism -- 1.1 Carbohydrate degradation -- 1.2 Mitochondrial oxidations -- 1.3 Nitrogen catabolism -- 2. Biosynthesis -- 2.1 Glycogen synthesis -- 2.2 Amino acid biosynthesis -- 2.3 Pyrimidine and purine biosynthesis -- 2.4 Lipid biosynthesis -- 3. Regulation of intermediary rnetabolism -- 3.1 Control of phosphorylase activity in echinoid eggs -- 3.2 Control of the activity of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex in echinoid eggs -- 3.3 Feedback inhibition of pyrimidine biosynthesis in echinoid embryos -- 4. Conclusions -- Chapter 18 Steroid metabolism -- 1. Sterols in echinoderms -- 2. The origin of sterols in echinoderms -- 3. The effect of dietary sterols on the sterol composition of echinoderms -- 4. Elimination of sterols -- 5. Conclusions -- Chapter 19 Excretion -- 1. Nitrogenous wastes of echinoderms -- 2. Excretory sites of metabolic end products -- 3. Excretion and the coelomocytes -- 4. The supposed renal organs of echinoderms -- 5. Excretion in embryos and larvae -- 6. Conclusions -- Part Four: Nutrition During Development -- Chapter 20 Nutrition of gametes -- 1. Potential mechanisms of nutrient distribution and storage by somatic tissues of the gonad (excluding those in the germinal epithelium) -- 1.1 Somatic structure of gonads in the Echinodermata -- 1.2 Predictable changes in the somatic structures of the gonad during gametogenesis that may be related to gamete nutrition -- 1.2.1 Outer sac (found only in Asteroidea, Echinoidea and Ophiuroidea) -- 1.2.2 Genital coelomic (perihemal) sinus -- 2. Potential mechanisms of nutrient distribution, storage, and utilization by the germinal epithelium -- 2.1 Predictable generation of functional subdivisions of the germinal epithelium during gametogenesis -- 2.2 Nutrient input to the gametogenic microenvironment and utilization by germinal cells. , 2.2.1 Asteroidea -- 2.2.2 Echinoidea -- 3. Conclusions -- Chapter 21 Nutrition of embryos -- 1. Echinoids -- 1.1 General considerations -- 1.2 The yolk -- 1.3 Formation of the yolk platelets -- 1.4 Utilization of stored macromolecules -- 2. Other echinoderms -- 3. Conclusions -- Chapter 22 Nutrition of larvae -- 1. Trophic categories in echinoderm larvae -- 2. Morphology of the gut in planktotrophic larvae -- 3. Feeding of larvae -- 3.1 Planktotrophic larvae -- 3.2 Lecithotrophic larvae: pelagic and demersal -- 3.3 Incubated embryos -- 4. Effects of dissolved organic matter on larval development -- 5. Larval energy budget -- Part Five: Effects of Feeding on The Environment -- Chapter 23 Effects of feeding on the environment: Holothuroidea -- 1. Deposit feeders -- 2. Suspension feeders -- 3. Conclusions -- Chapter 24 Effects of feeding on the environment: Echinoidea -- 1. The physical effect of feeding on the substratum -- 2. The effect of echinoid feeding on biological communities -- 2.1 The effects on plants -- 2.2 The effects on epibenthic animals -- 2.3 Effects of limitations on echinoid distribution, abundance and mobility -- 2.4 Stability in echinoid populations -- 2.5 Conclusion -- Chapter 25 Effects of feeding on the environment: Asteroidea -- 1. Definitions and biases -- 2. Role of asteroids in the rocky intertidal region -- 2.1 Temperate shores: Pacific coast of North America -- 2.2 Temperate shores: Atlantic coast of North America -- 2.3 Temperate shores: Atlantic coast of Europe -- 2.4 Temperate shores: Pacific coast of Asia (Japan) -- 2.5 Temperate south Pacific shores -- 2.6 Tropical shores: Pacific coast of Panama -- 3. Role of asteroids in rocky subtidal regions -- 3.1 Polar subtidal habitats: Antarctica -- 3.2 Temperate subtidal habitats -- 3.3 Temperate southern hemisphere -- 3.4 Tropical subtidal habitats -- 4. Synthesis. , 4.1 Asteroids and the organization of benthic marine communities.

Note: Bibliography: p. 553-636. ; Includes indexes