Note: Front Cover -- Nanosilicon -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Preface -- Chapter 1 Silicon Nanoparticles: New Photonic and Electronic Material at the Transition Between Solid and Molecule -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Synthesis -- 1.2.1 Physical Techniques -- 1.2.2 Physico-Chemical Techniques -- 1.2.3 Chemical Techniques -- 1.2.4 Electrochemical Techniques -- 1.2.5 Discretely Sized Si Nanoparticles -- 1.3 Functionalization -- 1.3.1 Initial Surface Condition -- 1.3.2 Alkylated Particles -- 1.3.3 Aggregation and Solubility -- 1.3.4 Stability in Acid -- 1.4 Spectroscopic characterization -- 1.4.1 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy -- 1.4.2 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance -- 1.4.3 Gel Permission Chromotography -- 1.4.4 X-Ray Photospectroscopy -- 1.4.5 Auger Electron Spectroscopy -- 1.4.6 Transmission Electron Microscopy -- 1.5 Optical properties -- 1.5.1 PL and Detection of Single Nanoparticles -- 1.5.2 PL Lifetime -- 1.5.3 Cathodoluminescence and Electroluminescence -- 1.5.4 Photostability Under UV and Infrared Radiation -- 1.6 Reconstitution of particles in films -- 1.6.1 Precipitation Spray -- 1.6.2 Electrodeposition: Composite Films of Metal and Nanoparticles -- 1.6.3 Silicon Sheet Roll into Tubes -- 1.6.4 Self-Assembly -- 1.7 Nonlinear optical properties -- 1.7.1 Stimulated Emission -- 1.7.2 Second Harmonic Generation -- 1.7.3 Gain and Optical Nonlinearity -- 1.8 Effect of functionalization on emission -- 1.9 Structure of particles -- 1.9.1 Luminescence Models -- 1.9.2 Computational Methods for Electronic Structure of Nanoclusters -- 1.9.3 Prototype of Hydrogenated Particles (Supermolecule) -- 1.9.4 H[sub(2)]O[sub(2)] Effect on Surface Reconstruction -- 1.9.5 Novel Si-Si Bonds (Molecular-Like Behaviour) -- 1.9.6 Structural Stability of the Prototype -- 1.9.7 Material Properties: Dielectric Constant and Effective Mass. , 1.9.8 Excited States (Molecular-Like Bands) -- 1.9.9 Collective Molecular Surface -- 1.9.10 Phonon Structure: Collective Molecular Vibration Modes -- 1.9.11 Molecular-Like Emission: Direct versus Indirect Process -- 1.9.12 X-Ray Form Factors -- 1.9.13 Effect of Termination on the Band Gap -- 1.10 Device applications -- 1.10.1 Photoelectric Conversion/UV Photodetector -- 1.10.2 Metal Oxide Silicon Memory Devices -- 1.10.3 Biophotonic Imaging -- 1.10.4 Amperometric Detection -- 1.10.5 Nanosolar Cell -- 1.10.6 Nanoink Printing -- 1.10.7 Single Electron Transistor Devices -- 1.11 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 2 Cluster Assembled Silicon Networks -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Isolated Silicon Clusters -- 2.2.1 Small Si[sub(N)] Clusters (N & -- lt -- 14) -- 2.2.2 Medium-Sized Clusters (20 & -- lt -- N & -- lt -- 100): the Case of Si[sub(33)] -- 2.2.3 Large Clusters (N & -- gt -- 100) -- 2.3 Si-Cluster-Assembled Materials -- 2.3.1 Introduction -- 2.3.2 Si-Cluster-Assembled Films -- 2.3.3 Bulk Si-Cluster-Assembled Materials from Fullerenes: Clathrate Phases -- 2.4 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 3 Metal Encapsulated Clusters of Silicon: Silicon Fullerenes and Other Polyhedral Forms -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Clusters of Elemental Silicon -- 3.3 Metal Encapsulation: A New Paradigm -- 3.3.1 Silicon Fullerenes -- 3.3.2 Metal Size Dependent Encapsulated Silicon Structures -- 3.3.3 The Electronic Factor and the Isolated Rhombus Rule -- 3.3.4 Reactivity as a Probe of Metal Encapsulation -- 3.3.5 Vibrational Properties -- 3.3.6 Empty and Endohedral Hydrogenated Fullerene Cages of Silicon -- 3.3.7 Absorption Spectra -- 3.3.8 Magnetic Clusters of Silicon -- 3.4 Summary -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 4 Porous Silicon - Sensors and Future Applications -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Kinds of PS. , 4.2.1 Pore Structure in PS -- 4.2.2 PL from PS -- 4.3 PS sensors -- 4.3.1 PS Humidity Sensors -- 4.3.2 PS Chemical Sensors -- 4.3.3 PS Gas Sensors -- 4.4 Future technology -- 4.4.1 Nanoparticle Photocatalytic Coating of PS -- 4.4.2 Lithium Electrolyte-Based PS Microbattery Electrodes -- 4.5 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 5 Silicon Nanowires and Nanowire Heterostructures -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Silicon nanowires -- 5.2.1 Rational Synthesis and Structural Characterization of SiNW -- 5.2.2 Electronic Properties of SiNWs -- 5.2.3 SiNWs for Nanoelectronics -- 5.2.4 Large-Scale Hierarchical Organization of SiNW Arrays -- 5.2.5 SiNWs as Nanoscale Sensors -- 5.3 SiNW heterostructures -- 5.3.1 NiSi/SiNW Heterostructures -- 5.3.2 Modulation Doped SiNWs -- 5.3.3 Branched and Hyper-Branched SiNWs -- 5.4 Summary -- References -- Chapter 6 Theoretical Advances in the Electronic and Atomic Structures of Silicon Nanotubes and Nanowires -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Computational approach -- 6.3 Silicon nanotubes -- 6.3.1 Metal Encapsulated Nanotubes of Silicon -- 6.3.2 Electronic Structure and Bonding Nature -- 6.3.3 Magnetism in Metal Encapsulated SiNTs -- 6.4 Germanium nanotubes -- 6.4.1 Metallic and Semiconducting Nanotubes of Ge -- 6.5 Silicon nanowires -- 6.5.1 Non-Crystalline Pristine SiNWs -- 6.5.2 Crystalline Pristine SiNWs -- 6.5.3 Band Structure of SiNWs -- 6.6 Hydrogenated nanowires -- 6.6.1 Electronic Structure of Hydrogenated SiNWs -- 6.6.2 Effects of Doping and H Defects -- 6.7 Nanowire superlattices -- 6.8 Conclusion and perspective remarks -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 7 Phonons in Silicon Nanowires -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Theoretical Models for Confined Phonons -- 7.2.1 Lattice Dynamics of Si Nanowires -- 7.2.2 The Richter Model for Raman Scattering from Confined Phonons. , 7.3 Experimental Evidence of Confined Phonons in Silicon -- 7.3.1 Acoustic Phonons -- 7.3.2 Optical Phonons -- 7.3.3 Thermal Conductivity -- 7.4 Effects of Inhomogeneous Laser Heating on Raman Lineshape -- 7.4.1 Stokes-AntiStokes Ratio as a Probe of Laser Heating of Si Nanowires -- 7.4.2 Evolution of the Raman Band Asymmetry with Laser Flux -- 7.4.3 Modification of Richter's Lineshape Function to Include Inhomogeneous Heating -- 7.5 Summary and Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 8 Quasi-One-Dimensional Silicon Nanostructures -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Silicon nanowires -- 8.2.1 Pentagonal Silicon Wires -- 8.2.2 Hydrogen-Passivated Silicon Wires -- 8.3 Metal silicide -- 8.3.1 Endohedral Silicon Nanotubes -- 8.3.2 Yttrium Silicide NW -- 8.3.3 Energy Decomposition -- References -- Acknowledgements -- Chapter 9 Low-dimensional Silicon as a Photonic Material -- 9.1 The need of a Silicon-Based Photonics -- 9.2 Various Approaches to a Silicon Light Source -- 9.2.1 Silicon Raman Laser -- 9.2.2 Bulk Silicon Light Emitting Diodes -- 9.3 Optical Gain in Silicon Nanocrystals -- 9.3.1 CW and TR Measurements -- 9.3.2 Gain Model: Four-Level System -- 9.3.3 Other Key Ingredients -- 9.4 Er Coupled Si Nanocrystal Optical Amplifiers -- 9.4.1 E[sup(3+)] Internal Transition -- 9.4.2 E[sup(3+)] and Si-nc Interactions -- 9.4.3 E[sup(3)] Cross Sections -- 9.5 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 10 Nanosilicon Single-Electron Transistors and Memory -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.1.1 Single-Electron and Quantum Confinement Effects -- 10.2 Nanosilicon SETs -- 10.2.1 Conduction in Continuous Nanocrystalline Silicon Films -- 10.2.2 Silicon Nanowire SETs -- 10.2.3 Point-Contact SETs: Room Temperature Operation -- 10.2.4 "Grain-Boundary" Engineering -- 10.2.5 Single-Electron Transistors Using Silicon Nanocrystals. , 10.2.6 Comparison with Crystalline Silicon SETs -- 10.3 Electron Coupling Effects in Nanosilicon -- 10.3.1 Electrostatic Coupling Effects -- 10.3.2 Electron Wavefunction Coupling Effects -- 10.4 Nanosilicon memory -- References -- Index -- A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- K -- L -- M -- N -- O -- P -- Q -- R -- S -- T -- U -- V -- W -- X -- Y -- Z.

Note: Intro -- Emerging Concepts in Ribosome Structure, Biogenesis, and Function -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Chapter 1: Introduction to ribosome factory, origin, and evolution of translation -- What are ribosomes? -- Basic components and structure of the ribosome -- Functions of ribosome -- Ribosome biogenesis and assembly -- Ribosomal gene mutations and ribosomopathies -- Inhibition of ribosome biogenesis -- Summary and conclusions -- References -- Chapter 2: Ribosome structure -- Introduction -- Structure of prokaryotic ribosome -- Structure of eukaryotic ribosome -- Novel features of the 80S Ribosome's structure -- Eukaryote-specific protein tails -- Expansion segments -- Intersubunit bridges -- Structure of mitochondrial ribosome -- Summary and conclusions -- References -- Chapter 3: rDNA gene structure, transcription, and its coregulation -- Introduction -- Organization and regulation of ribosomal RNA genes -- Processing and maturation of pre-rRNA -- Organization and regulation of RNA pol III promoter -- Summary and conclusions -- References -- Chapter 4: Ribosome proteins-Their balanced production -- Introduction -- Structure of ribosomes -- Ribosomal proteins -- Nomenclature of RPs -- The function of ribosomal proteins -- The 40S small subunit ribosomal proteins -- The 60S large subunit ribosomal proteins -- Eukaryotic mitochondrial ribosome or mitoribosomes -- Extra ribosomal functions of ribosomal proteins -- Balanced production of RPs -- At the transcription level -- At the translational level -- At the posttranslational level -- Summary and conclusions -- References -- Chapter 5: Ribosome diversity -- Introduction -- Variation in r-protein complement -- Paralogues of r-proteins -- R-protein posttranslational modifications -- Ribosome-associated factors -- Contribution of rRNA alternatives in ribosome diversity. , Modifications of rRNA contribute to ribosome diversity -- Special ribosomes of mitochondria -- Congenital anomalies and mutations of ribosomal proteins -- Summary and conclusions -- References -- Chapter 6: Ribosome cycle-Assembly, degradation, and recycling -- Introduction -- Ribosome assembly -- The pathways and steps of ribosome assembly -- Assembly of small subunit of ribosome (40S subunit) -- Assembly of large subunit of ribosome (60S subunit) -- Degradation of the ribosome and ribosomal proteins -- Ubiquitination-Selective degradation of ribosomal proteins -- Ribophagy-Selective degradation of ribosome -- Ribosome recycling -- Splitting of 80S ribosome -- ABCE1-dependent 80S ribosome splitting -- Initiation of translation by post-TCs -- Summary and conclusions -- References -- Chapter 7: Ribosomal biogenesis in eukaryotes -- Introduction -- Yeast as an eukaryotic model to study ribosome biogenesis -- Preinitiation complex formation -- Control of rDNA transcription -- Processing of pre-rRNA -- Coordination of folding and processing of pre-rRNA -- Roles of the ribosomal proteins -- Role of ribosome assembly factors -- Maturation of ribosomal subunits -- Maturation of the 40S subunit -- Maturation of the pre-60S subunit -- Modifications of pre-RNA -- snoRNPs and rRNA modifications -- Summary and conclusions -- References -- Further reading -- Chapter 8: Ribosome biogenesis in prokaryotes -- Introduction -- Escherichia coli as a model organism to study ribosome biogenesis -- r-RNA gene structure, transcription, and posttranscriptional processing -- Regulation of rrn expression -- Structure of the ribosomal protein-coding genes, the operons and regulation of expression -- Modification of RPs -- Assembly of ribosome -- Assembly of 30S subunit -- Assembly of 50S subunit. , Differences in protein composition of the ribosome from exponential and stationary bacterial growth phases -- Role of ions in ribosome assembly -- Proteins facilitating ribosome assembly -- RNA helicases -- Chaperones -- GTPases -- Association and dissociation of ribosomal subunits -- Ribosome degradation, modifications, and recycling -- Ribosomal rejuvenation -- Ribosomal quality control -- Rescue of stalled ribosomes on mRNAs with defective or no stop codon -- Ribosome biogenesis in archaebacteria -- Summary and conclusions -- References -- Chapter 9: Translation-Process and control -- The process of translation -- Translation initiation -- Recycling of ribosomes -- Formation of 43S complex -- Initiator aa-tRNA recognition -- Formation of the eIF2-GTP ternary complex -- Attachment of 43S complexes to mRNA -- Recognition of initiation codon -- Scanning model -- Ribosome scanning of mRNA 5 ′ UTRs -- Noncanonical translation initiation in eukaryotes -- Internal ribosome entry sites -- Cellular IRESs -- Ribosomal shunting -- Joining of subunits -- Reinitiation, initiation at non-AUG codons and leaky scanning -- Translation elongation -- Decoding of mRNA -- EF-Tu in translation elongation -- Peptide bond transfer and translocation -- The hybrid state models of translocation -- " α -ϵ" model for translocation -- Termination of translation -- Control of translation -- Aminoacyl tRNA and translation elongation -- Modifications in tRNAs -- Codon usage bias and stability of transcripts -- Ribosome stalling -- Ribosome profiling -- Application of ribosome profiling -- Insights into mechanism of translation -- Insights into translation of noncoding RNAs, especially lncRNA -- Expansion of translatome -- Limitations of ribosome profiling -- References -- Chapter 10: Inhibitors of ribosome biogenesis in prokaryotes and eukaryotes -- Introduction. , Prokaryotic ribosome biogenesis and inhibitors -- Ribosome biosynthesis and assembly -- Inhibitors of ribosome biogenesis in prokaryotes -- Ribosome biogenesis can be the target of cold stress -- Lamotrigine is the most promising cold sensitive chemical compound -- Antibiotics that target ribosome biogenesis -- Eukaryotic ribosome biogenesis and inhibitors -- Ribosome biosynthesis -- Ribosome biogenesis inhibitors-Chemical probes -- Examples of inhibitors -- Rbin-1 -- Diazaborine -- Ribosome biogenesis inhibitors and cancer -- Ribosome biogenesis has a highly variable turnaround in cancer cells -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 11: Ribosomopathies-A tree of pathologies with many roots and branches! -- Introduction -- Diamond-Blackfan anemia -- Other ribosomopathies -- Suspected ribosomopathies -- Is cancer a ribosomopathy? -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 12: Ribosomal profiling-Diversity and applications -- Introduction -- Tools and techniques of ribosome profiling -- Sample preparation -- RNase protection assay -- Isolation of ribosome footprints -- High throughput sequencing -- Bioinformatics analysis -- Other critical parameters -- Quality control of mRNA -- Canonical decay of mRNA and connections to translation elongation -- Nonsense-mediated decay of mRNA -- No-go decay of mRNAs with disruptions within the ORF -- Nonstop decay of mRNAs -- Degradation of truncated mRNAs -- Understanding the mechanism and regulation of translation -- Ribosome profiling of initiating ribosomes -- Ribosome profiling of elongating ribosomes -- Ribosome profiling of translation termination -- Diversity and applications of ribosome profiling -- Effect of stress on translation -- Cell cycle and translation regulation -- Ribosome profiling during viral infections -- Ribosome profiling during parasitic infections -- Ribosome profiling in Escherichia coli. , Summary and conclusions -- References -- Index.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- About the Editors -- Production and Application of Biodegradable Nanofibers Using Electrospinning Techniques -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Biodegradation -- 3 Electrospinning -- 3.1 Solvents -- 4 Biodegradable Natural and Man-Made Polymers -- 5 Electrospinning Biodegradable Polymers -- 5.1 Electrospinning Collagen -- 5.2 Electrospinning Gelatin -- 5.3 Electrospinning Elastin -- 5.4 Electrospinning Chitosan -- 5.5 Electrospinning Silk Fibroin -- 5.6 Electrospinning Alginate -- 5.7 Electrospinning Poly(Glycolic Acid) (PGA) -- 5.8 Electrospinning Poly(Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid) (PLGA) -- 5.9 Electrospinning Polycaprolactone (PCL) -- 5.10 Electrospinning Poly(L-Lactide-Ε-Caprolacton) (PLLA-CL) -- 5.11 Electrospinning PVA -- 5.12 Electrospinning PEO -- 6 Conclusion -- References -- Electrospun Nanofibers for Energy and Environment Protection -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Electrospun Nanofibers for Energy Applications -- 2.1 Charge Storage Mechanism in Electrospun Nanofibers -- 3 Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells -- 3.1 DSSC Construction, Assembly, and Operating Principle -- 4 Lithium (Li)-Ion Batteries -- 4.1 Assembly of Lithium Ion and Charge Storage Mechanism -- 5 Supercapacitors (SCs) -- 5.1 Construction, Assembly, and Working of SC -- 6 Fuel Cell -- 6.1 Fuel Cell Assembly and Their Charge Storage Mechanism -- 7 Electrospinning Techniques -- 8 Electrospun Nanofibers for Environmental Protection -- 9 Conclusion -- References -- Polymer Nanofibers via Electrospinning for Flexible Devices -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Electrospun Polymer Nanofibers -- 3 Application of Electrospun Polymer Nanofibers for Flexible Devices -- 3.1 Light-Emitting Diodes (LEDs) -- 3.2 Sensors -- 3.3 UV Photodetectors -- 3.4 Transparent Electrodes -- 3.5 Nanogenerators -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- Electrospun Nanofibers for Wastewater Treatment -- 1 Introduction. , 2 Electrospinning -- 2.1 Electrospinning Process -- 2.2 Effecting Parameter -- 2.3 Electrospun Nanofibers with Structure -- 3 Nanofibers for Wastewater Treatment -- 3.1 Polyacrylonitrile -- 3.2 Polyvinyl Alcohol -- 3.3 Polyamide -- 3.4 Some Other Polymer-Based Nanofibers -- 4 Applications of Electrospinning Nanofibers -- 5 Conclusions and Outlooks -- References -- Electrospun Nanofibers for Coating and Corrosion -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Techniques of Nanostructure Coating -- 2.1 Atomic Layer Deposition -- 2.2 Laser Thermal Spray-Coating -- 2.3 Sol-Gel Coating -- 2.4 Laser Ablation Coating -- 2.5 Sputter Deposition -- 2.6 Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD) -- 2.7 Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) -- 2.8 Chemical Bath Deposition -- 2.9 Ionized Cluster Beam Deposition -- 3 Electrospun Nanofibers Coating -- 4 Corrosion -- 4.1 Corrosion Resistance -- 4.2 Corrosion Measurement -- 4.3 Corrosion Inhibitor -- 5 Electrospun Nanofibers Coating for Corrosion Protection -- 6 Conclusion -- References -- Polymer Nanofibrous and Their Application for Batteries -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Basics of Battery Electrochemistry -- 1.2 Factors Affecting the Cell Potentials and Current Density -- 1.3 Basics of Electrospinning Technique -- 2 Applications of Electrospun Fibers in Batteries -- 2.1 Electrospun Fibers in Metal-Air Batteries -- 2.2 Electrospun Fibers in Metal-Ion Batteries -- 3 Conclusion and Outlook -- References -- Electrospinning of Lignin Nanofibers for Drug Delivery -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Lignin -- 2.1 Lignin Recovery -- 2.2 Kraft Process -- 2.3 Dilute Acidic -- 2.4 Alkaline Process -- 2.5 Organosolv Process -- 3 Types of Lignin and Their Effect on Health -- 3.1 Impact of Lignin or Lignin Derivatives On Pharmacological Activities -- 3.2 Lignin Carbon Fibers -- 4 Electrospinning -- 5 Lignin-Derived Carbon Nanofibers -- 6 Biomedical Application of Electrospun Nanofibers. , 6.1 Drug Delivery -- 6.2 Electrospun Lignin-Based Nanocomposites for Drug Delivery -- 7 Conclusions and Prospects -- References -- 1D Spinel Architectures via Electrospinning for Supercapacitors -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Conclusion and Future Outlook -- References -- Polymer and Ceramic-Based Hollow Nanofibers via Electrospinning -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Electrospinning-Based Methods for the Production of Hollow Nanofibers -- 2.1 Electrospinning with a Single Spinneret -- 2.2 Microfluidic Electrospinning -- 2.3 Coaxial Electrospinning with a two-Capillary Spinneret -- 2.4 Triaxial Electrospinning -- 2.5 Emulsion Electrospinning -- 3 Hollow Nanofibers Based on Different Materials -- 3.1 TiO2 Hollow NFs -- 3.2 Cobalt Ferrite (CoFe2O4) and Strontium Ferrite (SrFe12O19)-Based Hollow NFs -- 3.3 V2O5 and Au/V2O5 NFs -- 3.4 LiFePO4 and Porous Alumina Hollow NFs -- 3.5 CuO and Cu-Based Hollow NFs -- 3.6 SnO2-ZnO and γ-Al2O3 Hollow NFs -- 3.7 VN and MnO2 Nanosheets/Cobalt Doped Carbon-Based Hollow NFs -- 3.8 Indium Oxide-Based Hollow NFs for the Detection of Acetone -- 3.9 Praseodymium-Doped BiFeO3 Hollow NFs for Formaldehyde Sensor -- 4 Potential Applications of Polymer and Ceramic-Based Hollow NFs -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- Surface Engineering of Nanofiber Membranes via Electrospinning-Embedded Nanoparticles for Wastewater Treatment -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Basics of Electrospinning -- 3 Synthesis of Au or Ag Nanoparticles -- 4 Electrospun Polymer Nanofibers Embedded with Different Materials -- 4.1 Electrospun Polymer Nanofibers Embedded with Ag and Au Nanoparticles -- 4.2 Electrospun Polymer Nanofibers Embedded with Carbon Nanoparticles -- 4.3 Electrospun Polymer Nanofibers Embedded with Metal Oxide Nanoparticles -- 5 Surface Modification of Nanofiber Membranes -- 6 Applications of Nanofiber Membranes for Wastewater Treatment. , 6.1 Nanofibers in Microfiltration -- 6.2 Nanofibers in Ultrafiltration -- 6.3 Nanofiltration -- 6.4 Electrospun Noble Metal (Ag, Au, and Pt) Nanofiber Composites for Wastewater Treatment -- 6.5 Electrospun Carbon Nanofiber (CNF) Composites for Wastewater Treatment -- 6.6 Electrospun Metal Oxide Polymer Composites for Wastewater Treatment -- 7 Conclusions and Outlook -- References -- Functionalized Natural Polymer-Based Electrospun Nanofiber -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Overview of Nanofiber Materials -- 2.1 Properties of Nanofiber Materials -- 3 Electrostatic Spinning Technology -- 3.1 Concepts of Electrospinning -- 3.2 Influencing Factors of Electrospinning Nanofibers -- 3.3 Electrostatic Spinning Device -- 3.4 Formation Mechanism of Electrospinning Nanofibers -- 4 Fabrication of Electrospun Nanofibers -- 4.1 Solution Electrospinning -- 4.2 Melt Electrospinning -- 4.3 Emulsion Electrospinning -- 5 Application and Functional Research of Electrospinning Nanofibers -- 5.1 Application of Electrospun Fiber as Polymer Film -- 5.2 Application of Electrospinning Nanofibers in Intelligent and Flexible Electronics -- 5.3 Electrospinning Fibers for Biomedical Field -- 6 Conclusions and Future Prospects -- References -- Surface-Functionalized Electrospun Nanofibers for Tissue Engineering -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Electrospinning -- 3 Components of the Electrospinning Process -- 3.1 Apparatus -- 3.2 Parameters Affecting Fiber Quality -- 4 Importance of Surface Functionalization for Electrospun Nanofibers -- 5 Surface Functionalization/Modification Techniques for Nanofiber Scaffolds -- 5.1 Physical Approach -- 5.2 Chemical Approach -- 6 Characterization of Nanofibers -- 6.1 Physical Characterization of Nanofibers -- 6.2 Chemical Characterization of Nanofibers -- 6.3 Mechanical Characterization of Nanofibers -- 6.4 Structural and Thermal Evaluation of Nanofibers. , 7 Applications of Electrospun Nanofibers in Tissue Engineering Scaffolds -- 7.1 Bone Tissue Engineering -- 7.2 Neural Tissue Engineering -- 7.3 Cartilage Tissue Engineering -- 7.4 Skin Tissue Engineering -- 7.5 Clinical Perspective -- 7.6 Others -- 8 Challenges and Future Prospects -- 8.1 Challenges -- 8.2 Future Work -- 9 Conclusion -- References -- Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes-Based Electrospun Nano-Fiber Composite and Its Applications for Environmental Remediation -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Functionalization of Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) -- 3 f-CNTs-Based Polymer Nano-Composites -- 4 Electrospun Nano-Fibers Composite of f-CNTs/Polymers -- 5 Application of CNTs-Based Electrospun Nano-Composite for Environmental Remediation -- 5.1 Removal of Toxic Metals from Water -- 5.2 Removal of Organic Pollutants from Water -- 5.3 Oil-Water Separation -- 5.4 Removal of Gaseous Pollutants -- 6 Chemo-Sensor for Detection of Toxicants -- 7 Conclusions -- 8 Future Prospect and Challenges -- References.

Note: Front Cover -- Metal Oxide Defects -- The Metal Oxides Book Series Edited by Ghenadii Korotcenkov -- Metal Oxide Defects: Fundamentals, Design, Development and Applications -- Copyright -- Contents -- List of contributors -- Series editor biography -- Preface to the series -- 1 - Transition metal ions in solid electrolytes. Ceramics and glasses -- 1. NASICON-type materials -- 1.1 NASICON-type structure -- 1.2 Doping to control their solid phase transitions -- 1.3 Applications -- 1.3.1 Pigments -- 1.3.2 Sensors -- 1.3.2.1 NO2 and NH3 sensor -- 1.3.2.2 SO2 sensor -- 1.3.3 Disposal of nuclear waste -- 1.3.4 Catalytic activity -- 1.3.5 Adsorption properties -- 1.4 Doped NASICON-type ceramics as solid electrolytes -- 2. Transition metal oxides in electrical conductor glasses -- 2.1 Skeleton: spatial arrangement and glassy matrix resulting properties -- 2.2 Tuning of properties versus selective cation replacement -- 2.3 Electrical properties tailoring -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 2 - The emergence of analytical techniques for defects in metal oxide -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) -- 2.1 Mass thickness contrast -- 2.2 Defects analysis in TEM -- 2.3 Limitations -- 3. X-ray diffraction (XRD) -- 3.1 Limitations -- 4. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) -- 4.1 Defect analysis by XPS -- 4.2 Limitations -- 5. X-ray absorption spectroscopy -- 5.1 XANES -- 5.2 EXAFS -- 5.3 Limitations -- 5.4 Positron annihilation spectroscopy (PAS) -- 6. Positron lifetime spectroscopy -- 6.1 Doppler broadening spectroscopy -- 6.2 Limitations -- 7. Electron paramagnetic resonance -- 8. Photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy -- 9. UV-visible spectroscopy -- 9.1 Limitations -- 10. Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) -- 11. Recent advancements for defect characterization -- 12. Conclusion -- References. , 3 - Vacancy and defect structures in metal oxides -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1 Experimental defect analysis techniques in metal oxides -- 2. Type of defects in metal oxides -- 2.1 Bulk structure and defects -- 2.2 Surface defects -- 2.2.1 Oxygen vacancies -- 2.2.2 Line defects -- 2.3 Interface defects -- 3. Effect of factors on defect chemistry -- 3.1 Doping effect -- 3.2 Temperature -- 3.3 Hydrogen treatment -- 3.4 Wet chemical reduction -- 3.5 Lithium-induced conversion -- 4. Defect engineering in metal oxides -- 4.1 Defect engineering of titanium dioxide -- 4.2 Defect engineering of zinc oxide -- 4.3 Defect engineering of cobalt oxide -- 4.4 Defect engineering of zirconia -- 4.5 Defect engineering of other metal oxides -- 5. Defects in metal oxides and their applications -- 5.1 Catalysis -- 5.2 Gas sensors -- 5.3 Photovoltaic cells -- 5.4 Photo-active devices -- 6. Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 4 - Defects disorder of lanthanum cerium oxide -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Cerium oxide -- 2.1 Materials properties of CeO2 -- 2.2 Oxygen vacancy formation -- 2.3 Oxygen anion migration -- 2.4 Redox property of CeO2 and catalytic applications -- 2.4.1 Soot combustion -- 2.4.2 Solid oxide fuel cells -- 2.4.3 Sensor -- 2.5 Insulating property of CeO2 and MOS applications -- 2.6 Limitation of CeO2 -- 2.7 Lanthanum cerium oxide and its catalytic behavior -- 2.8 Lanthanum cerium oxide and its MOS characteristics -- 3. Conclusion -- 4. Recommendations for future research -- References -- Further reading -- 5 - Oxidation of metals and formation of defects by theoretical modeling -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Computational techniques for atomistic simulations -- 2.1 Computational materials science -- 2.2 Density functional theory -- 2.3 Molecular dynamics simulation -- 2.4 The reactive force field -- 3. Oxidation of bulk metals at the atomic scale. , 3.1 Modeling metal-oxygen interactions -- 3.2 Modeling the oxide film growth -- 4. Oxidation mechanisms of nanomaterials -- 4.1 Oxidation of metallic nanoparticles: formation of various nanostructures -- 4.2 Chain-like oxide growth on aluminum nanoparticles -- 5. Concluding remarks -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 6 - Role of defects in multiferroic nanoparticles -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1 Multiferroics -- 1.2 Multiferroic BiFeO3 -- 1.3 Nanophase multiferroics -- 1.4 Magnetoelectric couplings -- 1.5 Synthesis methods -- 1.5.1 Sol-gel -- 1.5.2 Hydrothermal synthesis -- 1.5.3 Combustion synthesis -- 1.5.4 Coprecipitation method -- 1.5.5 Solid-state reaction method -- 1.5.6 Thin film deposition method -- 1.6 Applications of multiferroics -- 1.6.1 Magnetic field sensors (AC and DC) -- 1.6.2 Multiferroic microwave resonator tuned electrically -- 1.6.3 Multiferroic magnetic recording heads -- 1.6.4 Multiferroic random access memories and multistate memories -- 1.6.5 Photovoltaic multiferroic solar cells -- 1.6.6 Multiferroic gyrators -- 1.6.7 Multiferroics for thermal energy harvesting -- 1.6.8 High voltage gain multiferroic amplifier -- 2. Role of defects in multiferroic nanoparticles -- 2.1 Strain -- 2.2 Bismuth vacancy -- 2.3 Oxygen vacancy -- 2.4 BiFeO3 multiferroic nanoparticles -- 2.5 Doped BiFeO3 multiferroic nanoparticles -- 2.6 Magnetoelectric couplings in BiFeO3 multiferroic nanoparticles -- 2.7 Summary -- References -- 7 - Oxygen defects, morphology, and surface chemistry of metal oxides: a deep insight through a joint experimental and theo ... -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Surfaces -- 2.1 Undercoordinated atoms -- 2.2 Defects: oxygen vacancies -- 2.3 Morphology and surface energy -- 3. Relationship between surfaces and catalytic, photocatalytic, luminescent, and antibacterial/antifungal properties -- 3.1 Catalytic/photocatalytic properties. , 3.2 Luminescent properties -- 3.3 Antibacterial/antifungal properties -- 4. Conclusion and future outlook -- References -- 8 - Point defects in stoichiometric and nonstoichiometric metal oxides for modern microelectronics -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Growth techniques, their advantages, and disadvantages for the growth of metal oxides -- 2.1 Physical vapor deposition -- 2.1.1 Sputtering -- 2.1.2 Thermal evaporation -- 2.1.3 Molecular beam epitaxy -- 2.2 Chemical vapor deposition -- 2.2.1 Plasma-enhanced CVD -- 2.2.2 Atomic layer deposition -- 3. Native defects in metal oxides: theory and experiment -- 3.1 Aluminum oxide -- 3.2 Tantalum pentoxide -- 3.3 Hafnium oxide -- 3.4 Zirconium oxide -- 4. Hydrogen-related defects in metal oxides -- 4.1 Aluminum oxide -- 4.2 Tantalum oxide -- 4.3 Hafnium oxide -- 4.4 Zirconium oxide -- 5. Conclusion remarks -- References -- 9 - Influence of defects upon mechanical properties of oxide materials -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Metal-oxide materials of different dimensionalities -- 2.1 The properties of oxide nanomaterials -- 2.2 Well-known oxide nanomaterials and their characteristics -- 2.2.1 Titanium oxide -- 2.2.2 Alkaline-earth oxides -- 2.2.3 Zirconium oxides -- 2.2.4 Other metal oxides -- 2.3 Diverse applications of oxide nanomaterials -- 3. Structural defects -- 3.1 A definition to structural defects and their different types -- 3.1.1 Point defects of oxide nanomaterials -- 3.1.2 Linear defects -- 3.1.3 Two-dimensional defects -- 3.2 Effect of defects on the properties of oxide materials -- 3.3 Mechanisms affecting the mechanical properties of defective oxide materials -- 4. A summary of previous works on oxide nanomaterials -- 4.1 Experimental works -- 4.2 Theoretical works -- 5. Concluding remarks and future perspective -- References -- 10 - Defect evolution in ZnO nanocrystal films at doping by group IIIA elements. , 1. Introduction -- 2. Samples preparation by USP and experimental setups -- 3. The film surface morphology and the impurity control -- 4. X-ray diffraction study -- 5. Transmittance, electrical resistivity, and bandgap energy control -- 6. Photoluminescence study and its temperature dependences -- 7. High resolution X-ray photoelectron spectra -- 8. The discussion of defect evolution versus donor doping levels -- 9. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 11 - The role of dopant on the defect chemistry of metal oxides -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Intrinsic defects -- 3. Extrinsic defects -- 4. Ionic conductivity -- 5. Electronic conductivity -- 6. Electromechanical properties -- 7. Summary -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 12 - Viable defect engineering with templates into metal oxides -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Different methods for creating defects -- 2.1 Chemical methods -- 2.2 Physical methods -- 3. Various defects in metal oxides -- 3.1 Oxygen vacancy -- 3.2 Cationic vacancy -- 3.3 Cationic doping -- 3.4 Anionic doping -- 4. Defect engineering and electrode materials -- 5. Defect engineering for rechargeable batteries -- 5.1 Metal-sulfur batteries -- 5.1.1 Heteroatom doping -- 5.1.2 Vacancy defects -- 5.2 Metal-air batteries -- 6. Conclusions -- References -- 13 - Role of defects on the transparent conducting properties of binary metal oxide thin film electrodes -- 1. Introduction to defects in transparent conducting oxides -- 2. Defects engineering in transparent conducting oxides -- 2.1 Defects by incorporation of dopants -- 2.2 Vacancy defects -- 3. Defects mechanism of transparent conducting oxides -- 4. Defect dimensions in transparent conducting oxide materials -- 5. Theoretical description of defects in transparent conducting oxides -- 5.1 Oxygen deficient transparent conducting oxide system. , 5.2 Excess metal ions in transparent conducting oxide system.

Note: Intro -- Contents -- 1 Conducting Polymer Nanocomposites: Recent Developments and Future Prospects -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Background -- 2.1 Percolation Theory -- 2.2 Conduction Mechanism -- 2.3 Characterization of Conductive Network in CPCs -- 3 The Design for High-Performance CPCs -- 3.1 Conductive Fillers -- 3.2 Polymer Matrix -- 3.3 The Choice of Fabrication Methods -- 3.3.1 Melting Blending -- 3.3.2 Solution Mixing -- 3.3.3 In Situ Polymerization -- 4 The Strategy for Controlling the Morphology of Conductive Filler Network in CPCs -- 4.1 Morphology Control by Polymer Blends -- 4.2 Morphology Control by Thermal Annealing -- 4.3 Morphology Control by Shear Force -- 4.4 Morphology Control by Latex Technology -- 4.5 Morphology Control by Mixing Different Nanofillers -- 4.6 Morphology Control Through Other Methods -- 5 Applications of CPCs -- 5.1 Sensors -- 5.1.1 Temperature Sensors -- 5.1.2 Strain Sensor -- 5.1.3 Chemical Sensor -- 5.1.4 Stretchable Conductor -- 5.1.5 Thermoelectric Material -- 5.1.6 Electrodes for Energy Storage -- 5.1.7 Biomedical Application -- 6 Conclusion and Outlook -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 2 Magnetic Nanoparticles-Based Conducting Polymer Nanocomposites -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Synthetic Strategies -- 2.1 Mixing or Blending Pre-synthesized Conducting Polymers and Magnetic NPs -- 2.2 In Situ Synthesis of Magnetic Nanoparticles into Conducting Polymers -- 2.3 In Situ Polymerization in the Presence of Magnetic Nanoparticles -- 2.4 Simultaneous Polymerization and Synthesis of Magnetic Nanoparticles -- 3 Magneto-Electrical Properties -- 3.1 Magnetic Nanoparticles -- 3.2 Conducting Polymers -- 3.2.1 Characteristics of the Most Common Conducting Polymers -- Polyaniline -- Polythiophene -- Polypyrrole -- 3.3 Magneto-Electrical Properties of the Composites -- 4 Applications. , 4.1 Electromagnetic Shielding and Microwave Absorbing Materials -- 4.2 Polymer Solar Cells -- 4.3 Sensors -- 5 Concluding Remarks and Future Perspectives -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 3 Polypyrrole Nanotubes-Silver Nanoparticles Hybrid Nanocomposites: Dielectric, Optical, Antimicrobial and Haemolysis Activity Study -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Present Status and Future Prospects of Conducting Polymer-based Hybrid Nanocomposites -- 3 Conducting Polymer-Based Hybrid Nanocomposites -- 3.1 Nanocomposites with Metal Nanoparticles -- 3.2 Nanocomposites with Metal-Oxide Nanoparticles -- 3.3 Nanocomposites with Carbon Materials -- 3.4 Conducting Polymer Based Ternary Nanocomposites -- 4 Properties and Applications of Conducting Polymer Based Hybrids -- 4.1 Nanoelectronics -- 4.2 Energy Storage Devices -- 4.3 Sensors -- 4.4 Microwave Absorption and EMI Shielding -- 4.5 Biomedical Applications -- 5 Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy Studies of Metal-Polypyrrole Nanocomposites -- 6 Polypyrrole Nanotubes-Silver Nanoparticles Hybrid Nanocomposites -- 6.1 Synthesis -- 6.1.1 Synthesis of Polypyrrole Nanotubes -- 6.1.2 Preparation of Polypyrrole Nanotubes-Silver Nanoparticles Nanocomposites -- 6.2 Morphological Analysis -- 6.3 X-Ray Diffraction Study -- 6.4 UV-Vis Spectroscopy Study -- 6.5 Dielectric Spectroscopy -- 6.5.1 Permittivity Formalism -- 6.5.2 Modulus Formalism -- 6.6 Ac Conductivity Study -- 6.7 Antimicrobial Activity of the Nanocomposites -- 6.8 Haemolysis Activity Study -- 7 Conclusions -- References -- 4 Conductive Polymer Composites Based on Carbon Nanomaterials -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Brief History of Conductive Polymer and Their Composites -- 3 Some Important Terms Related to Conductive Polymers and Their Definitions -- 3.1 Some Most Studied Conductive Polymers -- 3.2 Composites. , 3.3 Nanomaterials and Conducting Polymer Composites -- 4 Carbon Nanotube (CNT)-Based Conductive Polymer Composites -- 4.1 Methods of Synthesis for CNTs-Based Conducting Polymers -- 4.2 Characterization Techniques -- 4.3 Application of CNT-Based Conducting Polymer Nanocomposites -- 4.3.1 Supercapacitors -- 4.3.2 Fuel Cell Electrode -- 4.3.3 Electrochemical Actuators -- 4.3.4 Memory Devices -- 4.3.5 Field Emission Devices -- 4.3.6 Lithium Batteries -- 5 Graphene-Based Conductive Polymer Composites -- 5.1 Graphene -- 5.2 Graphene and Derivatives-Based Conducting Polymers -- 5.3 Various Approaches for the Synthesis of Graphene-Based Conducting Polymer -- 5.3.1 Solution and Melt Mixing Without Covalent Bonding -- 5.3.2 In Situ Polymerization Without Covalent Bonding -- 5.3.3 Characterization Techniques -- 5.3.4 Application of Graphene-Based Conducting Polymers -- 6 Conclusion and Future Prospects -- References -- 5 Clay-Based Conducting Polymer Nanocomposites -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Nanocomposites -- 2.1 Clays -- 2.2 Polymeric Nanocomposites -- 2.2.1 Preparation of Nanocomposites -- 2.3 Conducting Polymer Nanocomposites -- 2.3.1 Conducting Polymer -- Polyaniline -- 3 Applied Study: PAni and MMT -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- 6 A Review of Supercapacitor Energy Storage Using Nanohybrid Conducting Polymers and Carbon Electrode Materials -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Supercapacitor Energy Storage Mechanisms -- 3 CPs and Carbon Materials in Energy Storage -- 4 CP/Carbon Hybrids as Electrodes for Supercapacitor -- 4.1 CP/Activated Carbon Hybrids -- 4.2 CP/Carbon Nanotube Hybrids -- 4.3 CP/Graphene Hybrids -- 4.4 CP Hybrids for Flexible Semisolid/Solid-State Supercapacitors -- 4.5 Equivalent Circuit Models -- 5 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 7 Conducting Polymer Hydrogels and Their Applications -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction. , 1.1 Hydrogels -- 1.2 Classifications of Hydrogels -- 1.2.1 Classification Based on Source -- 1.2.2 Classification According to Polymeric Composition -- 1.2.3 Classification Based on Structural Feature -- 1.2.4 Classification Based on Physical Appearance -- 1.2.5 Classification Based on Ionic Charges -- 1.2.6 Classification Based on Type of Cross-Linking -- 1.3 Synthesis of Graft Copolymers -- 1.4 Characteristics of Hydrogels -- 2 Conducting Polymers -- 3 Conducting Hydrogels -- 3.1 Conducting Hydrogel Based upon Conducting Polymer -- 3.2 Conducting Hydrogel Based upon Metal/Nanoparticles -- 3.3 Method of Synthesis of Conducting Hydrogels -- 3.3.1 Chemically Cross-Linked Conductive Hydrogels -- 3.3.2 Radiation Cross-Linked Conductive Hydrogels -- 4 Characterization -- 5 Applications of Conducting Hydrogels -- 5.1 Drug Delivery Devices -- 5.2 Biomedical Applications -- 5.3 Agricultural and Horticultural -- 5.4 Wastewater Treatment -- 5.5 Bioelectrodes -- 6 Conclusion and Future Perspective -- References -- 8 Conducting Polymer Nanocomposites for Sensor Applications -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction to Sensors/Biosensors -- 2 Conducting Polymers -- 3 Nanostructure Conducting Polymers -- 3.1 Hard Template Synthesis -- 3.2 Soft Template Synthesis -- 3.3 Electrospinning Method -- 4 Conducting Polymer Nanocomposites -- 4.1 Synthesis of Conducting Polymer Nanocomposites -- 4.2 Particulate (0D)-Reinforced Nanocomposites -- 4.3 Fiber (1D)-Reinforced Nanocomposites -- 4.4 Flake (2D)-Reinforced Nanocomposites -- 4.5 Multicomponents-Reinforced Nanocomposites -- 5 Conducting Polymer Nanocomposites for Sensors/Biosensors -- 5.1 Gas Sensing Application -- 5.2 Biosensing Application -- 6 Conclusion -- References -- 9 Conducting Polymer Nanocomposite-Based Supercapacitors -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Energy and Power Characteristics of Supercapacitors. , 2.1 Capacitance of an Electrode -- 2.2 Electrical Power and Energy of a Supercapacitor -- 2.3 Materials for Construction of Supercapacitors -- 2.4 Charge Storage Mechanisms -- 2.5 Electronically Conducting Polymer -- 2.6 Polypyrrole (PPy) -- 2.7 Polyaniline (PAn) -- 2.8 Poly(3,4-Ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) -- 2.9 The Necessity for ECP Nanocomposites -- 2.10 The Formation of ECP Nanocomposites -- 2.11 ECP-CNT Nanocomposites -- 2.12 ECP-Graphene Nanocomposite -- 2.13 ECP-Cellulose Nanocomposites -- 2.14 Prototypes and Devices -- 3 Comments -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- 10 Composites Based on Conducting Polymers and Carbon Nanotubes for Supercapacitors -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 CNT Modifications with Polymers -- 3 Composites Based on CNTs and CPs for Supercapacitors -- 3.1 PPy-CNT Composites -- 3.2 PANi-CNT Composites -- 4 Summary, Conclusive Remarks and Future Perspectives -- References.