Anmerkung: Intro -- 00Contents.pdf -- 0a.pdf -- Ch. 1.pdf -- Ch. 2.pdf -- Ch. 3.pdf -- Ch. 4.pdf -- Ch. 5.pdf -- Ch. 6.pdf -- Ch. 7.pdf -- Ch. 8.pdf -- Ch. 9.pdf.

Anmerkung: Front Cover -- Receptor Tyrosine Kinases -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Preface -- Chapter One: Roles for receptor tyrosine kinases in tumor progression and implications for cancer treatment -- 1. Preface: An introduction to growth factors and the family of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) -- 2. Classification and activation of RTKs -- 2.1. Classification of RTKs -- 2.2. Mechanisms underlying RTK dimerization and activation -- 2.3. The example of EGFR -- 2.4. Activation of intracellular signaling pathways -- 2.5. Mechanisms controlling RTKs -- 2.5.1. Inhibition of RTK autophosphorylation (see Fig. 2) -- 2.5.2. Ligand-induced receptor ubiquitination and degradation -- 3. Oncogenic activation of receptor tyrosine kinases -- 3.1. Activation by mutations -- 3.2. Overexpression of RTKs -- 3.3. Chromosomal rearrangements -- 3.4. Autocrine RTK activation -- 4. Supportive functions of RTKs during tumor progression -- 4.1. Roles for RTKs in tumor initiation -- 4.2. RTKs control pre-malignant precursors of cancer -- 4.3. Regulation of angiogenesis and vasculogenesis by RTKs -- 4.4. Growth factors and RTKs controlling intravasation and invasive growth -- 4.5. RTKs involved in extravasation and metastasis -- 5. Response and resistance to anti-RTK treatments -- 5.1. An introduction to cancer therapy (see Table 2) -- 5.2. Roles for RTKs in resistance to cytotoxic treatments -- 5.2.1. Roles for RTKs and growth factors in resistance to chemotherapy -- 5.2.2. Roles for RTKs and their ligands in resistance to radiotherapy -- 5.3. Roles for RTKs and their ligands in resistance to molecular targeted therapies (see Fig. 3) -- 5.3.1. Resistance to kinase inhibitors: Secondary mutations, autocrine and bypass mechanisms -- 5.3.2. Resistance to anti-RTK antibodies -- 5.4. Combination therapies targeting RTKs. , 6. Relevance of RTKs to anti-cancer treatments using immune checkpoint inhibitors -- 6.1. A primer to immune checkpoint inhibitors -- 6.2. The currently approved immune checkpoint inhibitors -- 6.2.1. Anti-CTLA-4 treatments -- 6.2.2. Anti-PD-1/PD-L1 treatments -- 6.3. Regulation of PD-L1 expression by RTKs -- 6.4. Predictive value of PD-L1 levels and relations to RTKs -- 7. Perspectives -- References -- Chapter Two: Nuclear receptor tyrosine kinase transport and functions in cancer -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Nuclear trafficking of RTKs -- 2.1. Nuclear transport of full-length RTKs -- 2.1.1. INTERNET -- 2.1.2. INFS -- 2.2. Nuclear transport of RTK fragments -- 2.3. Summary -- 3. The functions of nuclear RTKs in cancer progression and therapeutic resistance -- 3.1. ErbB family -- 3.1.1. EGFR -- 3.1.2. HER2 -- 3.1.3. ErbB3 -- 3.1.4. ErbB4 -- 3.2. MET family -- 3.2.1. MET -- 3.2.2. RON -- 3.3. FGFR family -- 3.3.1. FGFR1 -- 3.3.2. FGFR2 -- 3.3.3. FGFR3 and FGFR4 -- 3.4. VEGFR family -- 3.4.1. VEGFR1 -- 3.4.2. VEGFR2 -- 3.5. Insulin receptor (InsR) family -- 3.5.1. InsR -- 3.5.2. Insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF1R) -- 3.6. Ephrin receptor (Eph) family -- 3.7. Receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor (ROR) family -- 3.8. Platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR) family -- 3.8.1. PDGFR -- 3.8.2. CSF1R -- 3.8.3. Kit -- 3.9. Tropomyosin receptor kinase (Trk) family -- 3.9.1. TrkA -- 3.9.2. TrkB and TrkC -- 3.10. Tie family -- 3.11. Discoidin domain receptor (DDR) family -- 3.12. Protein tyrosine kinase 7 (PTK7) -- 3.13. Receptor-like tyrosine kinase (Ryk) -- 3.14. RET -- 3.15. TAM family -- 3.15.1. Tyro3 -- 3.15.2. Axl -- 3.15.3. Mer -- 3.16. ROS -- 4. Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter Three: HER family in cancer progression: From discovery to 2020 and beyond -- 1. Introduction -- 2. HERs: The big picture. , 3. The HER family: Discoveries, defining moments and historical context -- 4. Dysregulated expression and activity of HERs in cancer -- 5. HER signaling: Off-mechanisms -- 6. Cleaved HERs and therapeutic response -- 7. Ligand-induced HER3 dimerization and signaling -- 8. Function of the inactive HER3 kinase domain -- 9. HER3 localization and trafficking -- 10. HER3 in HER2-amplified cancers -- 11. HER3 in other cancers -- 12. HER3 mutations in cancers -- 13. HER as a prototype for RTK-directed targeted cancer therapy -- 14. Development of HER3 inhibitors -- 15. HER signaling and therapeutic sensitivity -- 16. NRG-HER3 axis: A shared potential effector of acquired drug resistance -- 17. Acquired therapeutic resistance: A model for consideration -- 18. HER-directed therapies: Potential drawbacks and future scope -- 19. Future anticipated advances -- 20. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter Four: EGFR: An essential receptor tyrosine kinase-regulator of cancer stem cells -- 1. Introduction -- 2. EGFR and cancer -- 3. Role of EGFR in regulation of cancer stem cells (CSCs) -- 3.1. Stemness regulation -- 3.2. Resistance to therapy -- 3.3. Metabolism -- 3.4. Dormancy -- 3.5. Immune escape -- 4. Conclusion -- 5. Future prospective -- References -- Chapter Five: In vivo modeling of the EGFR family in breast cancer progression and therapeutic approaches -- 1. Background -- 1.1. Breast cancer history and incidence -- 1.2. Breast cancer classification -- 1.3. Genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs) of breast cancer -- 1.4. EGFR family signaling -- 2. GEMMs representing the Neu/HER2-positive human breast cancer subtype -- 3. Specific recruitment of adaptor proteins to the ErbB2 receptor results in distinct in vivo phenotypes -- 4. ErbB2 tumor development is dependent on activation of the PI3K signaling axis. , 5. EGFR/integrin receptor crosstalk -- 6. ErbB2 signaling in epigenetic regulation and metabolism -- 7. ErbB2 signaling impacts nuclear transcription factors -- 8. Cell cycle regulation in ErbB2-positive breast cancer -- 9. ErbB2 in immune regulation -- 10. Use of mouse models in the development of HER2-targeted therapies -- 10.1. History of HER2-targeted therapies -- 10.2. GEMMs used as pre-clinical models to test the efficacy of HER2-targeted therapy -- References -- Chapter Six: Advances in insulin-like growth factor biology and -directed cancer therapeutics -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The insulin-like growth factor (IGF) family -- 2.1. Insulin and IGF ligands -- 2.2. IGF binding proteins -- 2.3. The IGF family of receptors -- 2.4. Signaling -- 3. The IGF family in cancer -- 3.1. Epidemiological evidence -- 3.2. Targeting the IGF family -- 3.2.1. Ligand neutralization -- 3.2.2. IGF1R targeted monoclonal antibodies -- 3.2.3. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors -- 4. Lessons learned and where we go from here -- 4.1. Biomarkers -- 4.2. Combination therapies -- 4.3. IR compensation -- 5. Conclusions -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Chapter Seven: MET receptor in oncology: From biomarker to therapeutic target -- 1. History of MET -- 1.1. Structure -- 1.1.1. Function and regulation -- 1.2. Pathway -- 1.3. Tumorigenesis -- 2. MET genetics -- 2.1. Chromosomal localization -- 2.2. Mutations -- 2.3. MET amplification -- 2.4. MET rearrangement translocation -- 3. MET receptor biology -- 3.1. Mitogenesis -- 3.2. Motogenesis -- 3.3. Morphogenesis -- 3.4. Mitochondria -- 3.5. Ligand binding with HGF -- 3.6. Biological downstream effects -- 4. MET therapeutics -- 4.1. History -- 4.2. Clinical application in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) -- 4.3. Clinical application in central nervous system (CNS) tumors -- 4.4. Clinical application in gastrointestinal (GI) malignancy. , 4.5. Role in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) -- 4.6. Clinical application in medullary thyroid cancer -- 5. MET mechanisms of resistance and tumor evolution -- 5.1. Resistance through acquired somatic mutations -- 5.2. Off-target mechanisms of resistance -- 6. Future directions -- References -- Chapter Eight: Eph receptors as cancer targets for antibody-based therapy -- 1. Receptor tyrosine kinases: Structure and function -- 1.1. Eph receptors and ephrins -- 2. Mechanisms of receptor tyrosine kinases activation -- 3. Receptor tyrosine kinases in human cancers -- 3.1. Eph receptors in human cancers -- 4. Receptor tyrosine kinases as cancer targets -- 4.1. New technologies to develop RTK-targeted cancer therapies -- 5. Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- Conflict of interest -- References -- Chapter Nine: RTKs in pathobiology of head and neck cancers -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Insights into the incidence and etiology of HNC -- 3. Biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis of HNC -- 4. RTKs as a biomarker for tumorigenesis in HNC -- 5. RTK induced de-differentiation of cancer cells in HNC and its link with stemness -- 6. HPV-RTK link in HNC -- 7. Global miRNAs regulating RTKs in HNC -- 8. Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) and RTKs in HNC -- 9. TME and RTK activation in HNC -- 10. Autocrine action of growth factors and chemokines on RTKs in HNC -- 11. Tobacco associated carcinogens and RTK activation in HNC -- 12. Targeting RTKs in HNC -- 13. Therapeutic strategies for HPV positive HNC: Emphasis on RTKs -- 14. Drug resistance and RTKs in HNC -- 15. RTK signaling during radiotherapy and immunotherapy -- 16. Can RTK targeting be promising than current therapeutic strategies for HNC? -- 17. Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter Ten: Advances in EGFR/HER2-directed clinical research on breast cancer -- 1. Introduction. , 2. Treatment of early HER2-positive breast cancer.

Anmerkung: Intro -- FOSSIL FUELS: SOURCES, ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS AND WASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES -- FOSSIL FUELS: SOURCES, ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS AND WASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES -- Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- Chapter 1: ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS OF EXTRACTION, TRANSPORTATION, AND USE OF FOSSIL FUELS -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. RESERVES OF FOSSIL FUELS AND DISTRIBUTION AROUND THE GLOBE -- 3. THE HISTORY OF FUEL RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT -- 4. METHODS OF FOSSIL FUEL EXTRACTION -- 5. METHODS OF FOSSIL FUEL TRANSPORTATION -- 6. STAGES OF FOSSIL FUEL MINING AND STAGES OF THE CONSTRUCTION OF PIPELINES -- 7. FOSSIL FUEL USE -- 8. NATURAL PROCESSES THAT COMPLICATE EXTRACTION OF FOSSIL FUELS -- 9. NATURAL PROCESSES THAT COMPLICATE TRANSPORTATION OF FOSSIL FUELS -- 10. SECONDARY PROBLEMS CAUSED BY THE EXTRACTION, TRANSPORTATION, AND PROCESSING OF FOSSIL FUELS -- 11. DANGER TO PERSONS ARISING FROM EXTRACTION, TRANSPORTATION, AND PROCESSING OF FOSSIL FUELS -- 12. THE IMPACTS OF FOSSIL FUEL EXTRACTION ON NATURAL COMPONENTS -- 13. THE IMPACTS OF FOSSIL FUEL TRANSPORTATION ON NATURAL COMPONENTS -- 14. THE IMPACTS OF FOSSIL FUEL BURNING ON NATURAL COMPONENTS -- 15. THE IMPACTS OF FOSSIL FUEL TREATMENT ON NATURAL COMPONENTS -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 2: CURRENT ISSUES OF FOSSIL FUELS AND THEIR FUTURE PROSPECTS -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. COAL -- 3. PETROLEUM -- 4. NATURAL GAS -- 5. HYDROGEN FUEL -- 6. SOLAR ENERGY -- 7. BIOFUEL -- 8. WIND AND OCEAN ENERGY -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 3: CO-PROCESSING OF COAL AND HYDROCHAR PRODUCED FROM HYDROTHERMAL CARBONIZATION (HTC) OF WASTE BIOMASS -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. EXPERIMENTAL -- 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 4: MODIFIED BIOMASS-BASED ALTERNATIVE FUELS -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION. , 1. LAND AVAILABILITY FOR BIOMASS AND ITS END USE AS FOOD OR FUEL -- 2. FOSSIL FUEL SCENARIO IN DEVELOPED/DEVELOPING COUNTRIES -- 3. METHODS OF GENERATING ENERGY FROM BIOMASS -- 4. MODIFICATION OF FOSSIL FUELS -- 5. ENERGY EFFICIENCY OF BIOMASS-BASED ENERGY SYSTEMS -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 5: THE ROLE OF GASIFICATION IN ACHIEVING ALMOST ZERO EMISSIONS IN ENERGY PRODUCTION FROM COAL -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. GASIFICATION PROCESS -- 3. SYNGAS CLEANING -- 4. HOT SYNGAS UPGRADING -- 5. H2 SEPARATION THROUGH MEMBRANES -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENT -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 6: CARBON NEUTRAL MATERIALS FROM CO2 SEQUESTRATION: THE MINERAL CARBONATION OPTION -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. MC PRODUCTS AND POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS -- 3. POST-PROCESSING REQUIRED -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 7: GEOENGINEERING AND CARBON SEQUESTRATION: SOLUTIONS FOR FOSSIL FUEL EMISSIONS? -- ABSTRACT -- ABBREVIATIONS -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. SEQUESTERING CARBON -- 3. GEOENGINEERING THE PLANET -- DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 8: ROLE OF REMOTE SENSING IN FOREST CARBON SEQUESTRATION WITH SPECIAL EMPHASIS ON FOSSIL FUEL COMBUSTION -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. CARBON SEQUESTRATION AND ITS IMPORTANCE -- 3. CONCEPT OF REMOTE SENSING -- 4. REMOTE SENSING APPLICATION IN BIOMASS ESTIMATION -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 9: STEAM REFORMING OF ETHANOLAT LOW TEMPERATURE FOR HYDROGEN PRODUCTION -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- 1. FUEL CELLS -- 2. ETHANOL STEAM REFORMING -- 3. STATE OF THE ART -- 4. EXPERIMENTAL PROPOSAL -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENT -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 10: THE SECOND HALF OF THE FOSSIL FUEL AGE: ENVIRONMENTAL EXTERNALITIES, NET ENERGY AND ENERGY SECURITY CONCERNS -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. UNCONVENTIONAL SOURCES: PRODUCTION RATES, NET ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL EXTERNALITIES. , 3. ENERGY RETURN ON ENERGY INVESTMENT (EROEI) -- 4. ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS -- 5. UNCONVENTIONAL OIL -- 6. GAS -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- INDEX.

Anmerkung: Intro -- Preface -- Editors biographies -- Pawan Shukla -- Anirudh Kumar -- Rakesh Kumar -- Manish K Pandey -- List of contributors -- Chapter 1 Understanding environmental associated abiotic stress response in plants under changing climate -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Aspects of abiotic stress -- 1.2.1 Types -- 1.2.2 Abiotic stress and oxidative stress -- 1.3 Major affected crops and resistant varieties -- 1.4 Key genes identified for abiotic tolerance -- 1.5 Recent examples of molecular approaches and outcomes: transgenics and CRISPR/Cas9 -- 1.6 Conclusions -- Acknowledgement -- Multiple choice questions -- Descriptive-type questions -- References -- Chapter 2 Metabolic engineering for understanding abiotic stress tolerance in plants -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Metabolomics-mediated interpretation of abiotic stress tolerance in plants -- 2.3 Abiotic-stress-induced adjustment of primary and secondary metabolites -- 2.4 Engineering metabolic genes and pathways to improve abiotic stress tolerance -- 2.4.1 Drought tolerance -- 2.4.2 Salinity stress tolerance -- 2.4.3 Heat stress tolerance -- 2.4.4 Cold stress tolerance -- 2.4.5 Heavy metals stress tolerance -- 2.5 Conclusions -- Multiple choice questions -- Descriptive-type questions -- References -- Chapter 3 The molecular basis of mineral toxicity in plants -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Plant growth responses in mineral-rich environments -- 3.3 Membrane transporters involved in the perception of mineral stress -- 3.4 Molecular targets of mineral toxicity -- 3.5 Mineral detoxification in plants -- 3.6 Conclusions -- Fill in the blanks -- Descriptive-type questions -- References -- Chapter 4 Mechanistic insight into understanding drought stress response in plants -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Mechanisms involved in drought tolerance -- 4.2.1 Morphological mechanisms -- 4.2.2 Physiological mechanisms. , 4.2.3 Molecular mechanisms -- 4.3 Functions of drought-inducible genes/drought-responsive genes -- 4.4 Towards an improved drought tolerance in plants -- 4.4.1 Genome editing for drought-tolerant crops -- 4.4.2 CRISPR technology: revolutionizing genome editing for crop improvement -- 4.5 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- Multiple choice questions -- Descriptive-type questions -- References -- Chapter 5 Engineering salt tolerance in crops: ion transporters and compatible solutes -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Physiological effects of salt stress on plant growth and development -- 5.3 Halophytes versus glycophytes -- 5.4 Salt stress sensing and signal transduction components -- 5.5 Sodium uptake and transport in plants -- 5.6 Transporters in salt stress -- 5.6.1 High-affinity potassium transporters -- 5.6.2 Salt overly sensitive -- 5.6.3 Proton pumps -- 5.6.4 Vacuolar H+-ATPase -- 5.6.5 Vacuolar H+ pyrophosphatases -- 5.7 Compatible solutes -- 5.7.1 Glycine betaine -- 5.7.2 Proline -- 5.8 Potassium transporters in salt tolerance -- 5.9 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- Multiple choice questions -- Descriptive-type questions -- References -- Chapter 6 Cold stress: molecular insight and way forward -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Sensing of cold stress signals -- 6.2.1 Cell membrane fluidity -- 6.2.2 Calcium (Ca2+) channels -- 6.2.3 Phytochromes -- 6.3 Molecular alterations during cold stress -- 6.4 Conclusions -- Multiple choice questions -- Descriptive-type questions -- References -- Chapter 7 Unraveling the molecular and genetic basis of plant responses to heat stress -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Plant responses to heat stress -- 7.2.1 Morphological responses -- 7.2.2 Anatomical responses -- 7.2.3 Phenological responses -- 7.3 Adaptation mechanisms of plants to heat stress -- 7.3.1 Heat avoidance -- 7.3.2 Heat tolerance. , 7.4 Molecular basis of the heat stress response -- 7.4.1 Oxidative stress and antioxidants -- 7.4.2 Heat shock proteins -- 7.4.3 Other heat-activated proteins -- 7.5 Functions of heat-inducible genes -- 7.5.1 Activation of signaling pathway -- 7.6 Conclusions -- Multiple choice questions -- Descriptive-type questions -- References -- Chapter 8 Oxidative stress responses in plants to abiotic stress tolerance -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Antioxidant defense system -- 8.2.1 Enzymatic antioxidants -- 8.2.2 Nonenzymatic antioxidants -- 8.3 Involvement of NADPH oxidase (NOX) during abiotic stress -- 8.4 Hormones' interaction with antioxidants -- 8.5 Contribution of transcription factors -- 8.6 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- Multiple choice questions -- Descriptive-type questions -- References -- Chapter 9 Potential impacts of ultraviolet-B radiation on crop plants and its consequences -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Visual injury symptoms under UV-B exposure -- 9.3 Growth and morphological characteristics -- 9.4 Physiological and biochemical characteristics -- 9.4.1 Photosynthesis -- 9.4.2 Photosystem II -- 9.4.3 Photosystem I -- 9.4.4 ATPase complex -- 9.4.5 Photosynthetic pigments -- 9.4.6 Calvin cycle enzyme: Rubisco -- 9.4.7 Generation of reactive oxygen species -- 9.4.8 Secondary metabolites -- 9.5 Reproductive fitness, crop yield and its quality -- 9.6 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- Multiple choice questions -- Descriptive-type questions -- References -- Chapter 10 Physiological and molecular mechanisms of submergence and waterlogging stress tolerance in crops -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Changes in the physical and chemical properties of soil under waterlogged conditions -- 10.2.1 Anoxia in waterlogged soils -- 10.2.2 Change in electrochemical properties of the soil in lowlands -- 10.2.3 Changes in pH of the soil. , 10.2.4 Changes in redox potential (Eh) of the soil -- 10.2.5 Changes in specific conductance -- 10.2.6 Changes in mineral composition -- 10.2.7 Organic matter decomposition -- 10.3 Morphological and anatomical responses to flooding/waterlogging -- 10.3.1 Generation of aerenchyma -- 10.3.2 Barriers to radial oxygen loss to the rhizosphere -- 10.3.3 Formation of adventitious roots -- 10.3.4 Changes in morphology of shoots -- 10.4 Biochemical adaptations and stress signaling during submergence -- 10.4.1 Submergence adaptation strategies: LOQS and LOES -- 10.4.2 Energy metabolism under hypoxia -- 10.4.3 Effect of submergence in photosynthesis -- 10.4.4 Reactive oxygen species metabolism during flooding stress -- 10.4.5 Role of phytohormones in waterlogging stress tolerance -- 10.4.6 N-end rule pathway of targeted proteolysis -- 10.5 Molecular changes during submergence/waterlogging -- 10.5.1 Molecular mechanisms behind adventitious roots and aerenchyma formation -- 10.5.2 Role of transcription factors in submergence tolerance -- 10.5.3 Transcriptome studies on waterlogging stress -- 10.5.4 Genetic studies and quantitative trait locus identifications -- 10.6 Conclusions -- Objective-type questions -- Descriptive-type questions -- References -- Chapter 11 Understanding nitric oxide signaling: plant abiotic stress perspective -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Nitric oxide production: an evident outcome of multiple abiotic stresses -- 11.3 Nitric oxide biosynthesis in plants: molecular perspective -- 11.3.1 Sources of NO production in the plant kingdom -- 11.3.2 Plant hormones that regulate NO biosynthesis in plants during abiotic stress -- 11.3.3 Tools for detecting and manipulating NO in plants -- 11.4 Nitric oxide signaling: mode of action and cross-talk with co-signaling components. , 11.5 Modulating nitric oxide biosynthesis in plants for engineering abiotic stress tolerance -- 11.6 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- Multiple choice questions -- Descriptive-type questions -- References -- Chapter 12 Possible role of osmolytes in enhancing abiotic stress tolerance in plants -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Proline -- 12.3 Glycine betaine -- 12.4 Polyamines -- 12.5 Sugars -- 12.6 Conclusions -- Multiple choice questions -- Descriptive-type questions -- References -- Chapter 13 Secondary metabolites and plant abiotic stress responses -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Abiotic stresses and their consequences -- 13.3 Secondary metabolites and their biosynthesis in plants -- 13.4 Role of secondary metabolites in response to abiotic stress -- 13.4.1 Regulation of secondary metabolites -- 13.4.2 Secondary metabolites in abiotic stress -- 13.5 Secondary metabolites as plant signaling molecules during abiotic stress responses -- 13.6 Engineering abiotic stress tolerance -- 13.7 Conclusions -- Multiple choice questions -- Descriptive-type questions -- References.