Note: Cover -- Half-title -- Title page -- Copyright information -- Contents -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- List of Contributors -- Preface -- Introduction -- 1 Re-theorizing Interdisciplinarity, and the Relation between Archaeology, Linguistics, and Genetics -- 1.1 Background: The Third Science Revolution -- 1.2 A Brief Research History -- 1.3 The Danger of Ideological Misrepresentation -- 1.4 From Here On: Toward a New Interdisciplinarity? -- References -- Part I Early Indo-European and the Origin of Pastoralism -- 2 The Yamnaya Culture and the Invention of Nomadic Pastoralism in the Eurasian Steppes -- 2.1 Yamnaya Chronology and Variability -- 2.2 Debates about Yamnaya Pastoralism -- 2.3 New Evidence: Horseback Riding, DNA, and Wheels -- 2.4 Dependency Theory and the Evolution of Nomadic Pastoralism -- 2.5 The Abandonment of Eneolithic Settlements -- 2.6 Yamnaya Nomadic Pastoralism: Sheep, Isotopes, and Dairy Peptides -- 2.6.1 Dietary Stable Isotopes -- 2.6.2 Dental Pathologies -- 2.6.3 Faunal Evidence from Mikhailovka, Repin, and Usatovo -- 2.6.4 Faunal Evidence from Graves -- 2.6.5 Peptides from Dairy -- 2.6.6 Stature -- 2.7 Conclusion: The First Pastoral Nomads in the Steppes -- References -- 3 Yamnaya Pastoralists in the Eurasian Desert Steppe Zone: New Perspectives on Mobility -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Chronology and Archaeological Background of the Yamnaya Culture -- 3.3 The Settlement Pattern -- 3.4 Optimization of the Economic Strategy -- 3.5 Productivity of the Yamnaya Grasslands -- 3.6 Yamnaya Culture Isotope Data -- 3.7 Pastoralism and Mobility of Yamnaya Pastoralism in the Arid System: Discussion -- 3.8 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 4 Proto-Indo-Anatolian, the ''Anatolian Split'' and the ''Anatolian Trek'': A Comparative Linguistic Perspective -- 4.1 Dating the ''Anatolian Split''. , 4.1.1 Dating Proto-Anatolian -- 4.1.2 Dating Proto-Indo-Anatolian -- 4.1.2.1 The Gap between Proto-Indo-Anatolian and Classical Proto-Indo-European -- 4.1.2.2 The Gap between Proto-Indo-Anatolian and Proto-Anatolian -- 4.1.2.3 Combining the Two Approaches -- 4.2 Locating Proto-Indo-Anatolian -- 4.2.1 The Indo-European ''Homeland'' Question: Analyzing the Anatolian Lexicon -- 4.2.1.1 The Borrowed Lexicon of Hittite -- 4.2.1.2 The Inherited Lexicon of Hittite -- 4.2.2 The Indo-Uralic Hypothesis -- 4.3 Mapping the ''Anatolian Trek'' -- 4.3.1 The Date of Entry into Anatolia -- 4.3.2 The Point of Entry into Anatolia -- 4.3.2.1 The Western Location of the Anatolian Languages -- 4.3.2.2 The Kızıl Irmak River as a Linguistic Border -- 4.3.2.3 The ''Drift'' of the Anatolian Languages in Historic Times -- 4.3.2.4 Parallels from Later Times -- 4.4 Conclusions on the Basis of Comparative Linguistic Arguments -- 4.5 Mapping the ''Anatolian Trek'' onto Evidence from Archaeology -- 4.6 Mapping the ''Anatolian Trek'' onto Evidence from Palaeogenomics -- 4.7 Conclusions -- References -- Part II Migratory Processes and Linguistic Dispersals between Yamnaya and the Corded Ware -- 5 The Corded Ware Complex in Europe in Light of Current Archaeogenetic and Environmental Evidence -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Early Genetic Studies -- 5.3 Recent Genomic Studies -- 5.4 Transformations of the Third Millennium BCE in Europe -- 5.4.1 Economy and Environmental Impact -- 5.4.2 Diet -- 5.5 Mechanisms of Expansion and Their Possible Causes -- 5.5.1 Disease, Environment and Health -- 5.5.2 Social Institutions of Kinship and Inheritance -- References -- 6 Emergent Properties of the Corded Ware Culture: An Information Approach -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Similarity and Death in the Corded Ware Culture -- 6.3 Understanding Corded Ware Similarities. , 6.4 Emergence and Information Sharing in the Corded Ware Culture -- 6.5 Data and Method -- 6.6 Results -- 6.6.1 A Network Perspective -- 6.7 Discussion -- 6.7.1 Information Exchange in Corded Ware Culture -- 6.7.2 Connections with aDNA, Isotope Analysis, and Linguistics -- 6.8 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 7 Linguistic Phylogenetics and Words for Metals in Indo-European -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Linguistic Palaeontology -- 7.3 Indo-European Linguistic Phylogenetics -- 7.4 From Relative to Absolute Chronologies -- 7.5 Metals in Early Indo-European -- 7.5.1 Gold -- 7.5.2 Silver -- 7.5.3 Copper/Bronze -- 7.5.4 Iron -- 7.6 Conclusions -- References -- 8 Word Mining: Metal Names and the Indo-European Dispersal -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Gold -- 8.2.1 PIE *h2eHus- -- 8.2.2 PIE *ǵʰelh3 - -- 8.2.3 Greek χρῡσός -- 8.3 Silver -- 8.3.1 PIE *h2(e)rǵ-nt-o- -- 8.3.2 West European *sil(a)P(u )r -- 8.4 Copper -- 8.4.1 PIE *h2eies- 'metal, copper?' -- 8.4.2 Sanskrit lohá-, Old Norse rauði, Old Church Slavonic ruda -- 8.4.3 Proto-Germanic *arut- ~ Latin raudus ~ Sumerian aruda -- 8.4.4 Hittite ku(wa)nna(n)- -- 8.4.5 Greek χαλκός -- 8.4.6 Balto-Slavic Words for 'copper' -- 8.4.7 Celtic *omi-, *omiio- -- 8.5 Iron -- 8.5.1 PIE *h2eḱ-mon- 'meteoritic iron?' -- 8.5.2 Proto-Germanic ~ Proto-Celtic *īsarn- -- 8.5.3 Latin ferrum -- 8.5.4 Iranian *(ā̆)ću(a)n(i)ā̆- ~ Tocharian *eñcə(u)wo- -- 8.5.5 Balto-Slavic *gele(?)ź- -- 8.5.6 Greek σίδηρος -- 8.5.7 Armenian erkat -- 8.6 Tin -- 8.6.1 Latin stagnum -- 8.6.2 Greek κασσίτερος -- 8.6.3 Proto-Germanic *tina- -- 8.7 Lead -- 8.7.1 Greek μόλυβδος ~ Proto-Germanic *blīwa- -- 8.7.2 Latin plumbum ~ Proto-Celtic *(ɸ)loud(i)o- ~ Berber *būldūn -- 8.7.3 Balto-Slavic *al(a)wa- 'lead/tin' and *św(e)in- 'lead' -- 8.7.4 Armenian kapar -- 8.8 Discussion -- 8.8.1 Metals in PIE and the Daughter Branches. , 8.8.2 Indo-European Languages at the Beginning of the Iron Age -- List of Abbreviations -- References -- Part III The Cultural and Linguistic Significance of Bell Beakers along the Atlantic Fringe -- 9 From the Steppe to Ireland: The Impact of aDNA Research -- 9.1 Before the Revolution: The Archaeological Models -- 9.1.1 Stage 1: Steppe to Corded Ware -- 9.1.2 Stage 2: Corded Ware to British/Irish Beakers -- 9.2 Before the Revolution: The ''Pre-Molecular-Genetic'' Models -- 9.2.1 Stage 1: Steppe to Corded Ware -- 9.2.2 Stage 2: Corded Ware to Irish Beakers -- 9.3 Before the Revolution: Molecular-Genetic Models -- 9.3.1 Stage 1: Steppe to Corded Ware -- 9.3.2 Stage 2: Corded Ware to Irish Beaker -- 9.4 The Eve of the Revolution -- 9.5 The aDNA Revolution (2015-2018) -- 9.5.1 Stage 1: Steppe > -- Corded Ware -- 9.5.2 Stage 2: Corded Ware > -- Irish Beaker -- 9.6 The Challenges of aDNA to Archaeology -- 9.7 Conclusions -- 9.7.1 An eilifint sa seomra -- References -- 10 Beaker Culture Metal and Mobility in Atlantic Europe: Some Implications for Genetic and Language Origins -- 10.1 The Atlantic Seaways -- 10.2 Metal as Knowledge -- 10.3 Beakers in Britain and Ireland -- 10.4 Beaker Networks and the Transmission of Metallurgical Knowledge -- 10.5 Atlantic Mining Networks -- 10.6 First Encounters with Metal -- 10.7 Conclusions: Metal, Genes, and Memes -- References -- 11 ''From the Ends of the Earth'': A Cross-Disciplinary Approach to Long-Distance Contact in Bronze Age Atlantic Europe -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Theoretical Background -- 11.3 New Perspectives on an Ancient Keynote -- 11.4 Rising Social Complexity against Declining Mutual Intelligibility and Some Implications of Archaeogenetics -- 11.5 North-West Indo-European and Celto-Germanic -- 11.6 Language and Metal Cultures -- 11.7 Bronze Age Warriors and Long-Distance Trade. , 11.8 Rock Art as Evidence of Long-Distance Exchange -- 11.9 Conclusion -- References -- 12 With the Back to the Ocean: The Celtic Maritime Vocabulary -- 12.1 Methodology -- 12.1.1 Etymological Layering -- 12.1.2 The Nature of Loans -- 12.1.3 Collection -- 12.1.4 Arrangement of entries -- 12.2 Topography -- 12.2.1 PC *mori- 'sea' < -- PIE *mori- -- 12.2.2PC *rei̯no- 'expanse of water, flow' < -- pre-Clt. h3rei̯H-no- -- 12.2.3 PC *sālo- 'salty water' < -- PIE *seh2lo- 'salty one' -- 12.2.4 PC *li-/l ī- (*φli-/φlī-) 'to flow' < -- PIE *lei̯H- 'to pour' and *pleh1- 'to become full' -- 4a pic *liro- 'ocean' < -- pre-clt. *lih-ro- -- 4b pic *lı¯i̯ant- 'flow, flood' < -- pre-clt. *lih-i̯ n° t- -- 4c pic *lı¯mu- 'flow' < -- pre-clt. *lih-mu- -- 4d pic *to-lih-(i̯)o- 'flood'? or *to- Φli-i̯o-? -- 4e **dı¯-lih-i̯on- 'deluge'? -- 4f pc *Φlanu̯ o- 'flood' < -- pre-clt. *pl ° h1-n-u̯ o- -- 12.2.5 PC *tetrāg- 'sea, tide?' -- 12.2.6 PC *trei̯aton- 'sea?' < -- PIE *trei̯Ht-(H)on-? -- 12.2.7 PIC *u̯orgiu̯i̯ā-?, *u̯ergiu̯i̯ā-? 'raging ocean?' -- 12.2.8 pre-Ir. *bou̯koni̯ā- 'the roaring one'? -- 12.2.9 PIC *u̯ai̯lo-kū 'wolfhound' -- 12.2.10 PC *trag-/trāg- 'to flow, to ebb?' < -- pre-Clt. *treh2gh- < -- < -- PIE *dhreh2gh- 'to become agitated'? -- 10a pic *tra¯ gi-, *tragi̯o- 'ebb tide' -- 10b pic *traΧtu- 'shore, beach' < -- pre-clt. *trh2ghtu- -- 12.2.11 pre-Ir. *kladdāko- 'stony shore'? -- 12.2.12 PIC *φrobertii̯ā- 'spring tide' < -- pre-Clt. *pro-bher-t- -- 12.2.13 PIC *tunnā- 'wave' < -- pre-Clt. *tuh2-s-neh2-? or < -- pre-Clt. *tu-n-d-neh2-? -- 12.2.14 PIC *kaφno- < -- West PIE *kh2p-no- 'harbor' -- 12.2.15 PIC *enistī- 'island' < -- pre- Clt. *h1eni-sth2-ih2- 'standing inside' -- 12.2.16 pre-Ir. *gai̯to/ā- 'estuary'? -- 12.2.17 PIC *tabernV- 'sea'? -- 12.2.18 Pre-Ir. *(ambi-)bato- 'sea'? <. , pre-Clt. *h2m̥ bʰi-gu̯h2-to-?.