Note: Front Cover -- The Enzymes: Control by Phosphorylation -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Preface -- Section I: Control of Specific Enzymes (Continued) -- Chapter 1. Enzymes of the Fructose 6-Phosphate-Fructose 1,6-Bisphosphate Substrate Cycle -- I. Introduction -- II. Purification of Hepatic 6-Phosphofructo-2-Kinase- Fructose-2,6-Bisphosphatase -- III. Assay of 6-Phosphofructo-2-Kinase Activity -- IV. Assay of Fructose-2,6-Bisphosphatase Activity -- V. Structural Properties -- VI. Catalytic Properties of Rat Liver 6-Phosphofructo-2-Kinase -- VII. Catalytic Properties of Rat Liver Fructose-2,6- Bisphosphatase -- VIII. Evidence for Two Catalytic Centers -- IX. Regulation of 6-Phosphofructo-2-Kinase- Fructose-2,6-Bisphophatase by Low-Molecular-Weight Effectors -- X. Regulation of 6-Phosphofructo-2-Kinase-Fructose-2,6- Bisphosphatase by Phosphorylation-Dephosphorylation -- XI. 6-Phosphofructo-1 -Kinase: Possible Role of Phosphorylation in the Control of Enzyme Activity -- XII. Fructose-l,6-Bisphosphatase: Possible Role of Phosphorylation in Control of Enzyme Activity -- XIII. Role of 6-Phosphofructo-2-Kinase-Fructose-2,6- Bisphosphatase in the Hormonal Control of Hepatic Gluconeogenesis and Glycolysis -- XIV. Summary and Overview -- References -- Chapter 2. Pyruvate Kinase -- I. Introduction -- II. Influence of Phosphorylation on the Kinetic Properties of Liver Pyruvate Kinase -- III. Influence of Phosphorylation on the Sensitivity of Liver Pyruvate Kinase to Proteolytic Enzymes -- IV. The Reaction of Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinase with Liver Pyruvate Kinase as Substrate -- V. Dephosphorylation of Liver Pyruvate Kinase with Phosphoprotein Phosphatases -- VI. Acute Hormonal Regulation of Liver Pyruvate Kinase in Vivo and in Intact Cells -- VII. Phosphorylation of Other Pyruvate Kinases -- VIII. Concluding Remarks -- References. , Chapter 3. Pyruvate Dehydrogenase -- I. Introduction -- II. Mammalian Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex -- III. Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Kinase -- IV. Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Phosphatase -- V. Regulation of Mammalian Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex -- VI. Comparison of Properties of Mitochondrial a-Ketoacid Dehydrogenase Kinases and Phosphatases -- References -- Chapter 4. Branched-Chain Ketoacid Dehydrogenase -- I. Introduction -- II. Animal Branched-Chain Ketoacid-Dehydrogenase Complex -- III. Regulation by Reversible Phosphorylation -- IV. Biological Significance of Reversible Phosphorylation -- V. Addendum -- References -- Chapter 5. Acetyl-Coenzyme A Carboxylase -- I. Introduction -- II. Structural Aspects and Regulation by Allosteric Effectors -- III. Short-Term Hormonal Regulation of Fatty Acid Synthesis Associated with Persistent Changes in Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase Activity -- IV. Early Evidence for the Regulation of Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase by Reversible Phosphorylation -- V. Effects of Hormones on the level of Phosphorylation of Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase within Intact Cell Preparations -- VI. Protein Kinases That Phosphorylate Acetyl -CoA Carboxylase -- VII. Protein Phosphatases That Act on Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase -- VIII. Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 6. Hormone-Sensitive Lipase -- I. Introduction -- II. Properties -- II. Mechanism of Regulation of the Adipose Tissue Lipase -- IV. Possible Role as a Hormone-Activatable, Multifunctional Tissue Lipase -- V. Conclusions and Perspectives -- References -- Chapter 7. Hydroxymethylglutaryl- Coenzyme A Reductase -- I. Introduction -- II. Topology -- III. Multivalent Control -- IV. Reversible Phosphorylation in Vitro -- V. lntracellular Phosphorylation -- VI. Reversible Phosphorylation and Degradation -- References -- Chapter 8. Aromatic Amino Acid Hydroxylases -- I. Introduction. , II. Phenylalanine Hydroxylase -- III. Tyrosine Hydroxylase -- IV. Tryptophan Hydroxylase -- References -- Section II: Control of Biological Processes -- Chapter 9. Phosphorylation of Bra in Proteins -- I. Introduction -- II. Protein Kinases in the Brain -- III. Phosphoproteins in the Brain -- IV. Protein Phosphatases in the Brain -- V. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 10. Regulation of Receptor Function -- I. Introduction and Perspectives -- II. The β-Adrenergic Receptor -- III. Rhodopsin -- IV. The Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor -- V. The Receptors for EGF and Insulin -- VI. Other Membrane Receptors -- References -- Chapter 11. Regulation of Ionic Channels -- I. Introduction -- II. Calcium Channels -- III. Potassium Channels -- IV. Acetylcholine Receptor -- V. Sodium Channels -- VI. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 12. Regulation of Protein Synthesis -- I. Introduction -- II. Initiation of Protein Synthesis in Eukaryotic Cells -- III. Role of elF-2 in Eukaryotic Protein Chain Initiation and the Effect of elF-2α Phosphorylation -- IV. Heme-Regulated elF-2α Kinase -- V. dsRNA-Dependent elF-2α Kinase -- VI. Biological Significance of HRI and dsl -- VII. Guanine Nucleotide-Binding Proteins -- References -- Chapter 13. Regulation of Contractile Activity -- I. Introduction -- II. Regulation of Vertebrate Smooth-Muscle Myosin by Phosphorylation -- III. Role of Phosphorylation in Modulating Contractile Activity of Striated Muscle Proteins -- IV. Phosphorylation-Dependent Regulatory Systems in Invertebrate Muscles -- VI. Summary -- References -- Chapter 14. Protein Phosphorylation in Prokaryotes and Single-Celled Eukaryotes -- I. Introduction -- II. Protein Phosphorylation in Prokaryotes -- III. Protein Phosphorylation in Single-Celled Eukaryotes -- IV. General Comments -- References -- Author Index -- Subject Index.

Note: Front Cover -- The Enzymes, Volume XVII -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Preface -- Section I. Enzymology of Control by Phosphorylation -- Chapter 1. The Enzymology of Control by Phosphorylation -- I. Historical Aspects of Protein Phosphorylation -- II. Protein Phosphorylation-Dephosphorylation Reactions -- III. Classification of Protein Kinases and Phosphoprotein Phosphatases -- IV. Protein Phosphorylation and the Regulation of Biological Processes -- References -- Chapter 2. Cyclic Cascades and Metabolic Regulation -- I. Perspectives -- II. Features of Cyclic Cascade Systems -- III. Experimental Verification of the Cyclic Cascade Model -- IV. Energy Consumption -- V. Covalent Interconversion versus Simple Allosteric Control -- VI. Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 3. Cyclic Nucleotide-Dependent Protein Kinases -- I. Introduction -- II. Purification -- III. Characterization and Physical Properties -- IV. Mechanism of Action -- V. Biological Role of Protein Kinases -- References -- Chapter 4. Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases -- I. Introduction -- II. Myosin Light Chain Kinases -- III. Multifunctional Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases -- References -- Chapter 5. Protein Kinase C -- I. Introduction -- II. Properties -- III. Biochemical Activation -- IV. Physiological Activation -- V. Action of Tumor Promoters -- VI. Inhibitors -- VII. Synergistic Roles with Calcium -- VIII. Growth Response and Down Regulation -- IX. Target Proteins and Catalytic Specificity -- X. Relation to Other Receptors -- XI. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 6. Viral Oncogenes and Tyrosine Phosphorylation -- I. Introduction and Historical Perspective -- II. Individual Viral Protein-Tyrosine Kinases and Their Cellular Homologues -- III. Other Transformation-Related Tyrosine Phosphorylation Systems -- IV. General Properties of Protein-Tyrosine Kinases. , V. Cellular Substrates for Protein-Tyrosine Kinases -- VI. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 7. The Insulin Receptor and Tyrosine Phosphorylation -- I. Introduction and Scope -- II. Structure of the Insulin Receptor and Its Relation to Other Tyrosine-Specific Protein Kinases -- III. Properties of Tyrosine-Specific Protein Kinases -- IV. Tyrosine Phosphorylation of Insulin Receptors and Other Proteins in the Intact Cell -- V. Regulation of Hormone Receptors by Multisite Phosphorylation -- VI. Evidence That Tyrosine Phosphorylation Is Physiologically Important -- VII. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 8. Phosphoprotein Phosphatases -- I. Introduction and Historical Overview: The "PR Enzyme -- II. Classification of Protein Phosphatases -- III. Phosphatase Type 1 (Phosphorylase Phosphatase) -- IV. Phosphatase Type 2A -- V. Phosphatase Type 2B (Calcineurin) -- VI. Phosphatase Type 2C -- VII. Phosphotyrosyl-Protein Phosphatases -- References -- Section II. Control of Specific Enzymes -- Chapter 9. Glycogen Phosphorylase -- I. Introduction -- II. Enzymic Characteristics of Phosphorylase -- III. Molecular Structure -- IV. Substrate-Directed Control of Phosphorylation and Dephosphorylation -- V. Structural Consequences of Serine-14 Phosphorylation -- VI. Functional Results of the Phosphorylation of Serine-14 -- VII. Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 10. Phosphorylase Kinase -- I. Introduction -- II. Physicochemical Properties -- III. Subunit Function and Interaction between Subunits -- IV. Catalytic Properties -- V. Regulation of Phosphorylase Kinase Activity by Allosteric Effectors -- VI. Proteolytic Activation of Phosphorylase Kinase -- VII. Covalent Regulation: In Vitro Studies -- VIII. Regulation of Phosphorylase Kinase in Intact Cells -- References -- Chapter 11. Muscle Glycogen Synthase -- I. Introduction. , II. Structure of Glycogen Synthase from Mammalian Skeletal Muscle -- III. Glycogen Synthase Kinases in Mammalian Skeletal Muscle -- IV. Effect of Phosphorylation on the Activity of Skeletal-Muscle Glycogen Synthase -- V. Synergism between Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3 and Glycogen Synthase Kinase-5 -- VI. The Glycogen Synthase Phosphatases in Skeletal Muscle -- VII. Phosphorylation State of Skeletal-Muscle Glycogen Synthase in Vivo -- VIII. Interpretation of in Vivo Phosphorylation Experiments -- References -- Chapter 12. Liver Glycogen Synthase -- I. Introduction -- II. Liver Glycogen Synthase -- III. Converting Enzymes -- IV. Phosphorylation of Liver Glycogen Synthase -- V. Comparative Enzymology of Glycogen Synthase -- VI. Control of Hepatic Glycogen Synthase -- VII. Conclusion -- References -- Author Index -- Subject Index.