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  • 1
    Keywords: Metabolism-Congresses. ; Electronic books.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    Pages: 1 online resource (311 pages)
    Edition: 1st ed.
    ISBN: 9783642510656
    DDC: 599.01
    Language: English
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical journal international 108 (1992), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-246X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: The GRF array is situated on Jurassic limestone of the Franconian Alb in SE Germany. The mislocation vectors show symmetry axes in their slowness and azimuth components. For the slowness the line of separation is at about 95d̀ against north. The azimuth pattern shows a symmetry axis nearly perpendicular to the axis in the slowness pattern. Waves arriving from NE have a reduced slowness, whereas waves from SW have a larger slowness. The largest azimuth anomalies are found in the directions where the slowness components change direction. These effects can to a large extent be modelled by a low-velocity sedimentary layer dipping to NNE with about 0.8d̀ dip. Such a sedimentary wedge correlates well with the geological data, is able to reproduce the observed mislocation vector pattern and explains a major part of the observed traveltime residuals. It furthermore demonstrates that local effects, like the influence of sedimentary covers, should be removed before inversion procedures and tomographic methods are applied.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical journal international 122 (1995), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-246X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Seismic P waves from a total of about 200 nuclear explosions in the USA, the former USSR and China, observed at 10 arrays and four networks in Europe, Canada and the USA, are used to analyse the structure at the base of the mantle and the core-mantle boundary (CMB).The simple waveforms and well-controlled source parameters of nuclear explosions allow one to use the events as source arrays in addition to the usual receiver array configuration. A new array technique (double beamforming; Krüger et al. 1993) integrating both concepts is applied, which increases the slowness resolution considerably.A total of 56 source-receiver combinations (i.e. reflection points in the lower mantle or on the CMB) could be analysed. In five regions, anomalous arrivals (PdP) with slowness and arrival times between those of P and PcP are observed. One of these five areas (Svalbard region) shows short-period PcP/P amplitude ratios, which are about three times higher than those predicted by standard earth models. In the Severnaya Zemlya region, where PdP and PcP precursors were observed previously (Krüger et al. 1993), PcP shows azimuth deviations of up to 10°. For some other regions, deviations of the PcP waveform from the direct P waveform are also observed.These anomalous phases and the PcP waveform distortions cannot be explained with standard 1-D earth models. They are probably produced by inhomogeneities in the lowermost mantle. The observed variations in the waveforms are strong indications of a laterally heterogeneous structure in two depth ranges. The first is the CMB and its immediate vicinity of a few tens of kilometres; the second region is the depth range between about 200 and 300 km above the CMB. Maps of the North Pole region, giving the distributions of inhomogeneities in the lower mantle and on the CMB, are presented. These maps show evidence of strong heterogeneity of the D″ boundary layer and possibly also of the CMB in the same area.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical journal international 101 (1990), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-246X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: In order to better understand the causes of unprecedented damage to Mexico City during the 1985 September 19 Michoacan earthquake (Mw= 8.0) spectral ratios of teleseismic P-waves of this earthquake are studied with respect to those from five recent, large Mexican subduction zone earthquakes (7.0 ≤Mw≤ 7.7). The data are from vertical-component digital seismographs. It is found that the spectral ratios at stations in the NE quadrant are anomalously more energetic than those predicted by the ω−2 source model in the critical frequency range for Mexico City (0.3-0.7 Hz). The evidence is especially convincing for the spectral ratios with respect to the earthquakes of 1985 September 21 (Mw= 7.6) and 1986 (Mw= 7.0) since the data are available from several stations in the NE quadrant. The teleseismic P-wave spectral ratio in this quadrant with respect to the 1985 September 21 earthquake, in the critical frequency range, is close to the acceleration spectral ratio found in and near Mexico City (also in the NE quadrant). Velocity traces in the epicentral region of the Michoacan earthquake, obtained by integrating the accelerograms, also show oscillations with a frequency of about 0.4 Hz. Furthermore, a regression study of Fourier acceleration spectra at a hill-zone site in Mexico City demonstrates that the Michoacan earthquake was anomalously energetic in the city at the critical frequencies for an event of that magnitude and at that distance. If the data from 7.0 ≤Mw≤ 7.7 events can be extrapolated to estimate the ground motions from Mw≥ 8.0 earthquakes, then the evidence, supports an anomalously large body-wave radiation towards Mexico City between 0.3 and 0.7 Hz during the Michoacan earthquake. This anomalous radiation and the dramatic local amplification of seismic waves in the lake-bed zone of the city (∼ 10–50 times at frequencies between 0.3 and 0.7 Hz) appear to be the principal natural causes of the disaster. The anomalous teleseismic P-wave spectral ratios with respect to the earthquakes of 1985 September 21 and 1986 found in the NE quadrant are not observed in the data available from a small number of stations in the other quadrants. If this observation is true then it suggests a directional property to the anomalous radiation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Helgoland marine research 18 (1968), S. 367-383 
    ISSN: 1438-3888
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. Die graphische Auswertung der Wachstumsdaten vonThiel (1966) fürRhizostoma octopus ergab eine sehr hohe Wachstumsrate. Die semilogarithmische Wachstumskurve zeigt einen ganz ungewöhnlichen Verlauf (Abb. 1). Der Zusammenhang zwischen Wachstum und Stoffwechsel legte die Untersuchung der Größenabhängigkeit des Sauerstoffverbrauchs dieser Scyphomeduse nahe. 2. In Übereinstimmung mit der hohen Wachstumsrate ergab sich fürRhizostoma octopus eine gewichtsproportionale Atmung. 3. Auch fürChrysaora hysoscella undCyanea konnte eine gewichtsproportionale Atmung wahrscheinlich gemacht werden. 4. Berechnet man den Sauerstoffverbrauch vonRhizostoma octopus auf die organische Substanz, die nur etwa 0,53% des Feuchtgewichtes ausmacht, so kommt man zu dem außergewöhnlich hohen Wert von 2547 mm3/g/h bei 15° C. 5. Die vonvon Bertalanffy (1942) aufgestellten Wachstumstypen werden diskutiert. Sein III. Typus ist gegen Typus I nicht abzugrenzen; er muß deshalb aufgegeben werden. 6. Der Verlauf der semilogarithmischen Wachstumskurven bietet eine geeignete Basis für eine folgerichtige Unterscheidung von Wachstumstypen. Hiernach ergibt sich folgendes Bild: I. Typus: Die Wachstumskurve öffnet sich zur Abszisse, das heißt, die Wachstumsrate nimmt mit zunehmendem Alter ab. (Häufigster Typus, bei Wirbeltieren, Mollusken etc.) II. Typus: Die Wachstumskurve wird durch eine Gerade gebildet, das heißt, die Wachstumsrate bleibt konstant. III. Typus: Der Krümmungssinn der Wachstumskurve ist entgegengesetzt dem von Typus I, das heißt, die Wachstumsrate nimmt mit zunehmender Größe zu (vorläufig nur durch die Daten fürRhizostoma belegt).
    Notes: Abstract Measurements on the rate of growth ofRhizostoma octopus conducted byThiel (1966) yielded an unusual shape of the graphically plotted growth curve. The close relation between rates of growth and metabolism suggested, as a first step, the investigation of the oxygen consumption of this jelly-fish especially as a function of body weight. In accordance with the high rate of growth, oxygen consumption related to wet weight does not decrease during growth and shows weight proportionality. The same seems to be true for specimens of the relatedCyanea andChrysaora species. The rate of oxygen consumption of Scyphomedusae is rather high. Related to the organic matter the oxygen consumption inRhizostoma amounts to 2077 mm3/g/h at 15° C. This value is much higher than in other invertebrates. The unusual growth curve ofRhizostoma octopus affords a revision of the growth types established byvon Bertalanffy (1942). His third growth type cannot be distinguished exactly from the first type and hence must be united with it. The observations onRhizostoma seem to indicate the existence of another third type, where the rate of growth increases with increasing body size.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Helgoland marine research 25 (1973), S. 509-550 
    ISSN: 1438-3888
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. An Wachstumsdaten für den Thunfisch(Thunnus thynnus) und den Nordsee-Steinbutt(Scophthalmus maximus) wird ein numerischer Vergleich der Wachstumsformeln von v.Bertalanffy (1934),Gompertz (1824) und einer vom Autor vorgeschlagenen Funktion (Krüger 1962, 1965), die als Reziprokfunktion bezeichnet wird, durchgeführt. 2. Die Ermittlung der optimalen Parameterwerte erfolgt an den linealisierten Funktionen auf dem Wege der Regressionsberechnung. 3. Als objektives quantitatives Maß für die Streuung der Meßwerte um die theoretischen Werte dient eine in Prozent ausgedrückte Standardabweichung (s%), die auf der Summe der quadrierten Differenzen der Logarithmen beruht. 4. Die drei geprüften Funktionen erscheinen zur mathematischen Wiedergabe von Wachstumsdaten geeignet. In allen Fällen ergab die Reziprokfunktion die besten Näherungen. Die logistische Funktion lieferte so unbefriedigende Ergebnisse, daß sie unberücksichtigt blieb. 5. Es wurde ein Vergleich der optimalen Parameterwerte der Funktionen durchgeführt. Eine biologische Deutung erscheint nicht zulässig. Es handelt sich bei ihnen um rein mathematische Zahlenwerte. 6. Die Reziprokfunktion enthält, ebenso wie dieGompertz-Funktion einen asymmetrischen — im Anfangsteil der Kurve gelegenen — Wendepunkt. Hierdurch besitzen beide Funktionen einen universelleren Anwendungsbereich und sind in unveränderter Form geeignet, auch Gewichtsdaten, die einen Wendepunkt einschließen, wiederzugeben. DieBertalanffy-Funktion ist durch das Fehlen eines Wendepunktes nur für die Darstellung des Kurvenbereiches nach dem Wendepunkt mit fallenden Wachstumsraten geeignet. 7. Der Wendepunkt in linearen Wachstumskurven ergibt sich als rein mathematische Folgerung aus der kontinuierlichen Abnahme der relativen Wachstumsgeschwindigkeit. 8. Der besondere Vorzug der Reziprokfunktion besteht darin, daß sie in eine mathematisch ableitbare Beziehung zur allometrischen Funktion gesetzt werden kann. DieGompertz-Funktion liefert hierfür nur eine Näherungslösung.
    Notes: Abstract The functions of v.Bertalanffy andGompertz and an equation proposed by the author — denoted as “Reziprokfunktion” — are fitted to growth data of tunny (Thunnus thynnus) and North Sea turbot (Scophthalmus maximus). The comparison of the fit of the 3 functions to the given data of fish growth was performed in identical manner by a percentual deviation (s%) based on the difference of the logarithms of measured and calculated values. The optimal fit of the functions was based on linear regression analysis of the functions transformed into a linear relation. The 3 functions seem to be suitable for the reproduction of growth curves. In all cases the “Reziprokfunktion” delivered the best results. The logistic function produced no satisfactory approximations. It is not possible to give a biological explanation for the parameters of the functions. TheGompertz-function and the “Reziprokfunktion” contain a point of inflection and may therefore be used in unchanged form for the description of weight growth. The point of inflection represents a mathematical deduction of the curvature of the logarithmic growth curve. It is only the “Reziprokfunktion” which allows to express a mathematically defined relation to the allometric formula.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Helgoland marine research 22 (1971), S. 149-200 
    ISSN: 1438-3888
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. Die vorliegende Darstellung bietet eine Zusammenfassung unserer Kenntnisse über die Morphologie, Physiologie und experimentelle Ökologie des WattwurmesArenicola marina (L.). 2. Morphologie und Lebensweise werden durch einige schematische Zeichnungen verdeutlicht. Ausführlich wird das Problem der Ernährung des Wattwurms behandelt, insbesondere die Frage, welche Rolle die Filtration im Sandstrang des Wohnbaus spielt. An Hand von Laborversuchen wird das Verhalten vonA. marina in künstlichen Wohnbauten beschrieben. 3. Auf die zahlreichen Lücken, die noch hinsichtlich unserer Kenntnisse über diesen so häufigen und verbreiteten Bewohner der atlantischen Küsten bestehen, wird hingewiesen.
    Notes: Abstract This paper summarizes our knowledge on morphology, physiology and experimental ecology of the polychaeteArenicola marina (L.). Morphological and ecological aspects are illustrated by schematic drawings. The nutrition of the lugworm is discussed, especially in regard to the role of filtration within the head shaft (“Sandstrang”) of the burrow. The behaviour ofA. marina in artificial burrows, as studied in the laboratory, receives detailed attention. The review reveals many gaps in our knowledge of this wide-spread and familiar inhabitant of the Atlantic coasts.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Helgoland marine research 19 (1969), S. 205-215 
    ISSN: 1438-3888
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1.Knight (1968) äußerte aufgrund einer oberflächlichen Auswertung einer unvollständigen Zahlenreihe für das Wachstum des Kabeljau (Gadus morhua) die Ansicht, daß für das Fischwachstum kein oberer Grenzwert existiert und daher die Einsetzung eines solchen in eine mathematische Wachstumsformulierung ein Nonsens sei. 2. Nun ist aber die Annäherung jeden Fischwachstums an eine artgemäße Endgröße — wie bei allen Tieren — eine bekannte Tatsache. Der asymptotische Charakter dieser Annäherung geht mathematisch aus derFord-Walford-Beziehung hervor, deren Gültigkeit entgegen der Ansicht vonKnight als gesichert angesehen werden muß. 3. Die in eine Wachstumsfunktion eingesetzte Maximalgröße stellt in jedem Falle einen mathematischen Parameter dar, der von der Formulierung, den Meßdaten und der Berechnung abhängt. Die biologische Deutung dieses Maximalwertes ist daher unsicher. 4. Eine vonKnight zitierte Untersuchung vonKetchen &Forrester (1966) über das Wachstum vonEopsetta jordani wird zur Prüfung der neuen Wachstumsfunktion benutzt. Sie liefert — besonders deutlich erkennbar bei den ♂ ♂ — eine wesentlich bessere Annäherung an die gegebenen Daten als dieBertalanffy-Funktion.
    Notes: Abstract Considering an incomplete growth curve of the codGadus morhua,Knight (1968) questioned the asymptotic curvature of growth in fishes, which easily may be shown in complete growth curves illustrating the attainment of maximum size. It is also possible to calculate maximum size employing theFord-Walford formula. Maximum size, calculated in this manner, may also be used in theBertalanffy function. For other mathematical growth formulations different maximum sizes would be obtained. The numerical value of the maximum size depends upon the mathematical interpretation of the growth process. Therefore it always represents a mathematical parameter without biological meaning. It is shown that data ofKetchen (Forrester 1966) on growth in ♂ ♂ of the flat fishEopsetta jordani may be much better represented by the new growth formula (Krüger 1965) than by theBertalanffy function.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Helgoland marine research 14 (1966), S. iii 
    ISSN: 1438-3888
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Helgoland marine research 31 (1978), S. 499-526 
    ISSN: 1438-3888
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The parameters of the Gompertz function, the Bertalanffy function, and the reciprocal function (Krüger, 1962) are calculated for comparison using growth data obtained by Weymouth et al. (1930, 1931) for the razor clam from ten localities and the tuna fish. An new method is employed for the determination of growth parameters under the conditions of linear relations between the power ofe and the linear values of size in the Bertalanffy function and its natural logarithm in the Gompertz function. Both equations may therefore be solved by the well known method of linear regressions analysis. The method delivering optimal parameters for the Bertalanffy and the Gompertz function is described in a methodological chapter. Compared to the other functions the Gompertz delivers the best results for the growth curves of the arctic mussels including an inflection point. For curves without inflection points less good results are obtained. Deviations in the numeration of age are compensated in the Gompertz function by the parameterB. This parameter represents the difference between the natural logarithms of the upper limit size and the size at the age zero (normally corresponding to the size at birth). The parameterC includes the description of the curvature of the growth curve. A disadvantage of the Gompertz function is, that the upper limit of the equation is very near to the highest numbers evaluated and may be exceeded by real observations. A disadvantage of the reciprocal function is that the calculated inflection point does not correspond to the real inflection point. The result obtained for the relationship between length and weight of tuna fish show that the Gompertz function is exactly compatible with the allometric formula. It delivers for the summing up of the allometric formula the same solution as that reached by the reciprocal function. The three formulas employed are of the same structure, differing only in the use of linear numbers, logarithms or powers ofe. They deliver good approximations of growth data, but cannot be regarded as exact solutions for the mathematica description of growth curves.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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