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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Pineal Organ as a Component of the Biological Clock (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 719 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1749-6632
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1994.tb56818.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Das Pinealorgan der Wirbeltiere: ein Modell für Untersuchungen von Rezeptor-und Effektormechanismen in neuronalen Systemen (1991)
    Springer
    Naturwissenschaften 78 (1991), S. 437-444 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1904
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Abstract Cell and molecular biological investigations have greatly contributed to our understanding of receptor and effector mechanisms in sensory, neuronal, and endocrine cells. A fascinating aspect of this line of research is how such mechanisms have evolved and how they interact with each other. As shown in this contribution, the vertebrate pineal organ is an interesting model to study these problems, because it undergoes a conspicuous transformation during phylogeny, comprises two well-chraracterized receptor mechanisms (photoreception and adrenoreception), and acts upon its targets via neuronal and neuroendocrine signals.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01134377
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Acetylcholinesterase-positive neurons in the pineal and parapineal organs of the rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri (with special reference to the pineal tract) (1974)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 155 (1974), S. 475-489 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pineal organ ; Parapineal organ ; Acetylcholinesterase-positive neurons ; Pineal tract ; Salmo gairdneri
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary About 1500 nerve cells were demonstrated in the pineal organ of the rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri, by means of the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) reaction (Karnovsky and Roots, 1964). The diameter of these elements is 10–15 μm in the end vesicle of the pineal organ and only 5–8 μm in the pineal stalk. The number of the AChE-positive neurons per unit area increases from the pineal end vesicle to the pineal stalk; most of them belong to the pseudounipolar type. An intrapineal ganglion with large, multipolar neurons occupies a rostromedial position. These cells exhibit a strong AChE reaction and are surrounded by a dense network of fibers. Thin bundles of axons form fiber pathways in the lateral walls of the pineal end vesicle. These roots converge to the pineal tract that is located in the dorsal portion of the pineal stalk and runs toward the posterior commissure. Electron-microscopic studies of the pineal tract demonstrate 1700–2000 nerve fibers of two different structural types and calibers (1 and 2). At the level of the caudal end of the pineal stalk both types of nerve fibers are unmyelinated, whereas at the level of the subcommissural organ several of the Type-2 fibers are myelinated. In five rainbow trout the total fiber count of the pineal tract was correlated with the number of nerve cells present in the corresponding pineal organ. Some AChE-positive neurons accompany the pineal tract. In all rainbow trout examined the parapineal organ was located on the left side. AChE-positive nerve cells lie at the periphery of the parapineal organ. A well developed parapineal tract connects the parapineal organ with the left habenular ganglion. AChE-positive nerve cells are scattered around the parapineal organ and the parapineal tract.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00227010
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Immunocytochemical demonstration of retinal S-antigen in the pineal organ of four mammalian species (1985)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 239 (1985), S. 81-85 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pineal organ (mammals) ; Retinal S-antigen ; Photoreceptors ; Retina ; Immunocytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary By means of immunocytochemistry retinal S-antigen is selectively demonstrated in retinal photoreceptor cells of the rat and in pinealocytes of the hedgehog, rat, gerbil and cat. Brain areas surrounding the pineal organ are immunonegative. The immunoreactive material is evenly distributed in the perikarya of the cells. Occasionally, inner segments of retinal photoreceptors and processes of pinealocytes are also stained. The outer segments of retinal photoreceptors display a strong immunoreaction. In both pinealocytes and retinal photoreceptors the intensity of the immunoreaction varied considerably among individual cells. The immunocytochemical demonstration of retinal S-antigen in mammalian pinealocytes indicates that these cells still bear characteristics of photoreceptors. This finding is in accord with the concept that mammalian pinealocytes are derived from pineal photoreceptor cells of poikilothermic vertebrates.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00214906
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ontogenetic development of S-antigen- and rodopsin immunoreactions in retinal and pineal photoreceptors of Xenopus laevis in relation to the onset of melatonin-dependent color-change mechanisms (1989)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 258 (1989), S. 319-329 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Retina ; Pineal organ ; S-Antigen ; Rodopsin ; Melatonin ; Melanophores ; Color change ; Primary chromatic response ; Development, ontogenetic ; Xenopus laevis Daud. (Anura)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In Xenopus laevis Daud., the ontogenetic occurrence of two photoreceptor-specific proteins, S-antigen and rod-opsin, was investigated and correlated to the maturation of the neurohormonal effector system involved in melatonin-dependent color-change mechanisms. Tadpoles ranging from stage 12 to 57 (Nieuwkoop and Faber 1956) were fixed in Zamboni's or Bouin's solution. Frozen or paraffin sections of either total heads or dissected brains and eyes were prepared and treated with highly specific antisera against S-antigen and rod-opsin. In the retina, immunoreactive S-antigen and rod-opsin were first demonstrated in a few centrally located photoreceptors at stage 37/38. Photoreceptors of the peripheral (iridical) portions of the retina gradually became immunoreactive during further development. As in the retina, the first S-antigen-immunoreactive photoreceptors in the pineal complex appeared at stage 37/ 38. At this and all later stages investigated rod-opsin immunoreactivity was restricted to a few dot-like structures resembling developing pineal outer and inner segments. In most animals rod-opsin immunoreactivity was completely absent from the pineal complex. The analysis of retinal proteins with the immunoblotting technique (Western blot) revealed that the S-antigen antibody bound to a 48-kDa protein and the rod-opsin antibody to a 38-kDa protein. The body lightening reaction was determined with the aid of the melanophore index in larvae fixed in light or darkness, respectively. Aggregation of melanophore melanosomes in darkness (the melatonin-dependent primary chromatic response) first occurred at stage 37/38 when melanophores started to differentiate and became pigmented. These results indicate that in Xenopus laevis (i) the molecular mechanisms of photoreception develop simultaneously in retina and pineal complex; (ii) most pineal photoreceptors differ from retinal rods in that they contain immunoreactive S-antigen but essentially no immunoreactive rod-opsin; and (iii) the differentiation of phototransduction processes coincides with the onset of melatonin-dependent photoneuroendocrine regulation of color-change mechanisms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00239452
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Histological, histochemical and electron microscopical studies on the nervous apparatus of the pineal organ in the tiger salamander, Ambystoma tigrinum (1976)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 174 (1976), S. 475-497 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pineal organ (Ambystoma tigrinum) ; Photoreceptor cells ; Neuropil zones ; Synapses ; Acetylcholinesterase-positive neurons
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary 150–190 photoreceptor cells form a basic structural component of the pineal organ of Ambystoma tigrinum. Most of the outer and inner segments of these cells project into the lumen horizontally. Only 10 percent of the total number of photoreceptor cells are located within the pineal roof which is composed of a single cell layer. The photoreceptor cells are connected with nerve cells by synapses displaying characteristic ribbons. Different types of synaptic contacts, i.e. simple, tangential, dyad, triad and invaginated, are found. They are embedded in extended neuropil zones. A particular type of synapse indicates the presence of interneurons. The basal processes of some photoreceptor cells leave the pineal organ and make synaptic contacts with nervous elements located within the area of the subcommissural organ. Employing the method of Karnovsky and Roots (1964) for histochemical demonstration of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) approximately 70 neurons (intrapineal neurons) can be discerned in the pineal organ of Ambystoma tigrinum. In analogy to the distribution of photoreceptor cells only few nerve cells are observed in the roof portion of the pineal organ. Evidently, two different types of AChE-positive intrapineal neurons are present. About 40–50 AChE-positive neurons (extrapineal neurons) are scattered in the area of the subcommissural organ. In this area two types of nerve cells can be distinguished: 1) neurons which send pinealofugal (afferent) axons toward the posterior commissure and 2) neurons which emit pinealopetal (efferent) axons into or toward the pineal organ. The nervous pathways connecting the pineal organ with the diencephalomesencephalic border area are represented by a distinct pineal pedicle and several accessory pineal tracts. Granular nerve fibers run within the posterior commissure and establish synaptic contacts in the commissural region adjacent to the pineal organ. Some of these granular elements enter the pineal organ. The morphology of the nervous apparatus of the pineal organ of Ambystoma tigrinum is discussed in context with evidence from physiological experiments.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00232834
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Immunocytochemical and electron-microscopic investigations of the pineal organ in adult agamid lizards, Uromastix hardwicki (1987)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 250 (1987), S. 571-578 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pineal organ ; Modified photoreceptor cells ; Secretory activity ; Interstitial cells ; Opsin-like immunoreactivity ; S-antigen-like immunoreactivity ; Uromastix hardwicki (Lacertilia)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Lacertilian species display a remarkable diversity in the organization of the neural apparatus of their pineal organ (epiphysis cerebri). The occurrence of immunoreactive S-antigen and opsin was investigated in the retina and pineal organ of adult lizards, Uromastix hardwicki. In this species, numerous retinal photoreceptors displayed S-antigen-like immunoreactivity, whereas only very few pinealocytes were labeled. Immunoreactive opsin was found neither in retinal photoreceptors nor in pinealocytes. Electron microscopy showed that all pinealocytes of Uromastix hardwicki resemble modified pineal photoreceptors. A peculiar observation is the existence of a previously undescribed membrane system in the inner segments of these cells. It is evidently derived from the rough endoplasmic reticulum but consists of smooth membranes. The modified pineal photoreceptor cells of Uromastix hardwicki were never seen to establish synaptic contacts with somata or dendrites of intrapineal neurons, which are extremely rare. Vesiclecrowned ribbons are prominent in the basal processes of the receptor cells, facing the basal lamina or establishing receptor-receptor and receptor-interstitial type synaptoid contacts. Dense-core granules (60–250 nm in diameter) speak in favor of a secretory activity of the pinealocytes. Attention is drawn to the existence of receptor-receptor and receptor-interstitial cell contacts indicating intramural cellular relationships that deserve further study.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00218948
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ultrastructure of cerebrospinal fluid-contacting neurons immunoreactive to vasoactive intestinal peptide and properties of the blood-brain barrier in the lateral septal organ of the duck (1995)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 279 (1995), S. 123-133 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cerebrospinal fluid-contacting neurons ; Circumventricular organs ; Blood-brain barrier ; Vasoactive intestinal peptide ; Photoreceptors, extraretinal ; Domestic mallard
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Immuno-electron-microscopic investigations of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-contacting neurons immunoreactive to vasoactive intestinal peptide in the duck lateral septum have revealed that this cell type gives rise to an adventricular dendrite terminating with a bulbous swelling in the lateral ventricle. The swelling bears a cilium and contains mitochondria and immunolabeled dense-core vesicles. Two types of processes emerge from the basal part of the perikaryon. The first has a large diameter, contains diffusely distributed immunoreaction, and receives synaptic input, indicating that this process is a basal dendrite. The other type is of a beaded appearance, displays immunolabeled dense-core vesicles, and represents the axon of the CSF-contacting neuron. VIP-immunoreactive terminal formations are located within the neuropil of the lateral septum and the nucleus accumbens. Some of them form synaptic contacts with immunonegative profiles. No VIP-immunoreactive terminal formations are seen in the perivascular spaces of the lateral septum. Tracer experiments with horseradish peroxidase have revealed that the blood-brain barrier is lacking in the lateral septal organ and nucleus accumbens of the duck. Capillaries, arterioles, and venoles of this region are coated by nonfenestrated endothelial cells connected by “leaky” junctions, allowing the tracer to penetrate from the lumen into the perivascular space and further into the intercellular clefts of the neuropil. Our immuno-electron-microscopic investigations show that VIP-immunoreactive CSF-contacting neurons of the lateral septum closely resemble CSF-contacting neurons occurring in other brain regions, e.g., the hypothalamus. The arrangement of VIP-immunoreactive terminal formations suggests that, in the lateral septum, the VIP-like neuropeptide serves as a neurotransmitter (-modulator). The lack of a blood-brain barrier in the lateral septal organ and the nucleus accumbens raises the possibility that this region is a window in the avian brain allowing exchange of information between the central nervous system and the bloodstream; it thus resembles a circumventricular organ.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00300699
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ultrastructure of cerebrospinal fluid-contacting neurons immunoreactive to vasoactive intestinal peptide and properties of the blood-brain barrier in the lateral septal organ of the duck (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 279 (1994), S. 123-133 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Cerebrospinal fluid-contacting neurons ; Circumventricular organs ; Blood-brain barrier ; Vasoactive intestinal peptide ; Photoreceptors ; extraretinal ; Domestic mallard
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Immuno-electron-microscopic investigations of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-contacting neurons immunoreactive to vasoactive intestinal peptide in the duck lateral septum have revealed that this cell type gives rise to an adventricular dendrite terminating with a bulbous swelling in the lateral ventricle. The swelling bears a cilium and contains mitochondria and immunolabeled dense-core vesicles. Two types of processes emerge from the basal part of the perikaryon. The first has a large diameter, contains diffusely distributed immunoreaction, and receives synaptic input, indicating that this process is a basal dendrite. The other type is of a beaded appearance, displays immunolabeled dense-core vesicles, and represents the axon of the CSF-contacting neuron. VIP-immunoreactive terminal formations are located within the neuropil of the lateral septum and the nucleus accumbens. Some of them form synaptic contacts with immunonegative profiles. No VIP-immunoreactive terminal formations are seen in the perivascular spaces of the lateral septum. Tracer experiments with horseradish peroxidase have revealed that the blood-brain barrier is lacking in the lateral septal organ and nucleus accumbens of the duck. Capillaries, arterioles, and venoles of this region are coated by nonfenestrated endothelial cells connected by “leaky” junctions, allowing the tracer to penetrate from the lumen into the perivascular space and further into the intercellular clefts of the neuropil. Our immuno-electron-microscopic investigations show that VIP-immunoreactive CSF-contacting neurons of the lateral septum closely resemble CSF-contacting neurons occurring in other brain regions, e.g., the hypothalamus. The arrangement of VIP-immunoreactive terminal formations suggests that, in the lateral septum, the VIP-like neuropeptide serves as a neurotransmitter (-modulator). The lack of a blood-brain barrier in the lateral septal organ and the nucleus accumbens raises the possibility that this region is a window in the avian brain allowing exchange of information between the central nervous system and the bloodstream; it thus resembles a circumventricular organ.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004410050269
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Growth hormone-releasing factor (GRF)-like immunoreactivity in sensory ganglia of the rat (1987)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 247 (1987), S. 441-444 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Growth hormone-releasing factor (GRF) ; Neuropeptide immunocytochemistry ; Trigeminal ganglion ; Spinal ganglion ; Development, ontogenetic ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Growth hormone-releasing factor (GRF)-like immunoreactivity has been demonstrated in the trigeminal and spinal ganglia of fetal, young and adult rats by use of peroxidase-antiperoxidase immunohistochemistry. GRF-like-immunoreactive cells first appear during the second half of embryonic life, as early as day 17. In untreated animals the GRF-immunoreactive elements form approximately 1% of all ganglion cells in the trigeminal and spinal ganglia; their numbers do not change significantly during development. The granular immunoreaction product is confined to perikarya, especially to the perinuclear region. Nerve fibers displaying GRF-like immunoreactivity were found neither in the ganglia, nor in the corresponding central and peripheral areas of termination. The possible role of GRF in sensory ganglia is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00218325
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