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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Gefässchirurgie 2 (1997), S. 69-77 
    ISSN: 1434-3932
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter V.-cava-inferior-Thrombose ; Tiefe Venenthrombose ; Venöse Thrombektomie ; Lungenembolie ; Key words Inferior vena cava thrombosis ; Deep venous thrombosis ; Venous thrombectomy ; Pulmonary embolism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Background: Inferior vena cava (IVC) thrombosis is reported to be rare. Most commonly, treatment consists of conventional anticoagulation, often combined with caval interruption. Venous thrombectomy for IVC thrombosis has rarely been performed. Material and methods: Seventy patients (35 male, 35 female, mean age 36 ± 17.2 years, range 11–73 years) with IVC thrombosis (unilateral iliofemoral + caval thrombosis 36, bilateral iliac thrombosis 30, others 4) underwent transperitoneal caval thrombectomy and/or transfemoral venous thrombectomy in a 15-year period (1980–1994). The suspected underlying cause of the DVT could be identified in 78.6%. Three patients suffered from septic DVT, 1 from ischemic thrombosis. A previous, less successful treatment had been performed elsewhere in 25.7% of cases. Thirty-two patients (45.7%) were admitted with pulmonary embolism. Early results: In 64 patients transfemoral venous thrombectomy with AV fistula was performed, with an additional transabdominal approach in 41 patients. Six patients underwent caval thrombectomy alone. Three patients (4.3%) died perioperatively. Intraoperative pulmonary embolization (PE) occurred in 3 patients (4.3%), in one of whom it was fatal. Early unilateral rethrombosis developed in 16 patients (22.8%); 12 were rethrombectomized, 9 successfully. Postoperative caval patency could be established in 87.1% of cases. Late results: Fifty-eight patients (82.9%) were followed up (mean follow-up time 44 ± 35 months, range 3–120 months). Three patients died during follow-up. Of 47 patients (69 extremities, time to operation 〉1 year)17.4% had no PTS, 40.6% a mild, 30.4% a moderate and 11.6% a severe PTS (7.2% with stasis ulcer). Conclusion: IVC thrombosis is a rare but, due to the high risk of PE, a life-threatening disease. Transabdominal and/or transfemoral venous thrombectomy (with AV fistula) is a safe, reliable and occasionally life-saving treatment. Patency of the IVC can be established in most cases. Intraoperative embolization is rare. Follow-up results are satisfactory, long-term caval patency is good, peripheral postphlebitic sequela are frequent.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Thrombose der unteren Hohlvene wird als selten angesehen. Bevorzugtes therapeutisches Vorgehen ist die Antikoagulation, nicht selten kombiniert mit der Implantation von Cavaschirmfiltern. Die venöse Thrombektomie ist nur sehr selten beschrieben worden. Material und Methode: 70 Patienten (35 Frauen, 35 Männer, mittleres Alter 36 ± 17,2 Jahre, 11–73 Jahre) mit Thrombose der unteren Hohlvene (unilateral + V. cava 36, bilateral 30, andere 4) wurden mittels transperitonealer Cavathrombektomie und/oder transfemoraler venöser Thrombektomie in einem 15-Jahres-Zeitraum behandelt. Die wahrscheinliche Thromboseursache konnte in 78,6% nachgewiesen werden; 3 Patienten litten unter einer septischen Thrombose, einer an einer Phlegmasia coerulea dolens. Zuvor war in 25,7% eine aggressive Vorbehandlung erfolgt; 32 Patienten (45,7%) hatten bereits vor Zuweisung eine Lungenembolie erlitten. Frühergebnisse: Bei 64 Patienten wurde eine transfemorale Thrombektomie mit AV-Fistel-Anlage vorgenommen, ein zusätzlicher transabdomineller Zugang erfolgte in 41 Fällen. Bei 6 Patienten erfolgte eine isolierte Cavathrombektomie. 3 Patienten verstarben perioperativ (4,3%). Eine intraoperative Lungenembolie wurde bei 3 Patienten angenommen, wovon einer verstarb. Eine frühe unilaterale Rethrombosierung wurde in 16 Fällen festgestellt, wovon 12 erneut thrombektomiert wurden (9 erfolgreich). Eine Cavaoffenheitsrate von 87,1% konnte postoperativ erzielt werden. Spätergebnisse: 58 Patienten (82,9%) konnten im Verlauf beobachtet werden (mittlere Beobachtungszeit 44 ± 35 bzw. 3–120 Monate). 3 Patienten waren während der Beobachtungszeit verstorben. Bei 47 Patienten (69 Extremitäten, 〉1 Jahr postoperativ) wiesen 17,4% der Extremitäten keine Beschwerden auf, 40,6% zeigten ein leichtes PTS, 30,4% ein mittelschweres PTS und 11,6% ein schweres PTS (Ulcus cruris in 7,2%). Schlußfolgerung: Die Thrombose der unteren Hohlvene ist selten, stellt jedoch infolge eines hohen Embolierisikos eine bedrohliche Situation dar. Die transabdominelle und/oder transfemorale Thrombektomie (mit AV-Fistel) ist eine sichere, indizierte und gelegentlich eine lebensrettende Maßnahme. Die Offenheit der Hohlvene kann in den meisten Fällen erreicht werden. Das intraoperative Embolierisiko ist gering. Die Spätergebnisse sind zufriedenstellend. Die Langzeitoffenheitsrate ist gut, periphere venöse Stauungsbeschwerden sind nicht selten.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Der Chirurg 69 (1998), S. 963-965 
    ISSN: 1433-0385
    Keywords: Key words: Anomalies of the inferior vena cava ; Embryogenesis ; Incidence ; Clinical presentation ; Surgical management. ; Schlüsselwörter: Anomalien der Vena cava inferior ; Embryogenese ; Incidenz ; Klinik ; Operationstaktik.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung. Anomalien der Vena cava inferior (VCI) resultieren aus fehlenden venösen Rückbildungen während der Embryogenese. Obwohl ihre Incidenz klein ist, können sie bei abdominalen Aortenaneurysmektomien oder anderen Eingriffen im Retroperitoneum zu erheblichen Komplikationen führen. Anhand von 2 eigenen Fällen wird die Embryologie, Incidenz, Klinik und Operationstaktik diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary. Anomalies of the inferior vena cava result from failures of regression during embryogenesis. Although occurring relatively infrequently, they can pose serious hazards to the surgeon during aortic aneurysm repair. Based on 2 recent cases, embryologic origins, incidence and clinical presentation of these anomalies are discussed. Different suggestions are proposed that might aid the surgeon in dealing with these anomalous structures during operations on the abdominal aorta.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Deep venous thrombosis ; Embolizing deep venous thrombosis ; Venous thrombectomy ; Pulmonary embolism ; Postthrombotic syndrome
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Between 1977 and 1986, 185 patients with deep venous thrombosis (117 with acute occlusive and 68 with embolizing deep venous thrombosis) underwent venous thrombectomy with arterio-venous fistula. The early patency rate was 96%, and the perioperative mortality rate, 3.8%. Of the 157 patients in whom extremities were involved, 147 were examined 12–118 months postoperatively (mean 43±23 months) clinically, by Doppler ultrasound and by light reflexion rheography (LRR). In 49% of the patients, various kinds of swelling or oedema of the involved extremities were present. There were no hemodynamical disturbances in 53% (LRR-examination); competent venous valves were found in 44%. According to the severity of symptoms and hemodynamical findings, postthrombotic syndrome was absent in 47%, mild in 20%, moderate in 28%, and severe in 5% (7 patients, 4 with venous ulcers). Six of the 7 patients with severe postthrombotic syndrome belonged to the group operated for embolizing thrombosis, where no selection of cases was performed. The best long-term results were achieved in patients operated for acute occlusive thrombosis of the iliac and iliofemoral veins. Venous thrombectomy with av fistula can achieve sufficient early and long-term results in the treatment of deep venous thrombosis, provided strict selection of patients and a meticulous technique are practised.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Pulmonary embolism ; Venous thrombectomy ; Caval filter devices ; Embolizing deep vein thrombosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Thrombectomy with arteriovenous fistula was performed between 1977 and 1988 in 103 patients (41 females, 62 males, mean age 46.7 years, 114 involved extremities) with embolizing deepvein thrombosis (DVT). The sole aim of the surgical procedure was prevention of recurrent embolization. On the basis of the proximal extent of the thrombosis the source of embolization was identified as the iliac veins or inferior vena cava in 63% of the patients; 48% presented with a postphlebitic vein and/or an older thrombosis, and 46% had already had recurrent pulmonary emboli. Unsuccessful aggressive procedures had been carried out previously in 11%. The rate of intraoperative pulmonary embolism (PE) was 3 % (one fatal case). The perioperative mortality was 6.8%, but only one death was related to the surgical treatment itself. During follow-up (8–140 months postoperatively, mean 55±34 months) late recurrent PE was confirmed in two patients (antithrombin III deficiency, contralateral DVT) and was reported as the suspected cause of death in a third (3.6%). Venous thrombectomy with arteriovenous fistula is a reliable and effective procedure for management of embolizing DVT and is indicated especially in young patients. The rates of early- and late-recurrent PE are low, introduction of artificial material into the vein can be avoided, and long-term preservation of valve function is occasionally possible.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-1238
    Keywords: Prostacyclin ; Gastric intramucosal pH ; Splanchnic blood flow ; Splanchnic oxygenation ; Septic shock
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objective To investigate whether infusing prostacyclin (PGI2) in patients with septic shock improves splanchnic oxygenation as assessed by gastric intramucosal pH (pHi). Design Interventional clinical study. Setting Surgical ICU in a university hospital. Patients 16 consecutive patients with septic shock according to the criteria of the ACCP/SCCM consensus conference all requiring norepinephrine to maintain arterial blood pressure. Interventions All patients received PGI2 (10 ng/kg·min) after no further increase in oxygen delivery could be obtained by volume expansion, red cell transfusion and dobutamine infusion. The results were compared with those before and after conventional resuscitation. The patients received continuous PGI2 infusion for 3–32 days. Measurements and results O2 uptake was measured directly in the respiratory gases, pHi was determined by tonometry. Baseline O2 delivery, O2 uptake and pHi were 466±122 ml/min·m2, 158±38 ml/min·m2, and 7.29±0.09, respectively. While O2 uptake remained unchanged, infusing PGI2 increased O2 delivery (from 610±140 to 682±155 ml/min·m2,p〈0.01) and pHi (from 7.32±0.09 to 7.38±0.08,p〈0.001) beyond the values obtained by conventional resuscitation. While 9 of 11 patients with final pHi〉7.35 survived, all patients with final pHi〈7.35 died (p〈0.01). Conclusions Infusing PGI2 in patients with septic shock increases pHi probably by enhancing blood flow to the splanchnic bed and thereby improves splanchnic oxygenation even when conventional resuscitation goals have been achieved.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Magnetic resonance imaging ; Diffusion-weighted ; Carotid artery ; Stents ; Carotid stenosis ; Angioplasty
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Carotid stenting is increasingly considered as treatment for carotid artery disease. A reliable noninvasive method is desirable for assessing the safety of the procedure. Diffusion-weighted MRI (DWI) is sensitive to early brain ischaemia which becoming widely available and might therefore serve this purpose. We prospectively studied 19 patients referred for investigation of carotid artery disease by echo-planar whole-brain DWI before and within 24 h of stenting. The images obtained at a high b value were examined by two independent blinded reviewers for new high-signal areas consistent with ischaemia. We found that 15 patients had no new changes after stenting. One patient showed enlargement of a posterior watershed lesion after the procedure, which correlated with an increase in neurological deficit. Three other patients had presumed small embolic infarcts on DWI; two were asymptomatic and one had weakness at the hand that corresponded to an embolic infarct with a lesion on DWI in the hand notch. There were no false- positive or -negative results on DWI, when compared to clinical findings. DWI is thus a new method that can demonstrate neurologically silent or asymptomatic infants. It can be used to help to assess the safety and efficacy of neurovascular intervention.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Inferior vena cava thrombosis ; Thrombolysis ; Recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We present the case of a 15-year-old boy with thrombosis of the inferior vena cava, the femoral, inguinal, and renal veins of unknown origin. Although the thrombosis was 2 weeks old, thrombolytic therapy with recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator (maximum dosage: 0.4 mg/kg/h) was started as this appeared to be the only change to re-establish normal kidney function. After 1 week, treatment was discontinued because of generalized bleeding. At this time, the infrarenal inferior vena cava was again patent with complete lysis of all other clots. Phlebography 3 months after lysis documented an abnormal renal vein, a tubular, subhepatical stenosis of the inferior vena cava and a large collateral vessel between the inferior vena cava and the azygos vein.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of pediatrics 155 (1996), S. 11-14 
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Heparin therapy ; Heparin-associated thrombocytopenia ; Heparinantibodies ; Thrombosis ; Orgaran
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A 15-year-old boy developed deep vein thrombosis of the right leg 9 days after appendectomy. In spite of three courses of thrombolysis with streptokinase and effective heparinization the thrombosis progressed with additional occlusion of the left iliac vein. Although platelet counts were constantly normal, heparin-associated thrombocytopenia was suspected as the cause of the new venous occlusions. This diagnosis was confirmed by detecting heparin-associated antibodies with the heparin-induced platelet activation test. Therapy was instituted replacing heparin by the low molecular weight heparinoid Orgaran. Bilateral recanalization occurred within 6 days. Conclusion Heparin-associated thrombocytopenia must be considered if thrombosis occurs or progresses despite effective heparinization even in the absence of thrombocytopenia.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of pediatrics 155 (1996), S. 11-14 
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Heparin therapy ; Heparin-associated thrombocytopenia ; Heparin-antibodies ; Thrombosis ; Orgaran
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A 15-year-old boy developed deep vein thrombosis of the right leg 9 days after appendectomy. In spite of three courses of thrombolysis with streptokinase and effective heparinization the thrombosis progressed with additional occlusion of the left iliac vein. Although platelet counts were constantly normal, heparin-associated thrombocytopenia was suspected as the cause of the new venous occlusions. This diagnosis was confirmed by detecting heparin-associated antibodies with the heparin-induced platelet activation test. Therapy was instituted replacing heparin by the low molecular weight heparinoid Orgaran. Bilateral recanalization occurred within 6 days.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Gefässchirurgie 3 (1998), S. 3-10 
    ISSN: 1434-3932
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Karotis ; Karotisstenose ; Karotisdilatation ; Karotisstenting ; Karotisdesobliteration ; Key words Carotid artery ; Carotid occlusive disease ; Carotid angioplasty ; Carotid stenting ; Carotid thrombendarterectomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Angioplasty and stenting for the treatment of internal carotid artery lesions have hitherto only been carried out with reluctance. However, the number of reports is increasing. Pilot studies have confirmed the technical feasibility of the procedure and shown amazingly low complication rates in some cases. Preliminary communications on a few controlled studies have reported a higher rate of cerebral complication but the results are still regarded as encouraging. An upward learning curve, which should be associated with declining complication rates, and the avoidance of surgery are the desired goals. Some authors already conclude that any carotid lesion can be dilated and regarded angioplasty as an acceptable or even a better alternative to carotid endarterectomy. Although phase I studies have not yet been completed, angioplasty is increasingly being recommended and performed. Randomized studies have been proposed but for the most part rejected on the grounds that there is insufficient information on angioplasty, that angioplasty itself must be regarded as a “blind” procedure leaving embolic complications to chance, that the complication rate is too high compared with the gold standard endarterectomy and that the procedure has not yet progressed beyond the experimental stage. However, the results already obtained in prospective studies so far are suf-ficient. As a less invasive and faster procedure, claimed – but not yet proved – to have a lower complication rate, angioplasty and/or stenting of the internal carotid artery are already being increasingly performed and this trend will continue in the future. Only randomized studies with the active participation of vascular surgeons treating comparable patient groups will provide answers to the still unresolved questions. Randomized (multicenter) studies are necessary and should therefore be performed.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Dilatation und Stenten der Karotis-interna-Abgangsstenose sind bisher nur mit Zurückhaltung durchgeführt worden, doch nimmt die Zahl der Mitteilungen zu. Pilotstudien belegen die technische Durchführbarkeit und berichten teilweise über erstaunlich niedrige Komplikationsraten. Vorläufige Mitteilungen einiger kontrollierter Studien zeigen zwar eine höhere zerebrale Komplikationsrate, doch werden die Ergebnisse als ermutigend gewertet. Steigende „learning curve“ mit Erwartung einer abnehmenden Komplikationsrate und Vermeidung eines operativen Eingriffs sind die angestrebten Ziele. Teilweise wird bereits gefolgert, daß jede Karotisläsion dilatiert werden könne und die Dilatation als akzeptable Alternative zur Karotisdesobliteration dargestellt. Obwohl sog. Phase-I-Studien noch nicht abgeschlossen sind, wird die Dilatation zunehmend empfohlen und durchgeführt. Randomisierte Studien sind zwar diskutiert, werden jedoch bisher weitgehend abgelehnt, da ausreichende Information zur Dilatation noch nicht vorliegen, die Maßnahme selbst als blindes Vorgehen zu werten und im Vergleich zur bewährten Thrombendarteriektomie zu komplikationsreich und zudem das Stadium des Experiments noch nicht überschritten sei. Die vorliegenden Ergebnisse der prospektiven Studien reichen jedoch weitgehend aus. Unter dem Aspekt der geringeren Invasivität, der schnelleren Durchführbarkeit und der – bisher unbewiesenen – Behauptung einer niedrigen Komplikationsrate wird Dilatation und/oder Stenten der Karotis bereits heute durchgeführt und zunehmend durchgeführt werden. Nur randomisierte Studien unter aktiver Beteiligung der Gefäßchirurgen können bei vergleichbarem Patientengut zur Beantwortung der ungelösten Fragen beitragen. Randomisierte (Multicenter-) Studien sind daher jetzt zu fordern.
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