GLORIA

GEOMAR Library Ocean Research Information Access

feed icon rss

Your email was sent successfully. Check your inbox.

An error occurred while sending the email. Please try again.

Proceed reservation?

Export
  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Cambridge :Cambridge University Press,
    Keywords: Climatic changes. ; Electronic books.
    Description / Table of Contents: Bringing together many of the world's leading experts, this volume is a comprehensive review of climate change science, impacts, mitigation, adaptation, and policy. This book will be invaluable for graduate students, researchers and policymakers interested in all aspects of climate change and the issues that surround it.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    Pages: 1 online resource (458 pages)
    Edition: 1st ed.
    ISBN: 9780511365690
    DDC: 551.6
    Language: English
    Note: Cover -- Half-Title -- Title -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- Contributors -- Preface -- Part I Climate system science -- Introduction -- 1 The concept of climate sensitivity: history and development -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 History of the climate sensitivity concept (CSC) -- 1.3 Recent developments -- 1.4 Future perspectives -- 1.5 Concluding remarks -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 2 Effect of black carbon on mid-troposphere and surface temperature trends -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Observed surface and mid-troposphere temperature trends -- 2.3 Modeled trends and the effects of carbonaceous aerosols -- 2.4 Results and discussion -- 2.5 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 3 Evaluating the impacts of carbonaceous aerosols on clouds and climate -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Model description -- 3.3 Aerosol indirect effect on warm clouds -- 3.3.1 Black carbon aerosol effects on clouds -- 3.3.2 Aerosol effects on convective clouds -- 3.3.3 Regional impacts of aerosols on clouds and climate -- Black carbon aerosol effects on regional climate -- Effects of biomass aerosols over Amazonia -- 3.4 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 4 Probabilistic estimates of climate change: methods, assumptions and examples -- 4.1 Introduction to approaches to estimating future climate change -- 4.2 State-of-the-art climate models -- 4.3 Sensitivity to parameters, parameterizations and models -- 4.4 Statistical estimation using observational constraints -- 4.4.1 Introduction to components of an estimation problem -- 4.4.2 Modeled climate -- Modeled climate response to forcing -- Climate forcing: observations and modeling -- Modeled climate variability -- 4.4.3 Modeled observations -- 4.4.4 Statistical estimation: methods, assumptions and examples -- 4.5 Conclusions -- References. , 5 The potential response of historical terrestrial carbon storage to changes in land use, atmospheric CO2, and climate -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Methods -- 5.2.1 The model -- 5.2.2 The data -- 5.2.3 Model simulation experiments -- 5.3 Results -- 5.3.1 Net land-atmosphere carbon flux -- 5.3.2 Climate and CO2 fertilization feedbacks -- 5.3.3 Land use emissions -- 5.4 Discussion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 6 The albedo climate impacts of biomass and carbon plantations compared with the CO2 impact -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Scenarios and assumptions -- 6.2.1 Scenario development -- 6.2.2 Geographic potential for biomass and carbon plantations -- 6.3 Description of models and further specification of scenario experiments -- 6.3.1 IMAGE-2.2 model and experiment set-up -- 6.3.2 The IMAGE energy model TIMER -- 6.3.3 The IMAGE terrestrial models -- 6.3.4 The three land-use change experiments with IMAGE -- 6.3.5 ECBilt-CLIO model and experiment set-up -- 6.4 Impacts of plantations on CO2, albedo and climate -- 6.4.1 Impacts on CO2 -- 6.4.2 Impacts on albedo -- 6.4.3 Impacts on climate -- 6.5 Discussion and conclusions -- References -- 7 Overshoot pathways to CO2 stabilization in a multi-gas context -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Future CO2, CH4 and N2O concentrations -- 7.3 Implications for CO2 emissions -- 7.4 Temperature and sea-level implications -- 7.5 Conclusions -- References -- 8 Effects of air pollution control on climate: results from an integrated global system model -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 A chemistry primer -- 8.3 Integrated Global System Model -- 8.4 Numerical experiments -- 8.4.1 Effects on concentrations -- 8.4.2 Effects on ecosystems -- 8.4.3 Economic effects -- 8.4.4 Effects on temperature and sea level -- 8.5 Summary and conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Part II Impacts and adaptation -- Introduction -- References. , 9 Dynamic forecasts of the sectoral impacts of climate change -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Climate models -- 9.3 Impact model -- 9.4 Results -- 9.5 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 10 Assessing impacts and responses to global-mean sea-level rise -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Sea-level rise, impacts and responses -- 10.3 Regional to global assessments -- 10.3.1 Impact analyses -- Coastal flooding -- Coastal wetlands -- 10.3.2 Economic analyses -- Direct cost estimates -- Economy-wide impact estimates -- Adaptation analysis -- 10.4 Sub-national to national assessments -- 10.4.1 National-scale flood risk analysis -- 10.4.2 Sub-national-scale analysis -- 10.5 Discussion/conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 11 Developments in health models for integrated assessments -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Projecting the health impacts of climate change -- 11.2.1 Individual disease models -- 11.2.2 Applying a quantitative relationship between socio-economic development and malaria -- 11.2.3 Global Burden of Disease study -- 11.3 Projecting the health benefits of controlling greenhouse gas emissions -- 11.4 Projecting the economic costs of the health impacts of climate change -- 11.5 Health transitions -- 11.5.1 Population health model -- 11.6 Future directions in the development of health impact models -- 11.7 Conclusions -- References -- 12 The impact of climate change on tourism and recreation -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 The importance of climate and weather for tourism and recreation -- 12.2.1 Attitudinal studies -- 12.2.2 Behavioral studies -- 12.3 The impact of climate change on tourism and recreation -- 12.3.1 Qualitative impact studies -- 12.3.2 Impact on the supply of tourism services -- 12.3.3 Impact on climatic attractiveness -- 12.3.4 The impact on demand -- 12.3.5 Impact on global tourism flows -- 12.4 Discussion and conclusion. , Acknowledgements -- References -- 13 Using adaptive capacity to gain access to the decision-intensive ministries -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 The state of knowledge about adaptation in 2004 -- 13.3 Some insights from the economics literature -- 13.4 Opening the doors to the decision-intensive ministries -- 13.5 Concluding remarks -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 14 The impacts of climate change on Africa -- 14.1 Background -- 14.2 The analytical framework -- 14.3 Results -- 14.4 Conclusion -- References -- Part III Mitigation of greenhouse gases -- Introduction -- 15 Bottom-up modeling of energy and greenhouse gas emissions: approaches, results, and challenges to inclusion of end-use technologies -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Bottom-up assessment structure and models -- 15.3 Accounting models: salient results -- 15.4 Other bottom-up models: costs and carbon emissions projections -- 15.5 Key challenges in the bottom-up modeling approach -- 15.5.1 Conceptual framework: factors, potentials, and transaction costs -- 15.5.2 Empirical evidence of the influence of factors -- Accounting for transaction costs -- Accounting for technological change -- Inclusion of non-energy benefits -- Aggregation over time, regions, sectors, and consumers -- 15.6 Summary -- References -- 16 Technology in an integrated assessment model: the potential regional deployment of carbon capture and storage in the context of global CO2 stabilization -- 16.1 Introduction -- 16.2 A regionally disaggregated CO2 storage potential -- 16.3 Analysis cases -- 16.4 Modeling tools -- 16.5 The reference scenario -- 16.6 Carbon dioxide concentrations and the global value of carbon -- 16.7 The regional marginal cost of storage -- 16.8 The regional pattern of cumulative CO2 storage over the twenty-first century -- 16.9 Technology choice and regional storage -- 16.10 The economic value of CCS. , 16.11 Final remarks -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 17 Hydrogen for light-duty vehicles: opportunities and barriers in the United States -- 17.1 Underlying energy policy issues -- 17.2 Hydrogen: an emerging energy carrier? -- 17.3 Hydrogen for light duty vehicles: the opportunity -- 17.3.1 Unit carbon dioxide releases of hydrogen production technologies -- 17.3.2 Unit costs of hydrogen production technologies -- 17.3.3 Three scenarios of vehicle technology adoption -- Light duty vehicles in the three scenarios -- Fuel use by light duty vehicles in the three scenarios -- Carbon dioxide emissions by light duty vehicles in the three scenarios -- 17.4 Hydrogen for light duty vehicles: the barriers -- 17.4.1 Demand-side technology barriers in vehicles -- 17.4.2 Supply-side technology barriers -- 17.4.3 Fueling cost barriers hydrogen to production -- 17.4.4 Fueling cost barriers: hydrogen retailing/other infrastructure -- 17.4.5 Resource limitations -- Natural gas supply and demand -- Resources for geological storage -- Land for biomass -- Coal industry expansion -- 17.4.6 Other barriers to consumer adoption -- 17.4.7 Competitive technologies -- 17.5 In summary -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 18 The role of expectations in modeling costs of climate change policies -- 18.1 Introduction -- 18.2 Modeling with perfect foresight -- 18.2.1 Basic structure of the multi-region national model -- 18.2.2 Data -- 18.2.3 Benchmarking -- 18.2.4 Sectoral disaggregation -- 18.2.5 Time horizon -- 18.2.6 Policy instruments -- 18.2.7 Representation of production and consumption decisions -- 18.2.8 Representation of international trade -- 18.2.9 MRN's personal automobile use component -- 18.2.10 Tax instruments -- 18.2.11 Welfare measurement -- 18.3 Defining policy scenarios for the long term -- 18.3.1 Background. , 18.3.2 Three alternative extensions of the McCain-Lieberman Phase I cap.
    Location Call Number Limitation Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Fluids 5 (1993), S. 2669-2681 
    ISSN: 1089-7666
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Fully developed flow of an incompressible Newtonian fluid through a duct in which the orientation of the cross section is twisted about an axis parallel to an imposed pressure gradient is analyzed here with the aid of the penalty/Galerkin/finite element method. When the axis of twist is located within the duct, flow approaches limits at low and high torsion, the spatial frequency τ by which the duct is twisted. For small torsion, flow is nearly rectilinear and solutions approach previous asymptotic results for an elliptical cross section. For large torsion, flow exhibits an internal layer structure: a rotating circular-cylinder core with a nearly parabolic axial velocity profile, an internal layer of thickness τ−1 along the perimeter of the largest circular cylinder that can be inscribed in the duct, and nearly quiescent flow outside of the circular cylinder. The maximum rate of swirl in the core of a square duct is found to be at moderate torsion. The primary effect of inertia is an increase in pressure with distance from the axis, due to centrifugal acceleration. When the duct is offset from the axis of twist, inertia leads to one, two, or three primary vortices without apparent bifurcation of steady states, although stability of steady flows is lost beyond detected Hopf points.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Limitation Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Fluids 28 (1985), S. 2968-2979 
    ISSN: 1089-7666
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Fully developed flow of an incompressible Newtonian fluid driven by a pressure gradient through a square channel that rotates about an axis perpendicular to the channel roof is analyzed here with the aid of the penalty/Galerkin/finite element method. Coriolis force throws fast-moving fluid in the channel core in the direction of the cross product of the mean fluid velocity with the channel's angular velocity. Two vortex cells form when convective inertial force is weak. Asymptotic limits of rectilinear flow and geostrophic plug flow are approached when viscous force or Coriolis force dominates, respectively. A flow structure with an ageostrophic, virtually inviscid core is uncovered when Coriolis and convective inertial forces are both strong. This ageostrophic two-vortex structure becomes unstable when the strength of convective inertial force increases past a critical value. The two-vortex family of solutions metamorphoses into a family of four-vortex solutions at an imperfect bifurcation composed of a pair of turning points.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Limitation Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Environment and Resources 25 (2000), S. 199-244 
    ISSN: 1056-3466
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract An ultimate limit on the extent that biomass fuels can be used to displace fossil transportation fuels, and their associated emissions of CO2, will be the land area available to produce the fuels and the efficiencies by which solar radiation can be converted to useable fuels. Currently, the Brazil cane-ethanol system captures 33% of the primary energy content in harvested cane in the form of ethanol. The US corn-ethanol system captures 54% of the primary energy of harvested corn kernels in the form of ethanol. If ethanol is used to substitute for gasoline, avoided fossil fuel CO2 emissions would equal those of the substituted amount minus fossil emissions incurred in producing the cane- or corn-ethanol. In this case, avoided emissions are estimated to be 29% of harvested cane and 14% of harvested corn primary energy. Unless these efficiencies are substantially improved, the displacement of CO2 emissions from transportation fuels in the United States is unlikely to reach 10% using domestic biofuels. Candidate technologies for improving these efficiencies include fermentation of cellulosic biomass and conversion of biomass into electricity, hydrogen, or alcohols for use in electric drive-train vehicles.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Limitation Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Fluids 30 (1987), S. 990-997 
    ISSN: 1089-7666
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Flow of incompressible Newtonian liquid films is governed by the Navier–Stokes system with shear-free, balanced-normal-stress, and kinematic boundary conditions at the free surface. This system is solved here for the evolution of finite-amplitude two-dimensional disturbances to otherwise steady flow down a vertical plate by means of a finite element method adapted for free boundary problems. When flow is specified to be spatially periodic, fully developed steady flows that ensue approach time-periodic states, i.e., waves, the finite amplitude of which depends upon their wavelength. The family of time-periodic states connects to the steady, fully developed flow at a Hopf bifurcation that lies at a critical disturbance length, in agreement with the Orr–Sommerfeld analysis. Initial disturbances to flow down a plate of finite length grow as they propagate downward. In all cases studied here, however, steady flow is eventually approached.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Limitation Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Climatic change 23 (1993), S. 121-139 
    ISSN: 1573-1480
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Considerable controversy has been generated by the observation that the Earth's climate has warmed over the last century. Public policy decisions hinge on the question of whether this trend is natural climate variability or the result of the increase in atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases. The strength of the enhanced greenhouse effect depends, in large part, on the uncertain value of climate sensitivity. In this paper climate sensitivity is estimated from the global temperature record by assuming models for greenhouse forcing, climate response to forcing, and climate variability. We find optimal estimates of climate sensitivity are remarkably insensitive to assumptions, at least for forcing excluding the effect of aerosols, and these values are considerably less than most predictions arising from General Circulation Models (GCM's). It is, however, the statistical significance of these estimates that is sensitive to assumptions about climate variability. Assuming climate variability with a time scale of a decade or less, climate sensitivity is estimated to be significantly greater than zero, but also significantly lower than that predicted by GCM's. Climate variability with a century time scale is consistent with both the recent temperature record and the pre-instrumental record for the last millenium; if this type of variability is assumed, the estimate of climate sensitivity has a confidence band wide enough to encompass both zero and typical values obtained by GCM's. With century time-scale variability it will be several decades before confident estimates can be made.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Limitation Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Climatic change 33 (1996), S. 31-62 
    ISSN: 1573-1480
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A terrestrial-biosphere carbon-sink has been included in global carbon-cycle models in order to reproduce past atmospheric CO2, 13C and 14C concentrations. The sink is of large enough magnitude that its effect on projections of future CO2 levels should not be ignored. However, the cause and mechanism of this sink are not well understood, contributing to uncertainty of projections. The estimated magnitude of the biospheric sink is examined with the aid of a global carbon-cycle model. For CO2 emissions scenarios, model estimates are made of the resulting atmospheric CO2 concentration. Next, the response of this model to CO2-emission impulses is broken down to give the fractions of the impulse which reside in the atmosphere, oceans, and terrestrial biosphere - all as a perturbation to background atmospheric CO2 concentration time-profiles that correspond to different emission scenarios. For a biospheric sink driven by the CO2-fertilization effect, we find that the biospheric fraction reaches a maximum of roughly 30% about 50 years after the impulse, which is of the same size as the oceanic fraction at that time. The dependence of these results on emission scenario and the year of the impulse are reported.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Limitation Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 8
    ISSN: 1573-1480
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract There is an apparent inconsistency between the estimated low accuracy reported by Kheshgi and Lapenis (1996; hereinafter KL) for the reconstructed zonal-mean annual paleotemperatures for the mid-Holocene, and the high agreement reported by Shabalova and Können (1995; hereinafter SK) between the normalized temperature anomalies of these reconstructed paleotemperatures and those reconstructed for earlier epochs. The reasons for this inconsistency could be: (i) overestimation by KL of the reconstruction errors by more than a factor of two, (ii) significant smoothing of the paleodata resulting in a reduction in the number of independent pieces of information represented by the zonal-mean temperatures, or (iii) bias of the paleotemperature reconstruction by prior knowledge of the expected patterns of climate change. Because it is unlikely that the errors involved in producing the reconstructed mid-Holocene temperatures have been overestimated by more than a factor of two, one or both of the other reasons is the likely explanation for the inconsistency. If this holds true, then support for the paleo-analog hypothesis provided by the mid-Holocene paleotemperature reconstruction is severely weakened.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Limitation Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 35 (1989), S. 1719-1727 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An approximate equation for the evolution of finite-amplitude, long disturbances to Newtonian liquid films is found to be accurate over a wide range of Reynolds numbers. A long-wave expansion leads to a film profile equation asymptotically correct when wave number and Reynolds number are small. Solutions of the film profile equation are compared to exact and other approximate solutions of the Navier-Stokes system. An alternative form of the film profile equation results in remarkably accurate solutions, when Reynolds numbers are moderate, in the cases of standing or monotonically decaying waves in horizonatal films, rising film flow, final acceleration of a moving film, and film flow emerging from a slot coater.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Limitation Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 37 (1991), S. 1265-1269 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Limitation Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
Close ⊗
This website uses cookies and the analysis tool Matomo. More information can be found here...