Keywords:
Pollution -- Physiological effect -- Congresses.
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Toxicology -- Congresses.
;
Adaptation (Physiology) -- Congresses.
;
Electronic books.
Description / Table of Contents:
Survival in Toxic Environments is a collection of papers presented at a symposium held in Houston, Texas, in December 1973 and organized by the American Society of Zoologists, Division of Comparative Physiology and Biochemistry. Contributors focus on chemical pollutants, as well as the pollutants' fate and disposition in the environment and bio-environmental effects. The specific pollutants and/or toxicants include pesticides, crude and refined oils, polychlorinated biphenyls, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, nitrilotriacetic acid, lead, carbon monoxide, and other supposedly less ominous xenobiotics. The dispositions of these substances and their effects are examined in either ecosystems and/or organisms, or components thereof. This volume is organized into five sections encompassing 21 chapters and begins with an overview of chemicals, how they are degraded, and how they affect living organisms. The first section discusses the impact of chemical pollutants, such as DDT, on the biology of organisms. The second section explores the detoxication mechanisms of survival in toxic environments, emphasizing halogenated hydrocarbons and their fate in microbes, houseflies, and fish. The reader is then methodically introduced to the role of the mixed-function oxidase and its components in survival in toxic environments, along with the trends in pesticide research. The final section considers non-pesticidal pollutants, such as NTA (a detergent builder), lead, and carbon monoxide, and their secondary effects. This book will be of interest to scientists and researchers in fields such as chemical pharmacology, chemical pathology, biology, zoology, ecology, agricultural chemistry, and entomology.
Type of Medium:
Online Resource
Pages:
1 online resource (576 pages)
Edition:
1st ed.
ISBN:
9780323145442
URL:
https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/geomar/detail.action?docID=1164601
DDC:
574
Language:
English
Note:
Front Cover -- Survival in Toxic Environments -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Foreword -- Contributors -- Preface -- Introduction -- SECTION I: Impact of Chemical Pollutants on the Biology of Organisms -- CHAPTER 1. THE ECOSYSTEM APPROACH TO TOXIC CHEMICALS IN THE BIOSPHERE -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Predictive Models as Mechanisms for UnderstandingBiological Survival in Toxic Environments -- The Clear Lake DDT-R Model -- The Mathematics of the Clear Lake Model -- Validations of the Clear Lake Model -- Comments on Sensitivity Analysis -- General Conclusions from the Clear Lake Model -- The Terrestrial Model in Man-Simplified Ecosystems -- References -- Acknowledgements -- CHAPTER 2. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF PESTICIDES -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Ecosystem Effects -- Toleration and Toxic Action -- Degradation of Pollutants -- Biotic Communities -- Populations -- Food and Energy -- Reproduction -- Chemical Composition of Plants -- Behavior -- Predators, Parasites, and Herbivores -- Evolution -- Environmental Persistence and Movement -- References -- Acknowledgments -- CHAPTER 3. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION IN RELATION TO ESTUARINE BIRDS -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Methods -- Collecting Localities -- Chemical Residues -- Geographic differences -- Species differences -- Eggshell Characteristics -- Discussion and Conclusions -- Summary -- References -- Acknowledgments -- CHAPTER 4. SUBLETHAL EFFECTS OF OIL, HEAVY METALSAND PCBs ON MARINE ORGANISMS -- Introduction -- Accumulation and Release: -- Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) -- Petroleum Hydrocarbons -- Respiration: -- Heavy Metals -- Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) -- Petroleum Hydrocarbons -- Osmotic and Ionic Regulation -- Chlorinated Hydrocarbons and Heavy Metals -- Petroleum Hydrocarbons -- Growth: Petroleum hydrocarbons -- Interactions: Heavy metals -- Discussion -- Summary.
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References -- Acknowledgments -- SECTION II: Detoxication Mechanisms of Survival in Toxic Environments -- Chapter 5. An Introduction to Detoxication as aMechanism of Survival -- References -- MICROBIAL DEGRADATION OF PESTICIDES -- Introduction -- Characteristics of Microbial Metabolism -- METABOLIC ACTIVITIES CAUSING DEGRADATION OF PESTICIDES -- Hydrolytic processes -- Oxidative Activities -- Reductive System Including Dechlorination Reactions -- Metabolic Processes Causing Toxic Terminal Residues -- Isomerization Reactions -- Oxidative Reactions -- Hydrolysis -- Selective Degradation -- Other Reactio -- Acknowledgement -- CHAPTER 6. DETOXICATION OF ACARICIDES BY ANIMALS -- Abstract -- Introduction -- ORGANOPHOSPHATES -- CARBAMATES -- CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS -- DIPHENYL ALIPHATICS -- SULFIDES -- SULFONATES -- ORGANOFLUORINES -- NITROPHENOL DERIVATIVES -- QUINOXALINE DERIVATIVES -- FORMAMIDINES -- PHENYLHYDRAZONES -- CONCLUSIONS -- Acknowledgements -- References -- CHAPTER 7. DETOXICATION OF FOREIGN CHEMICALS BYINVERTEBRATES -- CONJUGATION OF METABOLITES -- DETOXICATION SYSTEMS -- Acknowledgements -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 8. THE DISPOSITION OF XENOBIOTICS BY FISHES -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Pattern of Xenobiotic Metabolism -- Phase I Pathways of Metabolism in Fish -- Phase II Pathways of Metabolism in Fish -- Factors Influencing Xenobiotic Metabolism by Fish -- Excretion of Xenobiotics by Elasmobranchs -- References -- SECTION III: Role of Mixed-Function Oxidase and Its Components in Survival in Toxic Environments -- CHAPTER 9. COMPARATIVE STUDIES OF CYTOCHROME P-450AND ITS INTERACTION WITH PESTICIDES -- Abstract -- Introduction -- OCCURRENCE OF CYTOCHROME P-450 -- SUBSTRATE BINDING OF PESTICIDES -- INDUCTION OF CYTOCHROME P-450 BY PESTICIDES -- GENETICS OF CYTOCHROME P-450 AND RESISTANCE TO INSECTICIDES -- CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.
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REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 10. MAMMALIAN ARYL HYDROCARBON HYDROXYLASES IN CELL CULTURES:MECHANISM OF INDUCTION AND ROLE IN CARCINOGENESIS -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Microsomal Benzo[a]pyrene Metabolism -- Regulation of Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylase (AHH) -- Nature of the RNA Species Required for AHH Induction -- Post-Transcriptional Regulation of AHH Induction -- Induction by Temporary Inhibition of Protein Synthesis -- Tissue Specific Induction In Vivo -- Different Forms of AHH and Their Distribution -- Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylase and Polycyclic Hydrocarbon Cytotoxicity. -- Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylase and Polycyclic Hydrocarbon Tumorigenesis. -- Inhibition by 7,8-Benzoflavone of Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylase and Tumorigenesis in Mouse Skin. -- Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylase and Polycyclic Hydrocarbon Tumorigenesis in Man. -- References -- CHAPTER 11. GENETIC REGULATION AND MECHANISMSOF P-450 OXYGENASE ACTION -- Abstract -- Introduction -- A MICROBIAL EXAMPLE -- Camphor Metabolism by Pseudomonads -- Enzyme Formation -- Genetic Organization -- Oxygenation Cycles and Components -- Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgements -- References -- CHAPTER 12. GENETICS OF DETOXICATION SYSTEMS IN INSECTS -- Synopsis -- Introduction -- Role of Genetic Studies -- Major Resistance Genes: -- Microsomal mixed-function oxidase (ox -- Discussion -- Interaction of Resistance Genes -- Inheritance of Resistance -- Induction of Detoxication -- Conclusion -- References -- Acknowledgments -- SECTION IV: Recent Trends in Pesticide Research -- CHAPTER 13. ECOLOGICAL AND HEALTH EFFECTS OF THEPHOTOLYSIS OF INSECTICIDES -- Introduction -- DDT and Its Analogues -- Aldrin, Dieldrin and Other Cyclodienes -- Organophosphate esters -- Carbamates -- Other insecticides -- General considerations -- Toxicological Aspects of Photoconversion of Insecticides -- Acknowedgements -- References Cited.
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CHAPTER 14. FACTORS AFFECTING THE BEHAVIOR OF CHEMICALSIN THE ENVIRONMENT -- Introduction -- Water Solubility and Behavior in the Hydrosphere -- Vapor Pressure and Behavior in the Atmosph -- Behavior in the Lithosphere -- Degradation of Chemicals -- Interaction with Biota -- References -- Acknowledgments -- CHAPTER 15. INSECTICIDE RESISTANCE IN VERTEBRATES -- Abstract -- Introduction -- In vitro Mitochondrial Studies -- Organochlorine Insecticide Retention by Cellular Fractions -- Insecticide Uptake -- Membrane Related Properties of Resistance -- Acknowledgements -- References -- CHAPTER 16. INSECTICIDE RESISTANCE IN INSECTS ANDITS ECOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC THRUST -- Abstract -- Introduction -- The Origin and Characteristics of Resistant Strains -- Types of Resistance -- Physiological Resistance -- Resistance to Chlorinated Hydrocarbon (CH) Insecticides -- Resistance to Hexachlorocylohexane (BHC) -- Resistance to cyclodiene compounds -- Resistance to organophosphorus (OP) insecticides -- Resistance to Carbamate Insecticides -- Future Prospects -- References -- CHAPTER 17. COSTS AND BENEFITS OF PESTICIDES: AN OVERVIEW -- Perspective -- Introduction -- Orchard productivity -- Pesticides and the economics of vegetable production -- Crop yields and pesticide use -- Corn-A special case? -- Costs-Benefits: Pesticide costs -- Costs-Benefits: Monetary return -- Summary -- References -- SECTION V: Non-Pesticidal Pollutants -- CHAPTER 18. BIODEGRADATION OF NITRILOTRIACETIC ACIDAND NTA-METAL ION COMPLEXES -- Introduction -- Biodegradation Pathway for NTA -- 1. Prediction of Pathways -- 2. Warburg Measurements -- 3. Biodegradation of NTA by Cell Extracts -- Kinetics and Mechanism of NTA Biodegradation -- Biodegradation of NTA-Metal Ion Complexes -- 1. Exchange with Soil -- 2. Exchange with Sediment -- 3. Exchange with Primary and Secondary Sewage Sludge.
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Tolerance Range for NTA Biodegradation -- Conclusions -- References -- CHAPTER 19. ECOLOGICAL AND HEALTH EFFECTSOF POLLUTANTS IN AUTOMOBILE EXHAUST -- Introduction -- Lead in automobile exhaust and contamination of our environment -- Factors affecting environmental concentrations of lead -- Lead content of plants -- Lead burden in waters -- Effects of lead on fish and other animals in food chains -- Adult human exposure to lead -- Chapter 20. Developmental Effects of Lead -- Lead effects in the infant -- Developmental Toxicology of Lead in Mice -- Introduction -- Teratogenic and/or developmental effects -- Weight gain -- Mortality profile -- Gross motor activity of juvenile mice -- Summary -- Chapter 21. Cardiovascular Effects of Carbon Monoxide (CO) -- Introduction -- CO Thresholds for Polycythemia and Cardiac Enlargement -- Time-Course of Blood and Heart Effects -- Mode of CO-induced cardiac Hypertrophy -- Cardiac biochemical effects of CO -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Epilogue -- Subject Index.
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