Keywords:
Vaccines -- Synthesis.
;
Electronic books.
Type of Medium:
Online Resource
Pages:
1 online resource (672 pages)
Edition:
1st ed.
ISBN:
9783527606092
URL:
https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/geomar/detail.action?docID=482099
DDC:
615.372
Language:
English
Note:
Intro -- Novel Vaccination Strategies -- Contents -- Novel Vaccination Strategies -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- List of Contributors -- Colour Plates -- Part I -- 1 Challenges for the Vaccine Developer, including Correlates of Protection -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Mechanisms of Protection within the Immune System -- 1.3 Protection against Viruses -- 1.4 HIV/AIDS as an Example of a Persisting Virus -- 1.5 Protection against Extracellular Bacteria -- 1.6 Protection against Intracellular Bacteria -- 1.7 Protection against Parasites -- 1.8 Conclusions -- References -- Part II Vaccination and Immune Response -- 2 Shaping Adaptive Immunity against Pathogens: The Contribution of Innate Immune Responses -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Activation of Innate Immunity: Sensing the Enemy -- 2.2.1 Pathogen-associated Molecular Patterns -- 2.2.2 Host Cellular Sensors -- 2.2.2.1 Dendritic Cells -- 2.2.2.2 Mast Cells -- 2.2.3 Nonpeptide MHC Ligands Triggering Invariant T-cell Receptors -- 2.3 Translating Innate Immune Activation into Regulatory Circuits: Molecular Pathways Shaping Adaptive Immunity -- 2.3.1 TLR-initiated Signaling Cascades -- 2.3.2 Molecules Involved in Recruiting Effector Cells -- 2.3.2.1 Defensins -- 2.3.2.2 Chemokines -- 2.3.3 Molecules Involved in T and B Cell Differentiation -- 2.3.3.1 Th1-inducing Cytokines -- 2.3.3.2 Th2-inducing Cytokines -- 2.4 Implications for Vaccine Development -- References -- 3 Adjuvant-induced Th2- and Th1-dominated Immune Responses in Vaccination -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 The Two-Signal Model of Adjuvant-induced Immune Activation -- 3.3 Th1 and Th2 Induction by Vaccine Adjuvants -- 3.4 Antigen Dose Effects -- 3.5 The Three-signal Model of Adjuvant-induced Immune Activation -- 3.6 Th2 Induction by Adjuvants -- 3.7 Differential Activation of DCs -- 3.8 Inappropriate Th1/Th2 Responses to Vaccines.
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3.9 Human Th2 vaccines -- 3.10 Human Th1 Vaccines -- 3.11 Conclusion -- References -- 4 Memory -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Characteristics of Memory Cells -- 4.3 CD8+ T Cell Memory -- 4.3.1 Phenotyping Memory CD8+ T Cells -- 4.3.2 Enhanced Responsiveness of Memory CD8(+) T cells: Potential Mechanisms -- 4.3.3 Generation of Memory CD8+ T Cells -- 4.3.4 Maintaining CD8+ T Cell Memory -- 4.3.5 Models of CD8+ T cell Memory Generation -- 4.4 CD4+ T Cell Memory -- 4.4.1 Differentiation of Effector and Memory CD4+ T Cells -- 4.4.2 Phenotype of Memory CD4+ T Cells -- 4.4.3 Memory Generation and Maintenance -- 4.4.4 Trafficking of Memory CD4+ T Cells -- 4.5 B cell Memory -- 4.5.1 Generation of B Cell Memory -- 4.5.2 Maintenance of B Cell Memory -- 4.6 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 5 T Cell-based Vaccines -- Summary -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Ex-vivo Detection of Antigen-specific T Cells -- 5.3 In-vivo Kinetics of Antigen-specific T Cell Responses -- 5.4 Effector Function and Subtypes of Effector T Cells -- 5.5 T Cell Receptor Repertoire, Avidity Maturation, and Epitope Competition -- 5.6 Functional Heterogeneity of T Cell Memory -- 5.7 Vaccination Strategies and Their Efficacy for T Cell-based Vaccination -- 5.8 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Part III Adjuvants -- 6 Microbial Adjuvants -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Microbial Danger Signals -- 6.2.1 Toxins (CT and LT) -- 6.2.2 Toll-like Receptor-dependent Microbial Adjuvants -- 6.2.2.1 Lipopolysaccharide and Lipid A Derivatives -- 6.2.2.2 Peptidoglycan and Lipoteichoic Acid -- 6.2.2.3 Other Microbial Components (Lipopeptides, Flagellin) -- 6.2.2.4 Bacterial DNA -- 6.2.3 Toll-like Receptor-dependent Synthetic Compounds -- 6.2.3.1 Synthetic CpG DNA -- 6.2.3.2 Other Synthetic TLR ligands -- 6.2.3.3 Low Molecular Weight TLR Agonists -- 6.3 Conclusion -- References -- 7 Host-derived Adjuvants.
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7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Heat Shock Proteins in Immunology -- 7.2.1 General Remarks -- 7.2.2 Heat Shock Proteins Are Immunogenic -- 7.2.3 Heat Shock Proteins Bind Peptides -- 7.2.4 Receptor-mediated Uptake of HSPs -- 7.2.5 Cross-presentation Pathways for HSP-Peptide Complexes -- 7.2.6 Danger Signals - The Importance of the Second Signal -- 7.2.7 Heat Shock Proteins as Danger Signals -- 7.2.8 Heat Shock Proteins as Endogenous Adjuvants -- 7.2.9 Clinical Use of Heat Shock Proteins -- 7.3 Cytokines as Adjuvants -- 7.4 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 8 Microparticles as vaccine adjuvants and delivery systems -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 The Role of Adjuvants in Vaccine Development -- 8.3 Immunostimulatory Adjuvants -- 8.3.1 MPL -- 8.3.2 CpG -- 8.3.3 QS21 -- 8.3.4 Cytokines -- 8.4 Particulate Vaccine Delivery Systems -- 8.4.1 Lipid-based Particles as Adjuvants -- 8.4.2 The Adjuvant Effect of Synthetic Particles -- 8.4.3 Uptake of Microparticles into APC -- 8.4.4 Microparticles as Adjuvants for Antibody Induction -- 8.4.5 The Induction of Cell-mediated Immunity with Microparticles -- 8.4.6 Microparticles as Delivery Systems for DNA Vaccines -- 8.4.7 Microparticles as Delivery Systems for Adjuvants -- 8.4.8 Microparticles as Single-dose Vaccines -- 8.4.9 Alternative Particulate Delivery Systems -- 8.5 Alternative Routes of Immunization -- 8.5.1 Mucosal Immunization with Microparticles -- 8.5.2 Microparticles as Delivery Systems for Mucosal Adjuvants -- 8.6 Adjuvant for Therapeutic Vaccines -- 8.7 Future Developments in Vaccine Adjuvants -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 9 Liposomes and ISCOMs -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Liposomes and Related Structures -- 9.2.1 Composition, Characteristics, and Preparation Methods of Liposomes -- 9.2.1.1 Composition and Characteristics of Liposomes -- Liposomes -- Transfersomes -- Niosomes -- Virosomes.
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Proteosomes and Outer Membrane Vesicles -- Archaeosomes -- Cochleates -- 9.2.1.2 Preparation Methods of Liposomes -- 9.2.2 Mechanisms of Action of Liposomes -- 9.2.2.1 Protection, Stabilization, and Mimicry -- 9.2.2.2 Targeting -- 9.2.2.3 Enhanced or Controlled Processing -- 9.2.3 Liposome Performance and Products -- 9.3 ISCOMs -- 9.3.1 Composition, Characteristics, and Preparation Methods of ISCOMs -- 9.3.1.1 Composition -- 9.3.1.2 Characteristics of ISCOMs -- 9.3.1.3 Preparation of ISCOMs -- 9.3.2 Immunology and Mode of Action of ISCOM Vaccines -- 9.3.2.1 Immune Responses to ISCOM Vaccines -- Parenteral Immunization of Mice -- Parenteral Immunization of Nonhuman Primates -- Mucosal Immunization -- Effective Immunization with ISCOM Vaccines in the Presence of Preexisting Antibody -- 9.3.2.2 Mode of Action of ISCOM Vaccines -- 9.3.3 Performance and Products -- 9.3.3.1 Protection Afforded by ISCOM Vaccines in Animal Models -- 9.3.3.2 Human Clinical Trials with ISCOMs -- 9.4 Perspectives -- References -- 10 Virosomal Technology and Mucosal Adjuvants -- 10.1 Overview -- 10.2 Mucosal Adjuvants -- 10.2.1 Introduction -- 10.2.2 Families of Mucosal Adjuvants -- 10.2.3 Administration Strategies -- 10.2.3.1 Direct Admixing of Antigen and Adjuvants -- 10.2.3.2 Covalent Linkage of the Adjuvant and Antigen or Adjuvant Incorporation into other Mucosal Delivery Systems -- 10.2.3.3 Adjuvant in Prime-Boost Vaccination Strategies -- 10.2.4 Interaction of Mucosal Adjuvants with the Innate Immune System -- 10.2.5 Conclusion -- 10.3 Virosomal Technology -- 10.3.1 Introduction -- 10.3.2 Adjuvant Properties of Virosomes -- 10.3.2.1 Virosome Structure and Immunopotentiation -- 10.3.2.2 Depot Effect -- 10.3.2.3 The Pivotal Role of Fusion-active Virosomal Hemagglutinin -- 10.3.2.4 Effect of Pre-existing Immunity to Influenza Virus.
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10.3.3 Validation of the Virosomal Vaccine Concept -- 10.3.4 Conclusion -- References -- Part IV Classical and Novel Vaccination Strategies: A Comparison -- 11 Classical Bacterial Vaccines -- 11.1 Bacterial Vaccines: Introductory Remarks -- 11.2 Inactivated Vaccines -- 11.2.1 Methods of Inactivation -- 11.2.2 Advantages and Limitations of Inactivated Vaccines -- 11.3 Live Vaccines -- 11.3.1 Attenuation -- 11.3.2 Advantages and Limitations of Live Bacterial Vaccines -- 11.4 Vaccines for Human Bacterial Diseases -- 11.4.1 Anthrax (Bacillus anthracis) -- 11.4.2 Cholera (Vibrio cholerae) -- 11.4.3 Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli -- 11.4.4 Plague (Yersinia pestis) -- 11.4.5 Shigellosis (Shigella species) -- 11.4.6 Tuberculosis (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) -- 11.4.7 Typhoid Fever (Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi) -- 11.4.8 Tularemia (Francisella tularensis) -- 11.4.9 Whooping cough (Bordetella pertussis) -- 11.5 Veterinary Bacterial Vaccines -- 11.5.1 Infections Caused by Bordetella and Pasteurella Species -- 11.5.2 Brucellosis (Brucella spp.) -- 11.5.3 Porcine Pleuropneumonia (Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae) -- 11.5.4 Diseases Caused by Mycoplasma spp. -- 11.5.5 Salmonellosis in Animals -- 11.5.6 Leptospirosis (Leptospira spp.) -- 11.5.7 Other Commercially Relevant Animal Diseases -- 11.6 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 12 Subunit Vaccines and Toxoids -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Toxoids -- 12.3 Subunit Vaccines: Conventional Vaccinology Approach -- 12.3.1 Polysaccharide Vaccines -- 12.3.2 Recombinant DNA Technology for Subunit Vaccines -- 12.3.2.1 HBV Vaccine -- 12.3.2.2 Acellular Pertussis Vaccine -- 12.3.2.3 Lyme Disease Vaccine -- 12.4 The Future of Subunit Vaccine Development: The Genomic Approach -- 12.4.1 When Theory Becomes Reality: The MenB Example -- 12.4.2 Further Applications of the Genomic Approach to Vaccine Development.
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12.4.2.1 Streptococcus pneumoniae.
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