Note: Intro -- Contents -- Foreword: Navigating a Post-Truth World: Ten Enduring Lessons from the Study of Pseudoscience -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction: Pseudoscience: What It Costs and Efforts to Fight It -- I. The Basics of Pseudoscience -- 1. Pseudoscience and the Pursuit of Truth -- Doubting Science -- The Demarcation Fallacy -- Boundary Work -- The Pseudoscientific Threat -- References -- 2. The Psychology of (Pseudo)Science: Cognitive, Social, and Cultural Factors -- The Psychology of Science -- What Is Scientific Thinking? -- Individual Factors: Cognition and Metacognition -- Social Factors -- Cultural Factors -- Summary and Conclusions -- Author's Note -- References -- 3. The Illusion of Causality: A Cognitive Bias Underlying Pseudoscience -- The Adaptive Bias in Pattern Detection -- Correct Estimation of Causality -- Biased Estimation of Causality -- Factors That Produce the Causal Illusion -- An Example from Pseudo-medicine -- Simple Conditioning Models and Causal Illusions -- The Bright Side of Causal Illusions -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 4. Hard Science, Soft Science, and Pseudoscience: Implications of Research on the Hierarchy of the Sciences -- Comte's Hierarchy of the Sciences -- Empirical Indicators of Hierarchical Placement -- Genuine versus Pseudoscience -- Pseudoscientific Beliefs within the Hierarchy -- Discussion -- References -- II. What Pseudoscience Costs Society -- 5. Food-o-science Pseudoscience: The Weapons and Tactics in the War on Crop Biotechnology -- Dinner, an Easy Target for Charlatans -- The Danger of Soft Sortascience -- Human Misery Spawns Agriculture -- Directed Human Intervention in Genetic Improvement -- The Food-o-scientist Toolbox -- Specific Examples of Food-o-science -- Conclusion -- References. , 6. An Inside Look at Naturopathic Medicine: A Whistleblower's Deconstruction of Its Core Principles -- Introduction -- A Brief History of Naturopathic Theory -- Naturopathic Medicine Today and Its Six Principles -- First, Do No Harm -- The Healing Power of Nature -- Identify and Treat the Root Cause of Disease -- Doctor as Teacher -- Treat the Whole Person -- Prevention -- Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- 7. Risky Play and Growing Up: How to Understand the Overprotection of the Next Generation -- Introduction -- Play's Complexity-More Than Having Fun -- Benefits of Risky Play -- Evolutionary Function of Play and Risky Play -- Attempts to Regulate Play's Riskiness -- The Science of Risk Perception -- Normal Fear and Pathological Anxiety -- The Function of Fear: Avoidance and Safety Behaviors -- Phobias -- The Problem with Believing Worry Is Helpful: Parents Worry -- Generalized Anxiety Disorder: Exaggerated Worry -- The Knock-On Implications for Older Members of Society: The Infantilization of Our Young Adults and the Peculiar Case of Trigger Warnings -- Students Are Not More Vulnerable Than the General Population -- Universities Need Academic and Intellectual Freedom -- How to Treat Exaggerated Negative Emotional Reactions -- Not Learning to Cope Is to Not Mature Adequately -- How Too Much Safety and Protection Can Be Harmful -- Conclusions -- References -- 8. The Anti-Vaccine Movement: A Litany of Fallacy and Errors -- Naturalistic Fallacy: A View That What Is Natural Is Inherently Good and What Is Unnatural Inherently Bad -- Nirvana Fallacy (Perfect Solution Fallacy): The View That If a Solution Is Not Perfect, It Is Worthless -- Shifting the Burden of Proof (See Onus Probandi): "I Need Not Prove My Claim, You Must Prove It Is False". , Anecdotal Fallacy: Using a Personal Experience or Examples to Extrapolate Without a Statistically Significant Number of Cases That Could Provide Scientifically Compelling Evidence -- False Authority (Single Authority): Using an Expert of Dubious Credentials -- Moving the Goalposts (Raising the Bar): After Evidence Is Presented in Response to a Specific Claim, Some Other (Often Greater) Evidence Is Demanded -- Genetic Fallacy: Where a Conclusion Is Based Solely on Something or Someone's Origin, With No Regard to Current Meaning or Context -- Appeal to Motive: Where a Premise Is Dismissed by Calling into Question the Motives of Its Proposer -- Cherry Picking: Pointing to Individual Cases or Data That Seem to Confirm a Particular Position, While Ignoring a Significant Portion of Related Cases or Data That May Contradict That Position -- Bad Science or Math -- Middle Ground: Saying That the Middle Point between Two Extremes Must Be the Truth -- Escape to the Future: Claiming That an Idea Will Soon Prevail Because the Emerging Evidence Is Just Around the Corner. "Science Was Wrong Before": Science Has Been Wrong in the Past, Therefore Science Cannot Be Trusted Now -- Finally, No Discussion of the Anti-Vaccine Movement Would Be Complete Without a Discussion of Conspiracy Theories and Deception -- Deception -- Conclusion -- Note -- References -- III. Scientific (or Pseudoscientific) Soundness -- 9. Understanding Pseudoscience Vulnerability through Epistemological Development, Critical Thinking, and Science Literacy -- Introduction -- Science Literacy -- Critical Thinking -- Epistemological Development -- Media Distortions of Science: The Spread of Pseudoscience -- The Mindfulness Movement -- The State of the Research -- Media Claims by High-Profile Mindfulness Figures -- Getting Beyond the Hype -- Where the Field Needs to Go. , Addressing Pseudoscience Vulnerability -- References -- 10. Scientific Failure as a Public Good: Illustrating the Process of Science and Its Contrast with Pseudoscience -- Introduction -- The Structure of Scientific Failures -- The OPERA Experiment and Faster-Than-Light Neutrinos -- BICEP2 and Primordial Gravitational Waves -- Hydrino Physics and the Structure of Pseudoscience -- Conclusions -- Appendix A: The OPERA Experiment -- Appendix B: The BICEP2 Experiment -- Appendix C: "Hydrino" Physics -- Note -- References -- 11. Evidence-Based Practice as a Driver of Pseudoscience in Prevention Research -- Introduction -- The Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's National Registry -- A Systems Approach to Understanding Pseudoscience in Drug Prevention Research -- Discussion -- Notes -- References -- 12. Scientific Soundness and the Problem of Predatory Journals -- Introduction -- Setting the Scene -- Predatory Journals are Enabling the Publishing and Distribution of Much Pseudoscience -- Motivations for Authoring Pseudoscience and Submitting It to Scholarly Publications -- The Imprimatur of Science -- Payments from Authors and the Breakdown of Demarcation -- Pseudoscience at the Journal Level -- Information Resources Are Polluted by Research Published in Predatory Journals -- The Rise of Boundary Work -- Looking Ahead: Scholarly Publishing and the Dissemination of Pseudoscience -- References -- 13. Pseudoscience, Coming to a Peer-Reviewed Journal Near You -- References -- IV. Pseudoscience in the Mainstream -- 14. "Integrative" Medicine: Integrating Quackery with Science-Based Medicine -- Pseudoscience Insinuates Itself in Medical Academia and Medicine -- What Is "Integrative Medicine"? -- The Problem with Integrative Medicine -- The Blind Spot of Evidence-Based Medicine -- Integrative Medicine: Harms versus Questionable Benefits. , "Integrating" Quackery: The Future of Medicine? -- References -- 15. Hypnosis: Science, Pseudoscience, and Nonsense -- Popular Media and Hypnosis -- Is Hypnosis a Trance State? -- Hypnotic Phenomena -- Hypnosis and Psychotherapy -- Conclusions -- References -- 16. Abuses and Misuses of Intelligence Tests: Facts and Misconceptions -- Can Intelligence Be Defined as a Singular Construct? -- The Definition of Intelligence -- Intelligence as a Quotient -- Is Intelligence a Fixed Construct? -- Broad Theories of Intelligence -- Pseudoscience -- Conclusions -- References -- 17. Reflections on Pseudoscience and Parapsychology: From Here to There and (Slightly) Back Again -- Introduction -- Early Years -- Epiphany -- Type I Skeptics -- Type II Skeptics -- Science, Nonscience, and Pseudoscience -- The Scientific Status of Parapsychology -- Conclusion -- Note -- References -- V. Science Activism: How People Think about Pseudoscience -- 18. Using Case Studies to Combat a Pseudoscience Culture -- First Things First: What Is Science? -- Who Are Scientists and Where Do We Find Them? -- The Canons of Science -- Commandments for the Scientist in the Lab and Field -- Commandments for the Scientist Interacting with Society -- How Scientists Can Go Wrong-"Methinks It Is Like a Weasel" -- Case Studies-A Rehearsal for Life -- Using Case Studies to Teach about Science -- Pseudoscience and How Do We Deal with It? -- What's the Harm of Pseudoscience? -- Can We Train People (Students) to Detect Pseudoscience? -- What Is a Teacher to Do? -- Is It Hopeless? -- Final Thoughts -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 19. "HIV Does Not Cause AIDS": A Journey into AIDS Denialism -- Discovering Denialism -- Just the Fake Facts -- Meet Joe Newton -- Entering the Dark Side -- A Network of Denialism -- It Gets Worse -- AIDS Denialism in the Courts -- Where We Stand -- References. , 20. Swaying Pseudoscience: The Inoculation Effect.

Note: Front Cover -- Animal Creativity and Innovation -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Foreword -- Acknowledgments -- I. Evidences of Creativity -- 1 Creativity and Innovation in the Grey Parrot (Psittacus erithacus) -- Introduction -- Creativity and Innovation in the Vocal Mode -- Sound Play: Combinations, Recombinations, Simple Extensions in the Presence of Trainers -- Novel Combinations in the Service of Vocal Learning -- Inferential Vocal Learning, Including Transfer Across Domains -- Creativity and Innovation in Conceptual Learning -- Inference in Numerical Concepts -- Innovation in the Physical Realm -- Inferential Abilities: Exclusion -- Creative Thinking: Transfer Across Dimensionality and Optical Illusions -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Commentary on Chapter 1: What Can Creativity Researchers Learn from Grey Parrots? -- References -- 2 Creativity in the Interaction: The Case of Dog-Human Play -- Introduction -- Constraint Theory -- Expertise and Attention -- Collaborative Dyads -- Hercules' Fakeouts -- Standing Over -- Drop and Get -- References -- Commentary on Chapter 2: Creativity in the Interaction -- References -- 3 Exploration Technique and Technical Innovations in Corvids and Parrots -- Parrots and Corvids as Avian Models for Physical Cognition -- Exploration and Play -- Morphology and Sensorimotor Plasticity -- Emotions and Motivation -- Exploration Technique and Innovative Problem Solving -- Exploration Technique and Innovative Tool Use -- Multi-Access Box -- References -- Commentary on Chapter 3: Innovations in Corvids and Parrots -- References -- 4 Cetacean Innovation -- Introduction -- Tales from the Tank -- Play -- Vocal Communication -- Foraging -- Testing for Innovation -- Innovations at Sea -- Play -- Vocal Communication -- Foraging -- Social and Sexual Behavior. , Cetaceans' Innovation Abilities -- Comparative Insights -- References -- Commentary on Chapter 4: Proto-c Creativity? -- References -- II. Requirements for Creativity -- 5 Creativity, Play, and the Pace of Evolution -- Introduction -- A Guiding Rationale -- Some Important Issues -- Introducing Play -- Diverse Attempts to Be Creative About Creativity -- Creativity and Innovation in Animals -- Examples of Novel Behavior Implicating a Role for Play -- Cetacean Play -- Gestural Communication in Apes -- Orangutan Tool Use and Water Innovation -- Stone Play in Japanese Monkeys -- A Scenario for Creativity Evolution -- What Happens After the Creative Leap? -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Commentary on Chapter 5: Play-A Multipurpose Vehicle -- References -- 6 The Evolution of Innovativeness: Exaptation or Specialized Adaptation? -- The Innovation Process Depends on a Combination of Factors -- Motivation -- Emotional Responses -- Cognition -- Morphology -- Adaptive Nature of the Traits Influencing Innovativeness -- Why can we Expect Adaptations Underlying Innovativeness to Evolve Together? -- Correlation Due to Shared Mechanisms -- Correlation due to Selection for Trait Combinations Under Certain Environments -- The Evolution of Creative Lifestyles -- Sociality -- Ecological Opportunist-Generalist -- Synthesis -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Commentary on Chapter 6: Can Sol's Explanation for the Evolution of Animal Innovation Account for Human Innovation? -- Innovative Capacity as Exaptation -- The Role of Context -- The Role of Genetic Assimilation -- Innovation as Viewed by the Animal Behavior Literature Versus the Psychological Literature -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 7 The Creative Cerebellum: Insight from Animal and Human Studies -- Introduction -- Cerebellar Involvement in Novelty Recognition and Novelty Seeking. , Cerebellar Involvement in Observational Learning -- Cerebellar Involvement in Cognitive Flexibility -- Conclusions -- References -- Commentary on Chapter 7: (How) Does the Cerebellum Contribute to Creativity? -- References -- 8 Animal Creativity: Cross-Species Studies of Cognition -- Background -- Three Themes of Creative Cognition -- Novelty Generation -- Working Memory/Declarative Memory -- Response Inhibition -- Novelty Generation in Song Birds -- Creative Expression in Songbirds and FoxP2 Genetics -- Neural Circuitry and Patterns of Gene Expression -- Working Memory in "Smart" Mice -- Neuroanatomy of Working/Declarative Memory -- Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Enhancements in Learning and Memory -- Working Memory and "Smart Mice" -- Response Inhibition in Rodents -- Noradrenergic Modulation of Cognitive Control and its Neuroanatomy -- Patterns of Gene Expression and Cognitive Control -- Conclusion -- Implications Now -- The Future of Cross-Species Study of Animal Cognition -- Conflict of Interest Statement -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Commentary on Chapter 8: Cross-Species Studies of Cognition -- Working Memory -- Cognitive Control -- References -- III. The Struggle for Creativity -- 9 Brain Size and Innovation in Primates -- Primate Innovation -- Costs of Innovation -- Primate Brain Evolution -- Brain Measures -- Costs of Encephalization -- Metabolism -- Life History -- Physiological Buffers -- Cognitive Buffers -- New Perspectives -- Summary -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Commentary on Chapter 9: Innovation and the Value of Building on What We Know -- 10 Minding the Gap: A Comparative Approach to Studying the Development of Innovation -- Introduction -- What is Innovation? -- Role of Novelty -- Creativity and Innovation -- Why is Innovation Important? -- Adaptation to Novel Environments -- Importance for Culture. , Approaches to Studying Innovation -- Evidence from Nonhuman Animals -- Evidence from Humans -- Components of Innovation -- Physical Cognition and Causal Reasoning -- Planning and Sequencing Actions Appropriately -- Inhibitory Control -- Ill-Structured Problems -- What Are They? -- Why Does This Fit the Pattern of Innovation? -- Using This Framework to Test Innovation in Children -- Conclusion -- References -- Commentary on Chapter 10: Minding the Gap: Problem Construction and Ill-Defined Problems -- References -- 11 Necessity, Unpredictability and Opportunity: An Exploration of Ecological and Social Drivers of Behavioral Innovation -- Introduction -- Unpredictability -- Innovation in Capuchin Tool Use -- Social Skill Innovation -- Discussion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Commentary on Chapter 11: Necessity, Unpredictability, Opportunity, and Creativity -- References -- 12 Cognitive and Noncognitive Aspects of Social Learning -- Social Influence -- Contagion -- Motivational Influences -- Social Facilitation/Social Enhancement -- Incentive Motivation -- Observation of Aversive Conditioning -- Perceptual Factors -- Local Enhancement -- Stimulus Enhancement -- Simple Learning in the Context of Social Cues -- Discriminated Following (or Matched Dependent) Behavior -- Observational Conditioning -- Goal-Emulation, Object-Movement-Reenactment, and Emulation via Affordance Learning -- Bird Song -- Traditions -- The Social Learning of Behavior -- Imitation -- The Bidirectional Control Procedure -- The Two-Action Procedure -- Variables that May Influence Opaque Imitation -- Demonstrator Reinforcement -- Observer Motivation -- Deferred Imitation -- Enculturation -- Gestural Single-Response Imitation -- More Complex Forms of Imitation -- Program Level Imitation -- Generalized Gestural Imitation -- Intentionality -- Understanding the Intentions of Others. , Symbolic Imitation -- Possible Behavioral and Biological Mechanisms -- An Associative Learning Account of Imitation -- Kinesthetic-Visual Matching -- Possible Biological Mechanisms -- Response Facilitation -- The Mirror System -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Commentary on Chapter 12: Imitation and Creativity -- References -- 13 Of Course Animals Are Creative: Insights from Generativity Theory -- Those Amazing Animals -- Animal Art -- Generativity Theory -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Commentary on Chapter 13: Defining Animal Creativity: Little-C, Often -- Big-C, Sometimes -- References -- IV. Pushing the Boundaries of Creativity -- 14 Conservatism Versus Innovation: The Great Ape Story -- Problem Solving and Inhibitory Control -- Social Learning and Social Traditions -- Individual and Contextual Differences -- Conservatism, Social Conformity, and Cumulative Culture -- Two Directions for Future Research -- References -- Commentary on Chapter 14: Conservatism Versus Innovation: The Great Ape Story -- References -- 15 Tools for the Trees: Orangutan Arboreal Tool Use and Creativity -- Introduction -- Background -- Tool Use -- Early Approaches -- Changing Views -- Orangutan Arboreal Travel and Tool Use -- Habitat Structure -- Orangutan Canopy Use -- What Orangutans Do -- Creativity in Orangutan Arboreal Travel Tool Use -- This Study -- Methods -- Measures -- Tools -- Arboreal Tools -- Distinguishing and Classifying Tools -- Tool Use Prevalence -- Creativity -- Coding -- Results -- Tool Use Frequency and Distribution -- Creativity -- Arboreal Positioning for Feeding -- Horizontal Travel -- Vertical Travel -- Multipurpose Tools -- Discussion -- Recruiting Accidents -- Recreating Natural Structures -- Substituting Tool Objects -- Combining Tools -- Conclusion. , Appendix A: Catalog: Tools Orangutans Use in Arboreal Travel and Positioning.

Note: Includes bibliographical references and indexes , Electronic reproduction, Boulder, Colo : NetLibrary, 2001 , The search for criteria : why study the evolution of intelligence? / Robert J. SternbergEvolutionary psychology : promise and perils / James B. Grossman and James C. Kaufman -- Social cognition, inhibition, and theory of mind : the evolution of human intelligence / David F. Bjorklund and Katherine Kipp -- The evolution of intellect : cognitive, neurological, and primatological aspects and hominid culture / John L. Bradshaw -- The primate origins of human intelligence / Richard W. Bryne -- Pumping up intelligence : abrupt climate jumps and the evolution of higher intellectual functions during the Ice Ages / William H. Calvin -- Evolution of the generative mind / Michael C. Corballis -- Unraveling the enigma of human intelligence : evolutionary psychology and the multimodular mind / Leda Cosmides and John Tooby -- Is human intelligence an adaptation? Cautionary observations from the philosophy of biology / Owen Flanagan, Valerie Gray Hardcastle, and Eddy Nahmias -- Environmental complexity and the evolution of cognition / Peter Godfrey-Smith -- On theory in comparative psychology / Harry J. Jerison -- Evolutionary contagion in mental software / Aaron Lynch -- Evolution of avian intelligence, with an emphasis on grey parrots (Psittacus erithacus) / Irene M. Pepperberg -- Intelligence as predisposed skeptical induction engines / Henry Plotkin.