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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Gain of Function Mutants: Ion Channels and G Protein-Coupled Receptors (2000)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Neuroscience 23 (2000), S. 89-125 
    Details
    ISSN: 0147-006X
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Many ion channels and receptors display striking phenotypes for gainof-function mutations but milder phenotypes for null mutations. Gain of molecular function can have several mechanistic bases: selectivity changes, gating changes including constitutive activation and slowed inactivation, elimination of a subunit that enhances inactivation, decreased drug sensitivity, changes in regulation or trafficking of the channel, or induction of apoptosis. Decreased firing frequency can occur via increased function of K+ or Cl- channels. Channel mutants also cause gain-of-function syndromes at the cellular and circuit level; of these syndromes, the cardiac long-QT syndromes are explained in a more straightforward way than are the epilepsies. G protein- coupled receptors are also affected by activating mutations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.neuro.23.1.89
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fast Inhibition of Inwardly Rectifying K+ Channels by Multiple Neurotransmitter Receptors in Oligodendroglia (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    European journal of neuroscience 6 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-9568
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: An essential function of myelinating oligodendroglia in the mammalian central nervous system is the regulation of extracellular potassium levels by means of a prominent inwardly rectifying K+ current. Cardiac and neuronal K+ inward rectifiers are either activated by hyperpolarizing voltages or controlled by neurotransmitters through the action of receptor-activated G proteins. Neuromodulation of inward rectifiers has not previously been considered as a way to regulate oligodendrocyte function. Here we report the expression of serotonin, somatostatin and muscarinic acetylcholine G protein-coupled receptors in rat brain oligodendrocytes. Activation of these receptors leads to pertussis toxin-sensitive inhibition of inwardly rectifying K+ channels within 〈1 s. By contrast, in the heart and in neurons, similar pathways activate an inwardly rectifying conductance. Thus, transmitter-mediated blockade of inward rectifiers appears to be an oligodendrocyte-specific variation of a common motif for convergent signalling pathways. In vivo, expression of this mechanism, which may be dependent on neuron-glia signalling, may have a regulatory role in K+ homeostasis during neuron activity in the central nervous system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.1994.tb00568.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Alternative splicing generates a novel isoform of the rat metabotropic GABABR1 receptor (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of neuroscience 11 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-9568
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Here we present a novel isoform of the metabotropic G-protein-coupled receptor for γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA). The isoform, termed GABABR1c (R1c), differs from the recently identified R1a and R1b receptors by an in-frame insertion of 31 amino acids between the second extracellular loop and the fifth transmembrane region. Analysis of the rat GABABR1 gene demonstrates that the insertion is the result of an alternative splicing event within a 567-bp intron between exons 16 and 17. In situ hybridization in the rat brain shows a wide distribution of R1c transcripts and an overlap with the R1a and R1b transcripts. The highest mRNA levels are found in cerebellar Purkinje cells, cerebral cortex, thalamus and hippocampal CA1 and CA3 regions. Western blots and immunodetection of recombinant epitope-tagged receptors as well as [125I]CGP71872 photoaffinity labelling of cell membranes demonstrate that R1c is correctly expressed, although at a lower level than the previously identified isoforms. When coexpressed with the newly characterized GABABR2, R1c functionally couples to G-protein-activated Kir3.1/3.2 channels in Xenopus oocytes and to PLC-activating chimeric Gαqo subunits in HEK-293 cells with a similar EC50 for agonists. These data suggest that the R1c isoform represents a functional GABABR in the rat brain.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1460-9568.1999.00704.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Interaction of the C-terminal tail region of the metabotropic glutamate receptor 7 with the protein kinase C substrate PICK1 (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of neuroscience 12 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-9568
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Group III metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) are highly enriched in the presynaptic terminals of glutamatergic synapses where they mediate feedback inhibition of neurotransmitter release. Here, we used the yeast two-hybrid system to identify a direct interaction of the C-terminal tail region of mGluR7 with the rat homologue of the protein kinase C substrate PICK1. This interaction is specifically mediated by the very C-terminal amino acids of the receptor and can be reconstituted in human embryonic kidney 293 cells by transfection of full-length mGluR7 and PICK1 cDNAs. Quantitative β-galactosidase assays revealed that among the different group III mGluRs, mGluR7 is the major PICK1 binding partner although other subfamily members can also interact with PICK1. These data indicate that PDZ domain-containing proteins might contribute to the presynaptic localization of group III mGluRs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2000.01309.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    GABA B -receptor subtypes assemble into functional heteromeric complexes (1998)
    [s.l.] : Macmillan Magazines Ltd.
    Nature 396 (1998), S. 683-687 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] B-type receptors for the neurotransmitter GABA (γ-aminobutyric acid) inhibit neuronal activity through G-protein-coupled second-messenger systems, which regulate the release of neurotransmitters and the activity of ion channels and adenylyl cyclase. Physiological and biochemical studies ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/25360
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Physiological and molecular characterization of an IRK-type inward rectifier K+ channel in a tumour mast cell line (1995)
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 429 (1995), S. 809-819 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: RBL cells ; Patch-clamp ; G protein coupling ; Channel inhibition ; Polymerase chain reaction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The basophilic leucaemia cell line RBL-2H3 exhibits a robust inwardly rectifying potassium current, I KIR, which is likely to be modulated by G proteins. We examined the physiological and molecular properties of this KIR conductance to define the nature of the underlying channel species. The macroscopic conductance revealed characteristics typical of classical K+ inward rectifiers of the IRK type. Channel gating was rapid, first order (τ ≈ 1 ms at −100 mV) and steeply voltage dependent. Both activation potential and slope conductance were dependent on extracellular K+ concentration ([K+]o) and inward rectification persisted in the absence of internal Mg2+. The current was susceptible to a concentration- and voltage-dependent block by extracellular Na+, Cs+ and Ba2+. Initial I KIR whole-cell amplitudes as well as current rundown were dependent on the presence of 1 mM internal ATP. Perfusion of intracellular guanosine 5′-Q-(3-thiotriphosphate) (GTP[γS]) suppressed I KIR with an average half-time of decline of approximately 400 s. It was demonstrated that the dominant IRK-type 25 pS conductance channel was indeed suppressed by 100 μM preloaded GTP[γS]. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reactions (RT-PCR) with RBL cell poly(A)+ RNA identified a full length K+ inward rectifier with 94% base pair homology to the recently cloned mouse IRK1 channel. It is concluded that RBL cells express a classical voltage-dependent IRK-type K+ inward rectifier RBL-IRK1 which is negatively controlled by G proteins.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00374805
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The shape and distribution of astrocytes in the retina of the adult rabbit (1986)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 246 (1986), S. 91-102 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Retina ; Astroglia ; Perivascular glia ; Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) ; Nerve fiber layer ; Immunocytochemistry ; Rabbit
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Astrocytes stained by antibodies to glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) were examined in whole-mount preparations of retinae from adult rabbits and found to be restricted to the medullary rays. Astroglial cells exhibited a variety of shapes that varied between two extreme morphologies. One extreme was an astrocyte that possessed a few sturdy primary processes as well as finer processes and was strongly GFAP positive. The other extreme was an astroglial cell that displayed a star-shaped appearance; its perikarya gave rise to a few thin, radially oriented processes, which were rather weakly GFAP positive. The majority of astroglial processes were aligned with the ganglioncell axons, but some of their processes were in contact with capillaries. It has been proposed that astrocytes are specifically associated with ganglion-cell axons. Their restriction to the medullary rays in the retina of the rabbit suggests, however, that their physiological role is also concerned with the vascular system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00219004
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cloning, structure and assignment to Chromosome 19q13 of the human Kir2.4 inwardly rectifying potassium channel gene (KCNJ14) (2000)
    Springer
    Mammalian genome 11 (2000), S. 247-249 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1777
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003350010047
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