Anmerkung: Front Cover -- Wildlife Toxicity Assessments for Chemicals of Military Concern -- Copyright -- Disclaimer -- Contents -- Editor Biographies -- Author Biographies -- Acknowledgements -- Part I: Introduction -- Chapter 1: Characterizing Potential for Toxicity: Estimating Risks to Wildlife -- Introduction -- History of wildlife toxicity reference values -- Recent advances in toxicity reference value derivation -- Important research needs -- References -- Part II: Methodological Derivations -- Chapter 2: Methods for Derivation of Wildlife Toxicity Values for Use in Ecological Risk Assessments -- Introduction -- Data collection and literature search -- Identifying relevant studies -- Toxicity profile preparation -- Derivation of toxicity reference values -- Assigning a confidence level -- Creation of the toxicity reference value report -- References -- Part III: Wildlife Toxicity Assessments of Explosives -- Chapter 3: Wildlife Toxicity Assessment for 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene (TNT) -- Introduction -- Environmental Fate and Transport -- Summary of mammalian toxicity -- Mammalian Oral Toxicity: Acute/Subacute -- Mammalian Oral Toxicity: Subchronic -- Mammalian Oral Toxicity: Chronic -- Studies Relevant for Mammalian TRV Development for Ingestion Exposures -- Summary of avian toxicity -- Avian Oral Toxicity: Acute -- Avian Oral Toxicity: Subchronic -- Studies Relevant for Avian TRV Development for Ingestion Exposures -- Summary of amphibian toxicity -- Amphibian Toxicity -- Amphibian Microcosm Study -- Relevance for Amphibian TRV Development -- Summary of reptilian toxicity -- Reptilian Toxicity: Acute and Subacute -- Reptilian Toxicity: Subchronic -- Recommended toxicity reference values -- Toxicity Reference Values for Mammals -- TRVs for Ingestion Exposures for Mammalian Foraging Guilds -- Toxicity Reference Values for Birds -- TRVs for Amphibians. , TRVs for Reptiles -- References -- Chapter 4: Wildlife Toxicity Assessment for 1,3,5-Trinitrohexahydro-1,3,5-Triazine (RDX) -- Introduction -- Toxicity profile -- Environmental Fate and Transport -- Mammalian Toxicity -- Mammalian Oral Toxicity: Acute -- Mammalian Oral Toxicity: Subacute -- Mammalian Toxicity: Subchronic -- Mammalian Oral Toxicity: Chronic -- Mammalian Oral Toxicity: Other -- Studies Relevant to Mammalian TRV Development: RDX Ingestion Exposures -- Mammalian Inhalation Toxicity -- Mammalian Dermal Toxicity -- Summary of Avian Toxicology -- Avian Oral Toxicity: Acute -- Avian Oral Toxicity: Subacute -- Avian Oral Toxicity: Subchronic -- Avian Oral Toxicity: Chronic -- Avian Oral Toxicity: Other -- Studies Relevant for Avian TRV Development: RDX Ingestion Exposures -- Avian Inhalation Toxicity -- Avian Dermal Toxicity -- Amphibian Toxicology -- Reptilian Toxicology -- Recommended toxicity reference values -- Toxicity Reference Values for Mammals -- TRVs for Ingestion Exposures for the Class Mammalia -- TRVs for Inhalation Exposures for the Class Mammalia -- TRVs for Dermal Exposures for the Class Mammalia -- Toxicity Reference Values for Birds -- TRVs for Ingestion Exposures for the Class Aves -- Toxicity Reference Values for Amphibians -- Toxicity Reference Values for Reptiles -- Important research needs -- References -- Chapter 5: Wildlife Toxicity Assessment for High Melting Explosive (HMX) -- Introduction -- Environmental fate and transport -- Toxicity profile -- Summary of Mammalian Toxicity -- Mammalian Oral Toxicity: Acute -- Mammalian Oral Toxicity: Subacute -- Mammalian Toxicity: Subchronic -- Mammalian Oral Toxicity: Chronic -- Mammalian Oral Toxicity: Other -- Studies Relevant for Mammalian TRV Development for Ingestion Exposures -- Mammalian Inhalation Toxicity -- Mammalian Dermal Toxicity -- Mammalian Toxicity: Other. , Summary of Avian Toxicology -- Avian Oral Toxicity: Acute -- Avian Oral Toxicity: Subchronic -- Avian Oral Toxicity: Chronic -- Avian Oral Toxicity: Other -- Avian Inhalation Toxicity -- Avian Dermal Toxicity -- Summary of Amphibian Toxicology -- Summary of Reptilian Toxicology -- Recommended toxicity reference values -- Toxicity Reference Values for Mammals -- TRVs for Ingestion Exposures for the Class Mammalia -- TRVs for Ingestion Exposures for Mammalian Foraging Guilds -- TRVs for Inhalation Exposures for the Class Mammalia -- TRVs for Dermal Exposures for the Class Mammalia -- Toxicity Reference Values for Birds -- TRVs for Ingestion Exposures for the Class Aves -- Toxicity Reference Values for Amphibians -- TRVs for Soil Exposures for the Class Amphibia -- Toxicity Reference Values for Reptiles -- TRVs for Ingestion Exposures for the Class Reptilia -- Important research needs -- References -- Chapter 6: Wildlife Toxicity Assessment for 2,4-Dinitrotoluene and 2,6-Dinitrotoluene -- Introduction -- Toxicity profile -- Environmental Fate and Transport -- Mammalian toxicity -- Mammalian Oral Toxicity -- Mammalian Oral Toxicity: Acute -- Mammalian Oral Toxicity: Subacute -- Mammalian Oral Toxicity: Subchronic -- Mammalian Oral Toxicity: Chronic -- Mammalian Oral Toxicity: Other -- Studies Relevant for Mammalian TRV Development for Ingestion Exposures -- 2,4-Dinitrotoluene -- 2,6-Dinitrotoluene -- Mammalian Toxicity: Inhalation -- Mammalian Toxicity: Dermal -- Summary of avian toxicity -- Avian Toxicity Oral: Acute -- 2,4-Dinitrotoluene -- 2,6-Dinitrotoluene -- Avian Toxicity Oral: Subacute -- 2,4-Dinitrotoluene -- 2,6-Dinitrotoluene -- Avian Toxicity Oral: Subchronic -- 2,4-Dinitrotoluene -- 2,6-Dinitrotoluene -- Avian Toxicity Oral: Chronic -- Studies Relevant for Avian TRV Development for Ingestion Exposures -- Avian Toxicity: Inhalation. , Avian Toxicity: Dermal -- Summary of amphibian toxicity -- Amphibian Toxicity Oral: Acute -- 2,4-Dinitrotoluene/2,6-Dinitrotoluene -- Amphibian Toxicity Oral: Subchronic -- Amphibian Toxicity Oral: Chronic -- Studies Relevant for Amphibian TRV Development for Ingestion Exposures -- Amphibian Toxicity: Dermal/Oral/Respiratory -- 2,4-Dinitrotoluene/2,6-Dinitrotoluene -- Summary of reptilian toxicity -- Reptilian Oral Toxicity: Acute -- Reptilian Oral Toxicity: Subacute -- Reptilian Oral Toxicity: Subchronic -- Reptilian Toxicity Oral: Chronic -- Studies Relevant for Reptilian TRV Development for Ingestion Exposures -- Reptilian Toxicity: Inhalation -- Reptilian Toxicity: Dermal -- Recommended toxicity reference values -- Toxicity Reference Values for Mammals -- TRVs for Ingestion Exposures for the Class Mammalia -- 2,4-Dinitrotoluene -- 2,6-Dinitrotoluene -- TRVs for Inhalation Exposures for the Class Mammalia -- TRVs for Dermal Exposures for the Class Mammalia -- Toxicity Reference Values for Birds -- TRVs for Ingestion Exposures for the Class Aves -- 2,4-Dinitrotoluene -- 2,6-Dinitrotoluene -- Toxicity Reference Values for Amphibians -- TRVs for Ingestion Exposures for the Class Amphibia -- TRVs for Dermal Exposures for the Class Amphibia -- Toxicity Reference Values for Reptiles -- TRVs for Ingestion Exposures for the Class Reptilia -- 2,4-Dinitrotoluene -- Important research needs -- References -- Chapter 7: Wildlife Toxicity Assessment for Nitroguanidine -- Introduction -- Toxicity profile -- Environmental Fate and Transport -- Summary of Mammalian Toxicology -- Mammalian Oral Toxicity: Acute -- Mammalian Oral Toxicity: Subacute -- Mammalian Oral Toxicity: Subchronic -- Mammalian Oral Toxicity: Chronic -- Mammalian Oral Toxicity: Other -- Studies Relevant for Mammalian TRV Development for Ingestion Exposures -- Mammalian Inhalation Toxicity. , Mammalian Dermal Toxicity -- Summary of Avian Toxicology -- Summary of Amphibian Toxicology -- Summary of Reptilian Toxicology -- Recommended toxicity reference values -- Toxicity Reference Values for Mammals -- TRVs for Ingestion Exposures for the Class Mammalia -- TRVs for Ingestion Exposures for Mammalian Foraging Guilds -- TRVs for Inhalation Exposures for the Class Mammalia -- TRVs for Dermal Exposures for the Class Mammalia -- Toxicity Reference Values for Birds -- Toxicity Reference Values for Amphibians -- Toxicity Reference Values for Reptiles -- Important research needs -- References -- Chapter 8: Wildlife Toxicity Assessment for 1,3-Dinitrobenzene -- Introduction -- Toxicity profile -- Environmental Fate and Transport -- Summary of mammalian toxicity -- Mammalian Oral Toxicity: Acute -- Mammalian Oral Toxicity: Subacute -- Mammalian Oral Toxicity: Subchronic -- Mammalian Oral Toxicity: Chronic -- Mammalian Oral Toxicity: Other -- Studies relevant for mammalian toxicity reference value development for ingestion exposures -- Mammalian Inhalation Toxicity -- Mammalian Dermal Toxicity -- Summary of avian toxicity -- Avian Oral Toxicity: Acute -- Avian Oral Toxicity: Subchronic -- Avian Oral Toxicity: Chronic -- Avian Oral Toxicity: Other -- Avian Inhalation Toxicity -- Avian Dermal Toxicity -- Summary of amphibian toxicity -- Summary of reptilian toxicity -- Recommended toxicity reference values -- Toxicity Reference Values for Mammals -- TRVs for Ingestion Exposures for the Class Mammalia -- TRVs for Inhalation Exposures for the Class Mammalia -- TRVs for Dermal Exposures for the Class Mammalia -- TRVs for Birds -- TRVs for Amphibians -- TRVs for Reptiles -- Important research needs -- References -- Chapter 9: Wildlife Toxicity Assessment for 1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene (TNB) -- Introduction -- Toxicity profile -- Environmental Fate and Transport. , Summary of Mammalian Toxicity.

Anmerkung: Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- Chapter 1 Introduction and Overview -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Legislative Impact -- 1.3 NATO Studies -- 1.4 New Ingredients and Compositions -- 1.5 Toxicology -- 1.6 Life‐Cycle Analysis -- 1.7 Managing Contamination and Clean‐Up -- 1.8 Disposal Now and in the Future -- 1.9 Recycling -- 1.10 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 2 General Introduction to Ammunition Demilitarization* -- 2.1 Part one - Logistics, Costs, and Management -- 2.1.1 Introduction -- 2.1.2 Context of Demilitarization -- 2.1.2.1 The Scale of the Issue -- 2.1.2.2 Factors Influencing Demilitarization -- 2.1.3 Demilitarization Process -- 2.1.3.1 Basic Stages of Demilitarization -- 2.1.3.2 Demilitarization Facilities -- 2.1.4 Demilitarization Techniques -- 2.1.4.1 Demilitarization Techniques and Processes -- 2.1.4.2 Maturity and Use of Demilitarization Techniques -- 2.1.5 Summary -- 2.2 Part Two - Environmental Issues and Demilitarization -- 2.2.1 Introduction -- 2.2.2 Demilitarization Process -- 2.2.2.1 Technical and Environmental Issues -- 2.2.2.2 Open Burning (OB) and Open Detonation (OD) -- 2.2.2.3 Open Burning -- 2.2.2.4 Open Detonation -- 2.2.2.5 Examples of Cost and CO2 in Demilitarization Options -- 2.2.3 Design for Demilitarization (DFD) -- 2.2.3.1 NATO AOP 4518 (Revised 2018) -- 2.2.3.2 A Munition Manager's Perspective of Disposal Plans -- 2.2.3.3 Future Trends -- References -- Chapter 3 Assessment and Sustainment of the Environmental Health of Military Live‐fire Training Ranges -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Background and Context -- 3.3 Munition‐Related Contaminants -- 3.4 Surface Soil Characterization in Live‐fire Training Ranges -- 3.4.1 Safety Aspects -- 3.4.2 Data Quality and Sampling Objectives -- 3.4.3 Importance of Soil Sample Processing to Ensure Representativeness -- 3.4.4 How Clean is Clean?. , 3.4.5 Risk to the Receptors Through the Transport of Munitions Constituents -- 3.5 Methodology for the Precise Measurements of MC Sources -- 3.5.1 Explosive Footprints in Impact Areas -- 3.5.2 Firing Positions -- 3.6 Tailored Management Practices: Mitigation and Remediation -- 3.6.1 Mitigation Measures -- 3.6.1.1 Analytical Tool and Adsorption Method for MCs in Aqueous Samples -- 3.6.1.2 Thermal Treatment of Shoulder Rocket Propellant‐Contaminated Surface and Subsurface Soils -- 3.7 Emerging Constituents -- 3.8 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 4 Greener Munitions -- 4.1 Background and Context -- 4.2 Munitions Constituents of Concern -- 4.3 Source of Munitions Constituents -- 4.4 Greener Munitions Development Approach -- 4.5 RIGHTTRAC -- 4.5.1 Energetic Formulation Selection -- 4.5.1.1 Main Explosive Charge -- 4.5.1.2 Performance -- 4.5.1.3 IM Properties -- 4.5.1.4 Fate, Transport, and Toxicity -- 4.5.2 Main Propellant Charge -- 4.5.2.1 Performance -- 4.5.2.2 Modular Charges -- 4.5.2.3 IM Properties -- 4.5.2.4 Fate, Transport, and Toxicity -- 4.5.3 Field Demonstration -- 4.5.3.1 Final Selection -- 4.5.3.2 Gun Testing -- 4.5.3.3 Detonation Residues -- 4.5.4 Life‐Cycle Analysis -- 4.5.5 Summary -- 4.6 New Enhanced and Green Plastic Explosive for Demolition and Ordnance Disposal -- 4.6.1 PETN Option -- 4.6.1.1 Performance -- 4.6.1.2 Deposition Rate -- 4.6.1.3 Fate, Transport, and Toxicity -- 4.6.2 HMX Option -- 4.6.3 Summary -- 4.7 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 5 Pyrotechnics and The Environment -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH) -- 5.3 Qualification -- 5.4 Civilian Studies -- 5.5 Production -- 5.6 Site Location -- 5.7 Production -- 5.8 Raw Materials Acquisition and Quality Control -- 5.9 Specific Materials Production -- 5.10 Heavy Metals -- 5.11 Perchlorates and Chlorates. , 5.12 Smokes -- 5.13 Volatilization Smokes -- 5.14 Magnesium Teflon Viton (MTV) Countermeasures -- 5.15 Resins, Binders, and Solvents -- 5.16 Storage -- 5.17 Packaging Waste -- 5.18 Usage and Disposal -- 5.19 Heavy Metals -- 5.20 Perchlorates and Chlorates -- 5.21 Smokes -- 5.21.1 Obscurant Smokes -- 5.21.2 Volatilization Smokes -- 5.21.3 MTV -- 5.22 Disposal and Waste Burning -- 5.23 The Future? -- 5.24 Suitably Qualified and Experienced Person (SQEP) Issues -- 5.25 Integration -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 6 Munitions in the Sea -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 The Controlling Factors -- 6.2.1 Environmental Aspects -- 6.2.2 Corrosion -- 6.2.3 Fate and Transport of Constituents -- 6.2.4 Sea‐Disposal Process -- 6.3 Tools for Assessment and Remediation -- 6.3.1 Acoustic Sensors -- 6.3.2 EM Sensors -- 6.3.3 Optical Sensors -- 6.3.4 Platforms -- 6.3.5 Navigation and Positioning -- 6.3.6 Remediation -- 6.4 The Outstanding Problems -- 6.4.1 Technical Aspects -- 6.4.1.1 Location -- 6.4.1.2 Detection -- 6.4.1.3 Monitoring -- 6.4.1.4 Handling -- 6.4.2 Environmental Aspects -- 6.4.2.1 Chemical Degradation of MEC -- 6.4.2.2 Long‐Term and Long‐Distance Transport -- 6.4.2.3 Ecotoxicological Aspects -- 6.4.3 Geopolitical Aspects -- 6.5 Moving Forward -- 6.5.1 Global Collaboration -- 6.5.2 Recent Global EU and NATO Efforts -- 6.5.3 Advantages of Joint Efforts -- Glossary -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 7 Environmental Assessment of Military Systems with the Life‐Cycle Assessment Methodology -- 7.1 Overview of the Life‐Cycle Assessment Methodology -- 7.1.1 Life‐Cycle Thinking -- 7.1.2 Life‐Cycle Assessment -- 7.1.3 Purpose of Life‐Cycle Assessment Studies -- 7.2 The Four Phases of the LCA Methodology Applied to a Case Study -- 7.2.1 Goal and Scope -- 7.2.1.1 Functional Unit -- 7.2.1.2 System Boundaries -- 7.2.2 Life‐Cycle Inventory. , 7.2.3 Life‐Cycle Impact Assessment -- 7.2.3.1 Life‐Cycle Impact Assessment Methods -- 7.2.3.2 Life‐Cycle Impact Assessment Software -- 7.2.3.3 Life‐Cycle Impact Assessment of the Case Study -- 7.3 Limitations of Life‐Cycle Assessment -- 7.4 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 8 Integrating the 'One Health' Approach in the Design of Sustainable Munition Systems -- 8.1 General Background -- 8.2 Munition Compounds and Aetiology of Environmental, Safety, and Occupational Health Issues: Lessons Learnt -- 8.3 Core Operational ESOH Data: Needs and Requirements -- 8.3.1 Life Cycle Environmental Assessment -- 8.3.2 Bridging Communication Between Research and Acquisition -- 8.3.3 ESOH Data Requirements -- 8.3.3.1 Approaches -- 8.4 Current and Evolving Regulatory Interests -- 8.5 Case Studies and Cost Analysis -- 8.5.1 M116, 117, 118 Simulators -- 8.5.2 M‐18 Violet Smoke -- 8.5.3 Cost and Time Considerations -- 8.6 Summary -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 9 Overview of REACH Regulation and Its Implications for the Military Sector -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Regulation for Hazard Substances -- 9.2.1 Overview of Previous Legislation Concerning Hazard Substances in the European Union -- 9.2.2 Overview of REACH Regulation -- 9.2.3 Discussion of REACH Regulation -- 9.3 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 10 Development and Integration of Environmental, Safety, and Occupational Health Information -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Phased Approach to a Toxicology Data Requirement -- 10.3 Research, Development, Testing, and Evaluation -- 10.3.1 Conception -- 10.3.2 Synthesis -- 10.3.3 Testing/Demonstration -- 10.3.4 Acquisition -- 10.3.5 Engineering and Manufacturing -- 10.3.6 Demilitarization -- 10.4 Other Data Requirements -- 10.4.1 Environmental -- 10.4.1.1 Fate and Transport -- 10.4.1.2 Ecotoxicity -- 10.4.1.3 Field Monitoring -- 10.4.1.4 Disposal. , 10.4.1.5 Occupational - Industrial Hygiene -- 10.4.2 Regulatory -- 10.4.2.1 Toxic Substance Control Act -- 10.4.2.2 REACH -- 10.4.3 Integrating Weight‐of‐Evidence into Decision‐Making -- 10.5 Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 11 Research Priorities and the Future -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Greener Munitions -- 11.3 Studies and Their Effect -- 11.4 The Problems and the Changing Requirements -- 11.4.1 Land Management and History -- 11.5 Security Issues and Their Impact on Requirement -- 11.6 Future Options and Needs in a Changing Political Landscape -- 11.7 Conclusions -- References -- Index -- EULA.

Anmerkung: Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Foreword -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Authors -- Chapter 1 Introduction -- Derivation of Toxicity Reference Values (TRVs) -- Chapter 2 Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) -- Perfluorooctanoic Acid and Its Uses -- Toxicological Effects of PFOA on Wildlife -- Environmental Fate and Transport -- Bioaccumulation and Elimination -- Mammalian Oral Toxicity -- Mammalian Oral Toxicity - Acute -- Mammalian Oral Toxicity - Acute: Effects on Hormones -- Mammalian Oral Toxicity - Acute: Endocrine Effects -- Mammalian Oral Toxicity - Acute: Neurotoxicity -- Mammalian Oral Toxicity - Sub-Chronic -- Mammalian Oral Toxicity -Sub-Chronic: Developmental Toxicity -- Mammalian Oral Toxicity - Subchronic: Endocrine Effects -- Mammalian Oral Toxicity - Sub-Chronic: Immunotoxicity -- Mammalian Oral Toxicity - Sub-Chronic: Effects on Enzymes -- Mammalian Oral Toxicity - Chronic -- Mammalian Oral Toxicity - Chronic: Reproduction -- Mammalian Oral Toxicity - Chronic: Hormone Effects -- Mammalian Oral Toxicity - Chronic: Enzyme Effects -- Mammalian Inhalation Toxicity -- Mammalian Inhalation Toxicity - Acute -- Mammalian Inhalation Toxicity - Sub-Chronic -- Dermal Toxicity -- Dermal Toxicity - Acute -- Dermal Toxicity - Acute: Immunotoxicity -- Dermal Toxicity - Sub-Chronic -- Mammalian Toxicity - Other -- Mammalian Toxicity - Other: Endocrine Disruption -- Mammalian Toxicity - Other: Genotoxicity/Mutagenicity -- Mammalian Toxicity - Other: Effects on Enzymes -- Mammalian Toxicity - Other: Immunotoxicity -- Mammalian Toxicity - Other: Estrogenic Response -- Summary of Avian Toxicology -- Summary of Amphibian Toxicology -- Summary of Reptilian Toxicology -- Recommended Toxicity Reference Values (TRVs) -- Toxicity Reference Values for Mammals -- TRVs for Ingestion Exposures for Mammalian Species. , TRVs for PFOA Inhalation Exposures for the Class Mammalia -- Toxicity Reference Values for Birds -- Toxicity Reference Values for Amphibians -- Toxicity Reference Values for Reptiles -- Important Research Needs -- Chapter 3 Perfluorooctane Sulfonate (PFOS) -- Perfluorooctane Sulfonate and Its Uses -- Toxicological Effects of PFOS on Wildlife -- Environmental Fate and Transport -- Bioaccumulation and Elimination -- Mammalian Oral Toxicity -- Mammalian Oral Toxicity - Acute and Sub-Acute -- Mammalian Oral Toxicity - Sub-Chronic -- Mammalian Oral Toxicity: Developmental/Reproductive Effects -- Mammalian Oral Toxicity: Chronic Toxicity - Non-Carcinogenic Effects -- Mammalian Inhalation Toxicity -- Mammalian Inhalation Toxicity: Acute -- Mammalian Sub-Acute Inhalation -- Mammalian Sub-Chronic Inhalation -- Mammalian Chronic inhalation -- Mammalian Dermal/Ocular Toxicity -- Mammalian Toxicity - Other: Genotoxicity/Mutagenicity -- Mammalian Toxicity - Other Systems and Effects -- Immunotoxicity and PFOS -- Summary of Avian Toxicology -- Acute Toxicity -- Sub-Chronic Toxicity in Avian Species -- Chronic Toxicity in Avian Species -- Reproductive Studies in Avian Species -- Toxicity of PFOS in Amphibians -- Summary of Reptilian Toxicity -- Toxicity Reference Values for Mammals -- TRVs for Ingestion Exposures for the Class Mammalia -- TRV for Inhalation Exposure for Mammalian Species -- TRV for Dermal Exposure for the Class Mammalia -- Toxicity Reference Values for Avian Species -- Toxicity Reference Values for Amphibians -- Toxicity Reference Values for Reptiles. -- Important Research Needs -- Chapter 4 Perfluorohexane Sulfonate (PFHxS) -- Chapter 5 Perfluororoheptanoic Acid (PFHpA) -- Mammalian Toxicity -- Amphibian Toxicity -- Avian Toxicity -- Chapter 6 Perfluorononanoic Acid (PFNA) -- Mammalian Toxicity -- Toxicity to Other Animal Classes. , Chapter 7 Perfluorobutane Sulfonate (PFBS) -- Introduction -- Environmental Fate and Transport -- Bioaccumulation and Elimination -- Mammalian Oral Toxicity -- Mammalian Oral Toxicity - Acute/Sub-Acute -- Mammalian Oral Toxicity - Sub-Chronic -- Mammalian Oral Toxicity - Chronic -- Mammalian Toxicity - Other -- Mammalian Toxicity - Other: Mutagenicity -- Mammalian Toxicity - Other: Endocrine Effects -- Mammalian Inhalation Toxicity -- Mammalian Dermal Toxicity -- Avian PFBS Toxicity -- Amphibian PFBS Toxicity -- Reptilian PFBS Toxicity -- Recommended PFBS Toxicity Reference Values -- PFBS Toxicity Reference Values for Mammals -- PFBS Toxicity Reference Values for Mammals - Oral -- PFBS Toxicity Reference Values for Mammals - Dermal -- PFBS Toxicity Reference Values for Avian Species -- PFBS Toxicity Reference Values for Amphibians -- PFBS Toxicity Reference Values for Reptiles -- Future Research Directions -- Chapter 8 6:2 Fluorotelomer Sulfonate (6:2 FTS) -- Mammalian Toxicity -- Amphibian Toxicity -- Chapter 9 Perfluorodecanoic Acid (PFDA) -- Mammalian Toxicity -- Conclusions -- References -- Index.