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Note: Intro -- Halftitle -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Acknowledgements -- Preface -- 1 Introduction: The Date Palm Legacy -- 2 Botany and Physiology of Date Palm -- 3 Diversity, Conservation, and Utilization of Date Palm Germplasm -- 4 Genetic Improvement to Produce Value-Added Date Palm Cultivars -- 5 Growth Requirements and Propagation of Date Palm -- 6 Date Palm Plantation Establishment and Maintenance -- 7 Date Palm Pollination Management -- 8 Irrigation and Salinity Management of Date Palm in Arid Regions -- 9 Biofertilizers in Date Palm Cultivation -- 10 Pest and Disease Management in Date Palm -- 11 Organic Date Production -- 12 Agroecological Practices on Traditional Date Farms -- 13 Date Harvest -- 14 Postharvest Handling of Dates -- 15 Date Food Products -- 16 Health Benefits and Nutraceutical Properties of Dates -- 17 Nonfood Products and Uses of Date Palm -- 18 Economics and Marketing of Dates in Saudi Arabia -- Index -- Backcover.

Note: Intro -- Preface of the Series -- Preface -- Contents -- Contributors -- Abbreviations -- Biology and Phylogeny -- 1 Date Palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) Biology and Utilization -- Abstract -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Taxonomy -- 1.3 Botanical Description -- 1.3.1 Root System -- 1.3.2 Stem -- 1.3.3 Leaves -- 1.3.4 Vascular System -- 1.4 Reproductive Biology -- 1.4.1 Reproductive Organs -- 1.4.2 Flowering -- 1.4.3 Fruit Development -- 1.4.4 Metaxenia -- 1.5 Climatic Requirements and Responses -- 1.5.1 Responses to Temperature -- 1.5.2 Responses to Rain -- 1.5.3 Responses to Relative Humidity and Wind -- 1.5.4 Responses to Soil Conditions -- 1.5.5 Responses to Climate Change -- 1.6 Cultivation -- 1.6.1 Pollination -- 1.6.2 Bunch Management -- 1.6.3 Soil and Water Management in Date Cultivation -- 1.6.4 Propagation -- 1.6.5 Cultivation Constraints -- 1.7 Pests and Diseases -- 1.7.1 Palm Weevil Pests -- 1.7.2 Fusarium Diseases -- 1.7.3 Phytoplasma Diseases -- 1.8 Harvest and Postharvest Handling -- 1.8.1 Harvesting of Dates -- 1.8.2 Packing and Storage of Dates -- 1.8.3 Market Defects of Dates -- 1.8.4 Processing of Dates -- 1.9 Uses of Dates and Date Palms -- 1.9.1 Date Fruit -- 1.9.2 Other Uses of the Date Palm -- 1.9.3 Environmental Uses of Date Palms -- 1.10 Date Production -- 1.11 Conclusions and Prospects -- References -- 2 Systematics and Evolution of the Genus Phoenix: Towards Understanding Date Palm Origins -- Abstract -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Biogeography of the Genus Phoenix -- 2.2.1 Current Distribution and Habitat -- 2.3 Biology of the Genus Phoenix -- 2.3.1 Reproductive Biology -- 2.3.2 Genome Biology -- 2.4 Taxonomy -- 2.4.1 Taxonomic History and Number of Species -- 2.4.2 Species Delimitation and Identification -- 2.4.2.1 Fixed Morphological and Anatomical Differences -- 2.4.2.2 Geographic Isolation. , 2.4.2.3 Fixed Ecological Differences -- 2.4.2.4 Genetic Composition -- 2.4.2.5 Intrinsic Reproductive Isolation -- 2.5 Species Relationships -- 2.6 A Roadmap to Improve Phoenix Systematics -- 2.7 Conclusion and Prospects -- References -- 3 A Brief History of the Origin of Domesticated Date Palms -- Abstract -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Phoenix Wild Relatives and the Wild Ancestor of Domesticated Date Palms -- 3.2.1 Is Date Palm a Domesticated Crop? -- 3.2.2 The Wild Progenitor of Domesticated Date Palms -- 3.2.2.1 Wild Versus Feral Date Palms -- 3.2.2.2 The Native Range of the Progenitor of Domesticated Date Palms -- 3.2.3 Phoenix Wild Relatives: Opportunities for Discovery in Evolutionary and Crop Improvement Research -- 3.3 Origins and Diffusion of the Date Palm -- 3.3.1 Origin Hypotheses -- 3.3.1.1 Evidence of Early Exploitation -- 3.3.1.2 Geographic Origins -- 3.3.1.3 Number of Domestication Events -- 3.3.2 Introgressive Hybridisation -- 3.3.3 Models of Domesticated Date Palm Origins -- 3.3.3.1 Expansion Model -- 3.3.3.2 Leaky Expansion Model -- 3.3.3.3 Additional Complexity -- 3.4 Process of Domestication and Origins of Cultivation Practices -- 3.4.1 Vegetative Propagation -- 3.4.2 Manual Pollination -- 3.4.3 Other Cultivation Practices -- 3.5 Consequences of Domestication in Date Palms -- 3.5.1 The Evolution of Date Palm Fruit Traits -- 3.6 Conclusions and Prospects -- Appendix 1 and Terminology -- References -- Biodiversity and Molecular Identification -- 4 Genome Conformity of In Vitro Cultures of Date Palm -- Abstract -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Genome Situation and Limitations -- 4.3 Causes of Genomic Instability -- 4.4 Variations of in Vitro Plants -- 4.4.1 Factors Influencing Somaclonal Variation -- 4.4.1.1 Growth Regulators -- 4.4.1.2 Cultivars -- 4.4.1.3 Ploidy Level -- 4.4.1.4 Explant Sources -- 4.4.1.5 Duration of Tissue Culture. , 4.4.1.6 Proliferation Rate -- 4.4.1.7 Exposure to Pressure -- 4.4.1.8 Culture Conditions -- 4.4.2 Phenotypic Changes -- 4.4.3 Genetic and Epigenetic Changes -- 4.4.4 In Vitro Variant Marker Detection -- 4.5 Genetic Stability Under Cryopreservation -- 4.6 Genetic Behavior of in Vitro Plants -- 4.7 Maintenance of Genomic Stability -- 4.8 Conclusions and Prospects -- References -- 5 Date Palm Genetic Identification and Improvement Utilizing Molecular Markers and DNA Barcoding -- Abstract -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Overview of Molecular Markers and Ideal Genetic Markers -- 5.2.1 Non-PCR-Based Markers -- 5.2.1.1 Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) -- 5.2.2 PCR-Based Markers -- 5.2.2.1 Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) -- 5.2.2.2 Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) -- 5.2.2.3 Simple Sequence Repeats (SSR) or Microsatellites -- 5.2.2.4 Random Amplified Microsatellite Polymorphisms (RAMP) -- 5.2.2.5 Sequence-Related Amplified Polymorphism (SRAP) -- 5.2.2.6 Inter Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR) -- 5.2.2.7 Transposable Elements (Transposons) -- 5.2.2.8 Cleaved Amplified Polymorphic Sequences (CAPS) -- 5.2.2.9 Sequence-Characterized Amplified Regions (SCAR) -- 5.2.2.10 Sequence-Based Markers -- 5.3 Applications of Molecular Markers and DNA Barcodes in Palms -- 5.3.1 Palm Evolution and Phylogeny -- 5.3.2 Genetic Diversity Assessment -- 5.3.3 Date Palm Gender Determination -- 5.3.4 Identification Among Cultivars and Species -- 5.4 Suitability Utilization to Improve Date Palm -- 5.4.1 Genetic and QTL Mapping -- 5.4.2 Association Mapping of Date Palms -- 5.4.2.1 Candidate Gene-Based Association Mapping -- 5.4.2.2 Genome-Wide Association Study (GWAS) -- 5.4.3 Marker-Assisted Selection (MAS) -- 5.4.4 Functional Markers -- 5.5 Targeting Induced Local Lesions iN Genome (TILLING) -- 5.6 Genomic Editing (CRISPR) -- 5.7 DNA Barcode Utilization. , 5.8 Conclusions and Prospects -- References -- 6 DNA Fingerprinting of Date Palm Pollen Sources and Their Relevance to Yield and Fruit Traits -- Abstract -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Pollen Sources and the Relation to Xenia and Metaxenia -- 6.3 Molecular Studies -- 6.3.1 DNA-Fingerprint Similarity -- 6.3.2 Molecular Studies -- 6.3.3 PCR-Amplification of RAPD -- 6.3.3.1 How It Works -- 6.3.3.2 RAPD Limitations -- 6.3.3.3 RAPD and Differential Display Analysis -- 6.4 Phylogenetic Tree -- 6.5 Other Phylogenetic Analyses -- 6.6 Relevance of Pollen Sources to Yield and Fruit Traits -- 6.6.1 Fruit Set and Yield -- 6.6.2 Relevance of Pollen Sources to Fruit Traits -- 6.7 Environment and the Relation Between Pollen Source and Female Cultivar -- 6.8 Conclusion and Prospects -- References -- 7 Gender Determination of Date Palm -- Abstract -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Floral Biology of Date Palm -- 7.2.1 Sex Types -- 7.2.1.1 Monoecious and Bisexual Flowers -- 7.2.1.2 Dioecious Flowers -- 7.2.1.3 Male Flower -- 7.2.1.4 Female Flower -- 7.3 Genetics of Sex -- 7.4 Cytogenetics -- 7.5 Methods of Gender Discriminations -- 7.5.1 Morphological Basis -- 7.5.2 Biochemical Basis -- 7.5.3 Cytological Studies -- 7.5.4 Molecular Markers -- 7.6 Conclusions and Prospects -- References -- Genome Mapping and Bioinformatics -- 8 Whole-Genome Mapping of Date Palm (Phoenix Dactylifera L.) -- Abstract -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Types of Genomic Maps -- 8.3 Genome Mapping in the Pre-NGS Era -- 8.4 Genome Mapping in the Post-NGS Era -- 8.5 Genome Mapping Software -- 8.6 Available Databases to Map Date Palm Genome -- 8.6.1 Date Palm Genome Database (DRDB) -- 8.6.2 Plant Genome and System Biology (PGSB) -- 8.6.3 Date Palm Molecular Markers Database (DPMMD) -- 8.7 Date Palm Genome Assemblies and Mapping in the Third-Generation Sequencing Era -- 8.8 Conclusions and Prospects -- References. , 9 Date Palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) Chloroplast Genome -- Abstract -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Chloroplast Genome Sequencing -- 9.3 Date Palm Chloroplast Genome Assembly and Annotation -- 9.4 Organization of Date Palm Chloroplast Genome -- 9.4.1 The Chloroplast Genome of cv. Khalas -- 9.4.2 The Chloroplast Genome of cv. Aseel -- 9.4.3 Chloroplast Genomes of cvs. Naghal and Khanezi -- 9.5 Comparison with Other Monocot Species -- 9.6 Conclusion and Prospects -- References -- 10 Comparative Analysis of Date Palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) Mitochondrial Genomics -- Abstract -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Date Palm Genomics -- 10.3 General Features of the Mitochondrial Genome -- 10.4 Protein Coding, RRNA and TRNA Genes in the Mitochondrial Genome -- 10.5 Repetitive Sequences in the Mitochondrial Genomes -- 10.6 Simple Sequence Repeats -- 10.7 Mitochondrial DNA Comparison and Phylogenetic Analysis -- 10.8 Conclusions and Prospects -- References -- 11 Date Palm Bioinformatics -- Abstract -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Discovery of New Molecular Markers -- 11.3 Annotation of Genes and Promoter Motifs -- 11.3.1 Abiotic Stress-Responsive Genes -- 11.3.2 Phytochelators and Metallothioneins -- 11.4 Mapping Genes and Trait-Linked Markers -- 11.4.1 Gender Determination (SRY) Genic Region -- 11.4.2 Fruit Traits -- 11.5 Prediction of MicroRNAs and Their Targets -- 11.6 Image Analysis and Structural Biology -- 11.6.1 Image Analysis -- 11.6.2 Structural Biology -- 11.7 Roadmap for Future Date Palm Bioinformatics and Palm Comparative Omics -- 11.8 Conclusions and Prospects -- References -- Index.