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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Reston :American Society of Civil Engineers,
    Keywords: Residential real estate. ; Land subdivision. ; Real estate development. ; Electronic books.
    Description / Table of Contents: David E. Johnson shows owners, local officials, and real estate professionals the way through the opportunities and pitfalls that accompany residential development projects.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    Pages: 1 online resource (425 pages)
    Edition: 4th ed.
    ISBN: 9780784483275
    Series Statement: ASCE Press Series
    DDC: 333.77
    Language: English
    Note: Intro -- Disclaimer -- Introduction -- Contents -- Chapter 1: Land Planning Concepts -- Affordable Homes -- Land Planning for Marketability -- High-Density Developments -- Cluster Zoning -- Neotraditional -- Adult Retirement Housing -- Connectivity -- Partnerships in Planning -- Chapter 2: Residential Land Uses -- Rural -- Estate -- Low Density -- Small Lot, Single Family -- Townhouses -- High Density -- High Density, Multistory -- Active Adult Communities -- Traditional Neighborhood Developments -- Residential Mixed-Use Developments -- Large-Scale Projects -- Chapter 3: Land Development Basics -- Property Uses -- Market Study -- Community Overview -- Demographic Analysis -- Housing Factors -- Economic Analysis -- Community Analysis -- Neighborhood Overview -- Summary of Residential Market Analysis -- Market Comparison -- Site Analysis -- Site Analysis and the Purchase Agreement -- Site Inspection -- Special Considerations -- Regulatory Issues -- Excessive Regulations -- Approval Process -- Value Analysis -- Contract Provisions -- Appendix 3-1 -- Appendix 3-2 -- Appendix 3-3 -- Appendix 3-4 -- Appendix 3-5 -- Appendix 3-6 -- Appendix 3-7 -- Appendix 3-8 -- Appendix 3-9 -- Chapter 4: Due Diligence -- General -- Property Description and Ownership -- Legal Description -- Tax Map and Parcel Size -- Master Plan Compliance -- Future Road Alignments and Rights-of-Way Dedications -- Review of Phase 1 Environmental Study -- Site Pictures -- Maps and Plans -- Property Boundary Survey -- Tax Maps -- Zoning Maps -- Master Plans -- Street Maps and Community Amenities -- Topographic Survey or GIS Maps -- Aerial Photos -- Soils Maps -- Water and Sewer Maps -- Wetland Inventory Maps -- Floodplain Maps -- Road Network Plans -- Zoning and Land Uses -- Permitted and Conditional Uses -- Permitted Uses -- Conditional Uses. , Zoning Restrictions, Bulk Requirements, and Constraints -- Subdivision Bulk Requirements -- Density Bonus -- Yield Analysis, Open Space, and Buffer Requirements -- Regulations -- Rezoning Applications -- Development Impact on Services and Existing Infrastructure -- Dedications, Easements, and Encroachments -- Road Access, Off-Site Road Improvements, and On-Site Road Circulation -- Land Development Regulations -- Stormwater Management Facility Requirements -- Best Management Practices -- Regional, State, and Federal Regulations -- Community Hot Buttons -- Entitlement, Approval, and Permitting Processes -- Neighboring Property -- Existing and Proposed Uses -- Positive and Negative Surrounding Property Analysis -- Neighborhood Reaction to Development Plans -- Political Assessment -- Noise Problems -- Views from the Site, Including Unsightly Views -- Archeological or Historical Significance of the Site -- Boundary Problems (Gores, Gaps, and Overlaps), Easements, and Rights-Of-Way -- Adjacent Property Impacts -- Site Characteristics -- Environmental Constraints -- Property Soil Types, Characteristics, and Topography -- Utilities -- Government Staff Reviews and Comments -- Become an Active Member of the Community -- Development Potential Summary -- Chapter 5: Financing -- Financing Techniques -- Purchase Money Mortgage -- Options -- Installment Contracts -- Leasehold Arrangements and Lease Options -- Land Sale Lease Back -- Limited Partnership -- Syndications -- Joint Ventures -- Blanket Mortgage -- Other Financing Techniques -- Choosing a Lender -- Submitting the Loan Package -- Cover Letter -- Loan Summary -- Project Elements -- Company History -- Marketing Strategy -- Project Team Members -- Graph of Competitive Product -- Target Market -- Product -- Appraisal -- Sales and Marketing -- Pro Forma -- Corporate Reports -- Financial Documents. , Miscellaneous -- Appendix 5-1 -- Appendix 5-2 -- Chapter 6: Schedules -- Project Activity Schedule -- Master Schedules -- Land Development Schedules -- Housing Inventory Schedule -- Appendix 6-1 -- Appendix 6-2 -- Appendix 6-3 -- Appendix 6-4 -- Appendix 6-5 -- Chapter 7: Basics of Residential Marketing -- Location -- Competition -- Land Plan -- Lot Premiums -- Housing Selection -- Marketing Approach -- Subdivision Potential -- Chapter 8: Consultants -- Selection Process -- Design Team Members -- Surveyor -- Environmental Consultant -- Soils Engineer -- Land Planner -- Engineer -- Landscape Architect -- Architect -- Other Disciplines -- Professional Service Agreement -- Consultant Responsibility -- Appendix 8-1 -- Appendix 8-2 -- Appendix 8-3 -- Appendix 8-4 -- Appendix 8-5 -- Appendix 8-6 -- Appendix 8-7 -- Chapter 9: Sustainable Residential Communities -- What, How, When, and Where to Build -- Know the Past to Understand the Future -- What to Build -- How to Build -- When to Build -- Where to Build -- Social Sustainability -- Environmental Sustainability -- Economic Sustainability -- Did You Know? -- Smart Growth Network -- Livable Communities -- Sustainable Cities -- HUD, DOT, and EPA -- National League of Cities: Sustainable Cities Institute -- US Chamber of Commerce's Business Civic Leadership Center -- Smart Cities Dive -- HUD -- Center for Sustainable Organizations (CSO) -- Sustainable Community Development Institute (SCDI) -- Community Revitalization Alliance -- Sustainable Community Initiatives -- Smart Growth Rating Systems -- Additional Sustainability Resources -- Chapter 10: Conceptual Design Planning -- Base Map -- Conceptual Land Plan -- Roads and Access Points -- Topography -- Drainage -- Environment -- Soils -- Vegetation -- Utilities -- Housing Product -- Foundations -- Covenants, Conditions, and Restrictions. , Description of Permitted Uses -- Type of Building -- Height Restrictions -- Setbacks -- Architectural Restrictions -- Conceptual Cost Estimate -- Appendix 10-1 -- Appendix 10-2 -- Appendix 10-3 -- Appendix 10-4 -- Appendix 10-5 -- Appendix 10-6 -- Appendix 10-7 -- Appendix 10-8 -- Chapter 11: Residential Subdivision Design -- Design and Construction Options -- Clearing -- Earthwork -- Sanitary Sewers -- Water Distribution Systems -- Drainage Facilities -- Roadways -- Quality Reviews -- Engineering Review -- Cost Estimate -- Appendix 11-1 -- Appendix 11-2 -- Chapter 12: Residential Land Development Standards -- Residential Streets -- Right-Of-Way -- Pavement Width -- Cul-De-Sacs -- Curbs and Sidewalks -- Vertical and Horizontal Curves -- Water and Sewer Lines -- Drainage -- Chapter 13: Project Approval Strategy -- Approval Strategy for Builder/Developers -- Experts -- Political Problems -- Community Relations -- Project Costs -- Planning Board Presentations -- Role Playing -- Planning Board Meeting -- Engineers and Public Hearings -- Rule 1: Know the Political Hot Buttons -- How Do You Find Out About the Issues? -- Should You Meet with Board Members? -- Should the Engineer Become Politically Involved? -- Rule 2: Public Participation Is a Key Component -- Rule 3: Know Your Costs -- Rule 4: Prepare for a Board Hearing -- Rule 5: Prepare Quality Graphics -- Rule 6: Use Appropriate Tools of the Trade -- Rule 7: Orchestrate the Performance -- Rule 8: Present a Project with Enthusiasm -- Rule 9: Answer Questions Briefly -- Rule 10: Pass the Torch -- Engineers at the Crossroads -- Chapter 14: Developers, Engineers, Regulators -- Timing and Schedule -- Developer -- Engineer -- Regulator -- Land Development Engineer's Goals -- Quality -- Developer -- Engineer -- Regulator -- Land Development Engineer's Goals -- Cooperation -- Developer -- Engineer -- Regulator. , Land Development Engineer's Goals -- Knowledge -- Developer -- Engineer -- Regulator -- Land Development Engineer's Goals -- Workforce -- Developer -- Engineer -- Regulator -- Land Development Engineer's Goals -- Commitment -- Developer -- Engineer -- Regulator -- Land Development Engineer's Goals -- Communication -- Developer -- Engineer -- Regulator -- Land Development Engineer's Goals -- Meetings -- Developer -- Engineer -- Regulator -- Land Development Engineer's Goals -- Documentation -- Developer -- Engineer -- Regulator -- Land Development Engineer's Goals -- Government Relations -- Developer -- Engineer -- Regulator -- Land Development Engineer's Goals -- Summary -- Chapter 15: Stormwater Management and Best Management Practices -- Decentralized versus Regional SWM Facilities -- Stormwater Management -- Retention Facilities -- Detention Facilities -- Best Management Practices -- Bioretention Systems -- Roof Drywell Systems -- Extended Detention Facilities -- Manufactured Treatment Systems -- Sand Filters -- Vegetative Filters -- Permanent Water Surface Ponds -- Soil Testing Programs -- Visual Considerations -- Landscaping -- Fencing -- Maintenance Access -- Maintenance Programs -- Ownership Alternatives -- Government -- Homeowners Association -- Individual Property Owner -- Design Trends -- Chapter 16: Permits and More Permits -- Local Governments -- Planning Board -- Shade Tree Commission -- Environmental Commission -- Water and Sewer Departments -- Drainage Departments -- Traffic Departments -- Project Reviews -- Regional Agencies -- Regional Planning Boards -- Soil Conservation District -- Stormwater or River Basin Agencies -- Protection, Enhancement, and Proper Use Groups -- Quasi-Public Agencies -- State Agencies -- Federal Government -- Subdivision Approval Process -- Planning Board Guide for Citizen Participation -- Application Process. , Associated Agencies.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    The @journal of physical chemistry 〈Washington, DC〉 93 (1989), S. 1396-1398 
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1365-2958
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Proteus mirabilis is a common cause of urinary tract infection (UTI) in individuals with structural abnormalities or long-term catheterization. The expression of mannose-resistant/ Proteus -like (MR/P) fimbria is phase variable because of the inversion of a 251 bp DNA fragment that carries the promoter for the mrp operon. Previous studies have shown that mrpI , which is transcribed divergently from the mrp operon, encodes a recombinase capable of switching the orientation of this invertible element. In this study, we constructed isogenic mrpI null mutants from a clinical isolate of P. mirabilis , HI4320. A polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based invertible element assay revealed that the isogenic mrpI null mutants were locked in one phase, either expressing (locked on) MR/P fimbriae or not (locked off), which indicated that MrpI was the sole recombinase that regulated the phase variation of MR/P fimbria. The locked-on and locked-off mutants were evaluated for virulence in the CBA mouse model of ascending UTI by co-challenges with each other and with the wild-type strain. Results from these experiments demonstrated conclusively that the MR/P fimbria was a critical bladder colonization factor of uropathogenic P. mirabilis and also suggested that the ability to switch off the expression of MR/P fimbria might be important for kidney colonization.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1365-2958
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Escherichia coli strains causing acute pyelonephritis often express multiple fimbrial types and haemolysin, which may contribute to their ability to adhere to, and interact with, kidney epithelial cells. Strain CFT073, a pap+, sfa+, pil+, hly+ pyelonephritis strain, previously established as virulent in the CBA mouse model of ascending urinary tract infection and cytotoxic for cultured human renal epithelial cells, was selected for construction of isogenic strains. From a gene bank of this strain, two distinct copies of the pap operon were isolated. The two P-fimbrial determinants were sub-cloned into pCVD442, a positive selection suicide vector containing the sacB gene of Bacillus subtilis. Deletion mutations were introduced into each of the two constructs, within papEFG of one operon and papDEFG of the other. Suicide vectors carrying pap deletions were mobilized from E. coli SM10 lambda pir into CFT073 (NalR) and cointegrates were passaged on non-selective medium. The first pap mutation was identified by screening a Southern blot of DNA from sucrose-resistant colonies using a papEFG probe. This mutant retained the MRHA+ phenotype since a second functional copy of pap was still present. A double pap-deletion mutant, UPEC76, confirmed by Southern blotting, was unable to agglutinate human type O erythrocytes or α Gal(1–4)β Gal-coated latex beads.CBA mice (N =100) were challenged transurethrally with 105, 106, 107, or 109 cfu of strains CFT073 or UPEC76. After one week, quantitative cultures of urine, bladder, and kidney were done and histologic changes were examined. No substantive differences in organism concentration or histological findings between parent and mutant were detected in urine, bladder, or kidney at any challenge concentration. We conclude that adherence by P fimbriae of uro-pathogenic E. coli strain CFT073 plays only a subtle role in the development of acute pyelonephritis in the CBA mouse model.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford BSL : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Molecular microbiology 23 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2958
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Proteus mirabilis, associated with complicated urinary tract infection, expresses mannose-resistant/Proteus-like (MR/P) fimbriae. Expression of these surface structures, which mediate haemagglutination and have a demonstrated role in virulence, undergoes phase variation. By DNA sequence analysis, a 252 bp invertible element was found in the intergenic region between mrpI, the putative site-specific recombinase gene, and mrpA, the primary structural subunit gene. The invertible segment is flanked by identical 21 bp inverted repeats and the presumptive half-sites for recombinase binding show homology to those recognized by FimB and FimE encoded by the Escherichia colifim (Type 1 fimbriae) gene cluster. When amplified by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) from static broth cultures expressing MR/P fimbriae, the switch region was found in both ON and OFF positions. When PCR was used to amplify agar cultures which do not express the fimbriae, the switch region was OFF only. A canonical σ70 promoter inside the invertible element drives the transcription of mrpA when in the ON position; in the OFF position it is directed away from mrpA but does not appear to drive expression of mrpI. The mrpI gene was able to confer inversion of the mrp switch region in trans from both ON to OFF and OFF to ON. To examine the position of the switch in vivo, urine, bladder, and kidneys from mice transurethrally infected with P. mirabilis were used to prepare template DNA for PCR amplification. In the absence of urolithiasis (urease-mediated stone formation), the switch was found 100% in the ON position, a condition never observed following in vitro culture. We conclude that MR/P phase variation is regulated at the transcriptional level by the action of MrpI on an invertible element and that there is strong selective pressure for the expression of MR/P fimbriae in vivo.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1574-695X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Cytotoxic necrotizing factor-1 (CNF1) is commonly found in Escherichia coli isolates from patients with urinary tract infection (UTI). To determine whether CNF1 is an important UTI virulence factor we compared the ability of a clinical E. coli UTI isolate and a CNF1-negative mutant of that isolate to colonize and induce histological changes in the urinary tract in a murine model of ascending UTI. We found no evidence that the mutant strain was attenuated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1574-6968
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: 16 Vibrio vulnificus strains isolated from clinical and environmental sources were studied. 6 strains (4 clinical and 2 environmental) were virulent in both an infant mouse intragastric inoculation model and an iron-loaded adult mouse model; there was a close correlation between results in the two models. Virulence was not associated with increased in vitro production of extracellular cytotoxin-hemolysin or protease. There was some correlation between virulence and the ability of a strain to grow in an iron-limited medium, with a significant association observed between virulence and utilization of transferrin as an iron source. Our results suggest that the ability to make use of available host iron is an important determinant for pathogenicity of V. vulnificus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 27 (1998), S. 358-367 
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Nitrogen fixation ; Nitrogen-15 ; Rice ; Weeds
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  Declining fallow length in traditional upland rice-based cropping systems in West Africa results in a significant yield reduction due mainly to increased weed pressure and declining soil fertility. Promising cropping system alternatives include the use of weed-suppressing legumes as short duration fallows. N accumulation, N derived from the atmosphere (Ndfa), weed suppression, and the effects on rice yield were evaluated in 50 legumes, grown at four sites in Côte d'Ivoire with contrasting climate, soils, and rice production systems. The sites were located in the derived and the Guinea savanna and in the bimodal and the monomodal rainfall forest zones. Legume and weed biomass during the fallow were determined at bimonthly intervals. Percent Ndfa by biological N fixation was determined by 15N natural abundance. Fallow vegetation was cleared and rice seeded according to the practice of local farmers and the cropping calendar. Weed biomass and species composition were monitored at monthly intervals. Legume fallows appear to offer the potential to sustain rice yields under intensified cropping. Biomass was in most instances significantly greater in the legume fallow than in the "weedy" fallow control, and several legume species suppressed weed growth. N accumulation by legumes varied between 1–270 kg N ha–1 with 30–90% Ndfa. Across sites, Mucuna spp., Canavalia spp., and Stylosanthes guianensis showed consistently high N accumulation. Grain yields of rice which had been preceded by a legume fallow were on average 0.2 Mg ha–1 or about 30% greater than that preceded by a natural weedy fallow control. At the savanna sites where fallow vegetation was incorporated, Mucuna spp. and Canavalia ensiformis significantly increased rice yield. In the bimodal forest zone, the highest rice yield and lowest weed biomass were obtained with Crotalaria anagyroides. In general, the effects of legume fallows on rice yield were most significant in environments with favourable soil and hydrological conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Fallow ; Legumes ; Nitrogen fixation ; Oryza sativa ; Côte d'Ivoire
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  Improving fallow quality in upland rice-fallow rotations in West Africa through the site-specific use of leguminous cover crops has been shown to sustain the productivity of such systems. We studied the effects of a range of residue management practices (removal, burning, mulching and incorporation) on fallow biomass and N accumulation, on weed biomass and yield response of upland rice and on changes in soil physical and chemical characteristics in 2-year field trials conducted in three agroecological zones of Côte d'Ivoire. Across fallow management treatments and agroecological zones, rice yields were on average 20–30% higher in legume than in natural fallow plots. Weed biomass was highest in the savanna zone and lowest in the bimodal forest and tended to be less following a legume fallow. Regardless of the type of fallow vegetation and agroecological zone, biomass removal resulted in the lowest rice yields that varied from 0.5 t ha–1 in the derived savanna zone to 1.5 t ha–1 in the Guinea savanna zone. Burning of the fallow vegetation significantly increased yield over residue removal in the derived savanna (0.27 t ha–1, P〈0.05) and bimodal forest zones (0.27 t ha–1, P〈0.01), but not in the Guinea savanna. In both savanna environments, residue incorporation was superior to the farmers' practice of residue removal and rice yield increases were related to amounts of fallow N returned to the soil (r 2=0.803, P〈0.01). In the forest zone, the farmers' practice of residue burning produced the highest yield (1.43 t ha-1 in the case of legumes) and resulted in the lowest weed biomass (0.02 t ha–1). Regardless of the site, improving the quality of the fallow or of its management had no significant effects on either soil physical or soil chemical characteristics after two fallow cycles. We conclude that incorporation of legume residues is a desirable practice for rice-based fallow rotation systems in savanna environments. No promising residue management alternatives to slash-and-burn were apparent for the forest zone. Determining the possible effects on soil productivity will require longer-term experiments.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Annals of mathematics and artificial intelligence 8 (1993), S. 133-173 
    ISSN: 1573-7470
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract In this paper, we investigate the formal expressive properties of Stratified Feature Grammar (SFG), a new logic-based linguistic framework motivated by relational grammar and metagraph grammar, as well as by Kasper-Rounds logic. The driving force behind SFG is the generalization of the conceptfeature from an unanalyzable atomic one to a sequence of so-called R-signs. The linguistic interpretation of thesestratified features is that each R-sign in such a sequence denotes a primitive grammatical relation such as subject or direct object in different syntactic “strata”. This generalization permits the specification of a rigorous feature-structure-based formalism for natural-language grammars based on the view that syntax is “multistratal” and “relational”. The introduction of stratified features leads to several other innovations, two of which might have utility in other frameworks. One is the idea of imposing a partial order on features. The other is the concept of(data) justification: essentially, this is a stipulation that for an S-graph to be well-formed with respect to some grammarG it must, in addition to satisfying the rules ofG, have each of its “core” data (each feature occurrence, each node-label occurrence and each instance of so-called structure-sharing) justified in a formally precise manner by some rule of Justification ensures that. Justification ensures that satisfying S-graphs do not have more structure than absolutely necessary and so makes it appealing to a notion of “minimal model” otiose. Justification plays a key role in a number of our proofs. The formal results presented here include the following. First, it is proved that in the unrestricted SFG framework, every type 0 (r.e.) language is generated by some SFG. Then, we restrict the framework to so-calledbounded SFG with two linguistically motivated principles: Lexical Anchoring and Boundedness. Anchoring requires, in essence, that each core datum of an S-graph be justified by aword in its yield. Boundedness insures that S-graph features are short. Although these restrictions together put the class of bounded SFG languages well within the class of recursive languages, we go on to demonstrate that the recognition problem for bounded SFG is NP-hard. Further, we establish that a bounded SFG language need not be semi-linear. On the matter of upper bounds, we show that every bounded SFL can be recognized by a nondeterministic Turing machine inn logn space and polynomial time and that the recognition problem for bounded SFL's is NP-complete.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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