Note: Intro -- Esophageal Disease and the Role of the Microbiome -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Introduction -- Chapter 1: Is acid the cornerstone factor in gastroesophageal reflux disease and its related complications? -- Introduction-A brief history of gastric acid -- Evidence that acid causes esophageal injury -- Acid and heartburn -- Bile acids, esophageal injury, and heartburn -- Conclusions -- Future directions -- Conflict of interest disclosures -- References -- Chapter 2: Cytokines and immune modulators-Effects on esophageal inflammation -- Introduction -- Esophageal mucosal defense systems -- Immune-mediated response in animal models and humans with acute reflux esophagitis -- Cytokines: Initiators of the immune-mediated response in acute reflux esophagitis -- Cytokines: Initiators of epithelial repair responses in acute reflux esophagitis -- Cytokines: Potential disruptors of the physical epithelial barrier in acute reflux esophagitis -- Hypoxia-inducible factor-2α: Central role in the squamous cell cytokine response in acute reflux esophagitis -- Role of the immune system in reflux esophagitis -- Esophageal innate immunity and toll-like receptors -- Activation of the innate immune system during reflux esophagitis -- TLR2 signaling in esophageal squamous mucosa -- TLR4 signaling in esophageal squamous mucosa -- Esophageal adaptive immunity and T cell phenotypes -- Conclusions -- Future directions -- COI disclosures -- References -- Chapter 3: Acid suppression and effects on the gastrointestinal microbiome -- Introduction -- Animal studies -- Human studies -- Salivary microbiome -- Esophageal microbiome -- Gastric microbiome -- Small and large bowel -- Fecal microbiome studies -- Limitations of currently available data -- Disease associations -- Summary -- Future priorities -- References. , Chapter 4: Esophageal dysbiosis and pathogenesis of gastroesophageal reflux disease -- Introduction -- Traditional view of GERD progression -- Anatomic factors -- Nonanatomic factors -- Revised mechanism for GERD pathogenesis -- Microbiome changes -- Overall composition -- Microgeographic changes -- Biofilm -- Intestinal microbiome -- Inflammatory pathway -- Conclusions -- Future directions -- Author contributions -- References -- Chapter 5: Gastroesophageal reflux disease and the role of Helicobacter pylori -- Introduction -- Pathogenesis of GERD -- Biologic links/plausibility -- Epidemiology/outcomes -- Conclusions -- Future directions -- Conflict of interest disclosure -- References -- Chapter 6: Esophageal dysbiosis and neoplasia: Moving from Barrett's esophagus to adenocarcinoma -- Introduction -- Development of microbiome research contributes to a new concept of health and disease -- Risk and environmental factors altering the risk of EAC-progression -- Microbial alterations in the esophagus linked to histopathological changes -- Microbes influencing BE- and EAC-pathogenesis -- Esophageal microbiome: current techniques of sampling and analysis need to be improved -- Conclusion -- Future directions -- COI disclosures -- References -- Chapter 7: Esophageal dysbiosis and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma -- Introduction -- Esophageal dysbiosis in Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma -- P. gingivalis -- F. nucleatum -- Esophageal microbiome: Environmental exposures and carcinogen metabolism -- Oral microbiome, Oral health, and Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma -- Role of the gastric microenvironment in Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma -- Limitations of current research -- Conclusions -- Future directions -- COI disclosures -- References -- Chapter 8: Esophageal dysbiosis and eosinophilic esophagitis-Bacteria to blame? -- Introduction. , Normal esophageal microbiome -- Potential modulators of the Esophageal microbiome in eosinophilic esophagitis -- Sampling methods used to study the microbiome in EoE -- EoE microbiome -- Data summary and pathophysiologic significance -- Conclusions -- Future directions -- COI -- References -- Chapter 9: Laryngopharyngeal reflux and dysbiosis -- Introduction-The gut microbiota and its influence -- Mechanisms for defense against laryngopharyngeal reflux -- Diagnosis of LPR -- Lifestyle factors -- Hypersensitivity -- Acid and nonacid esophageal reflux -- Esophageal and gastric adenocarcinoma -- Microbiota and bacterial overgrowth -- Treatment and proton pump inhibitors -- Conclusions -- Future directions -- COI and disclosures -- References -- Chapter 10: Esophageal dysbiosis and esophageal motility disorders -- Introduction -- Achalasia -- Chagas disease and megaesophagus -- Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in the setting of achalasia -- Esophageal hypermotility disorders -- Esophageal hypomotility disorders -- Future research -- Conflicts of interest -- References -- Chapter 11: Gastrointestinal microbiome: Evaluation of testing technologies -- Bacteria in the foregut: From assumed sterility to the exploration of complex microbial communities -- Culture-dependent identification of microbial communities -- Culture-independent methods of studying the microbiome -- Sampling and nucleic acid isolation -- Capturing the microbial genome -- Conclusions -- Future directions -- Conflict of interest disclosures -- References -- Chapter 12: Esophagogastric microbiome-Internal and external influences effecting variance -- Introduction -- Internal factors (Fig. 1) -- Age -- Oral and dental health -- Obesity -- External factors (Fig. 2) -- Diet -- Antibiotics -- Prebiotics and probiotics -- Proton pump inhibitors -- Tobacco and alcohol -- Conclusions. , Future directions -- Author contributions -- Conflict of interest -- References -- Chapter 13: Esophageal dysbiosis-Correcting the paradox: Prebiotics, probiotics, or antibiotics? -- Introduction -- Prebiotics -- Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), Barrett's esophagus (BE), and esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) -- Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) -- Limitations to the use and study of prebiotics -- Probiotics -- Gastroesophageal reflux disease -- Barrett's esophagus -- Cancer -- Candidiasis -- Eosinophilic esophagitis -- Antibiotics -- Bacteriocins -- Conclusions -- Future directions -- Author contributions -- References -- Index.