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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2023-12-12
    Description: 〈title xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"〉Abstract〈/title〉〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉This study provides a descriptive characterization of the modern sedimentary processes in Lake Issyk Kul, Kyrgyzstan, important for the selection of a suitable coring or deep‐drilling site, interpretation of future core data and applicability of proxies. The quasi‐equidistant sampling grid of 66 sediment surface samples covers the entirety of the lake basin and is complemented by 10 samples from the major inflows. The methodological approach includes geochemical, granulometric, lipid biomarker, diatom, and statistical analyses. The quantitative and qualitative changes in sediment composition yield information on its generic origin and prevailing transport and depositional environments. The composition of the surface sediments in Issyk Kul is highly heterogenous. Nearshore deposition is mainly controlled by wave action and by fluvial sediment supply with highest quantities of detrital input coming from the high‐energetic, eastern tributaries. Sediments in the deep central basin are mainly produced in situ and dominated by authigenic calcite. Biogenic accumulation is overall low, except for the western extremity of the lake, where the nearshore, shallow‐water, and low‐energetic environment favors aquatic productivity and subsequent preservation of organic material and diatoms. Redeposition of sediments is a dominant process along the slopes across the southern and western basin floor, where run‐out distances of mass movement deposits are up to 5 km. Directional sediment transport by lake currents appears to be less important, except for the transport of very fine‐grained organic matter. Biomarker‐inferred temperature reconstructions suggest lake surface temperatures of ∼15°C in the western littoral zone and in Tyup Bay and a decrease to ∼13°C basinward.〈/p〉
    Description: Plain Language Summary: Intensive research on the natural component of climate variability on geological time scales is needed to better understand and validate current and future climate change. Lakes can provide continuous sediment successions that allow us to reconstruct regional trends in climate and environment dynamics far beyond the industrial age. In continental Eurasia, Lake Issyk Kul, one of the deepest and largest mountain lakes in the world, has long been targeted for a deep‐drilling campaign, because its sediment succession potentially holds information of the past ∼10 million years. Prerequisite for future drilling is a better understanding of prevailing transport and (re)deposition mechanisms in Lake Issyk Kul. The overarching aim of this study is to test the applicability of different proxies, vital for the interpretation of future sediment core data. Therefore, a quasi‐equidistant sampling grid of up to 66 sediment surface (and 10 river) samples spanning the entire lake basin of Lake Issyk Kul was examined by means of sedimentological, geochemical, biological, and statistical analyses. The interpretation provides insights into spatial differences in, for example, clastic input from major rivers, biogenic sedimentation, and endogenic precipitation of calcium carbonates.〈/p〉
    Description: Key Points: 〈list list-type="bullet"〉 〈list-item〉 〈p xml:lang="en"〉The study provides information on the prevailing transport and (re)deposition mechanisms in Lake Issyk Kul today〈/p〉〈/list-item〉 〈list-item〉 〈p xml:lang="en"〉Geochemical, granulometric, lipid biomarker, diatom, and statistical analyses were performed on surface sediment and inlet stream samples〈/p〉〈/list-item〉 〈list-item〉 〈p xml:lang="en"〉The results are prerequisite to interpret longer sediment successions from the lake〈/p〉〈/list-item〉 〈/list〉 〈/p〉
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Description: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8059855
    Keywords: ddc:551.3 ; Issyk Kul ; modern sedimentary processes ; climate ; geochemistry ; grain‐size ; XRF ; lipid biomarker ; diatoms
    Language: English
    Type: doc-type:article
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2023-12-14
    Description: 〈title xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"〉Abstract〈/title〉〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉The reconstruction of accurate sea‐surface temperatures (SST) is of utmost importance due to the ocean's central role in the global climate system. Yet, a number of environmental processes might bias reliable SST estimations. Here, we investigate the fidelity of SST reconstructions for the western tropical South Atlantic (WTSA) for the interval covered by Marine Isotope Stages (MIS) 6–5, utilizing a core collected off eastern Brazil at ∼20°S. This interval was selected as previous SST estimates based on Mg/Ca ratios of planktic foraminifera suggested a peculiar pooling of warm surface waters in the WTSA during MIS 6 despite glacial boundary conditions. To ground‐truth the Mg/Ca‐based SST data we generated SST reconstructions on the same core material using the alkenone and TEX〈sub〉86〈/sub〉 paleothermometers. Comparison with alkenone‐based temperature estimates corroborate the previous Mg/Ca‐based SST reconstructions, supporting the suggestion of a warm‐water anomaly during MIS 6. In contrast, TEX〈sub〉86〈/sub〉‐derived temperatures, albeit representing annual mean SST in recent core top samples, are up to 6°C colder than Mg/Ca‐ and alkenone‐based SST reconstructions. We interpret the periods of anomalously cold TEX〈sub〉86〈/sub〉‐temperatures as a result of a vertical migration of the TEX〈sub〉86〈/sub〉 producers (heterotrophic marine Thaumarchaeota) toward greater water depths, following food availability during phases of enhanced fluvial suspension input. Likewise, the data suggest that alkenone‐based SST are, albeit to a minor degree when compared to TEX〈sub〉86〈/sub〉, affected by river run‐off and/or a seasonal bias in the growth season of haptophyte algae.〈/p〉
    Description: Plain Language Summary: In this study, we investigate the accuracy of sea‐surface temperature (SST) reconstructions for the western tropical South Atlantic (WTSA) for the interval covered by Marine Isotope Stages (MIS) 6–5—the penultimate glacial‐interglacial cycle (ca. 190,000 to 70,00 years before present). This time interval was selected because previous SST estimates based on Mg/Ca ratios of planktic foraminifera suggested a pooling of warm surface waters in the WTSA during late MIS 6 despite the cold glacial conditions. To verify the Mg/Ca‐based SST data, we generated temperature reconstructions from a core located off Eastern Brazil using two common paleothermometers that based on lipid biomarkers: alkenone and TEX〈sub〉86〈/sub〉. The alkenone‐based temperature estimates agree with previous Mg/Ca‐based SST reconstructions, supporting the existence of a warm‐water anomaly in the WTSA during MIS 6. On the other hand, TEX〈sub〉86〈/sub〉‐derived temperatures were up to 6°C colder than Mg/Ca‐ and alkenone‐based SST reconstructions. This discrepancy might be a result of a vertical migration of the TEX86 producers toward greater water depths where they feed on particles of organic matter. These migrations into deeper waters occurred during phases of increased river run‐off fluvial suspension input which enhanced surface primary productivity and facilitated vertical particle flux through the water column.〈/p〉
    Description: Key Points: 〈list list-type="bullet"〉 〈list-item〉 〈p xml:lang="en"〉Parallel Mg/Ca (〈italic〉Globigerinoides ruber〈/italic〉), alkenone and TEX〈sub〉86〈/sub〉‐based temperature estimates in the western tropical South Atlantic (WTSA) across Marine Isotope Stages (MIS) 6–5〈/p〉〈/list-item〉 〈list-item〉 〈p xml:lang="en"〉Mg/Ca and alkenones represent annual mean sea surface temperatures, but most TEX〈sub〉86〈/sub〉‐based temperatures deviate to colder values〈/p〉〈/list-item〉 〈list-item〉 〈p xml:lang="en"〉Anomalous sea surface warming in the WTSA during late MIS 6 appears as a robust signal〈/p〉〈/list-item〉 〈/list〉 〈/p〉
    Description: R/V METEOR
    Description: DFG
    Description: CNPq
    Description: FAPESP
    Description: Alexander von Humboldt‐Stiftung http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100005156
    Description: https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.956207
    Keywords: ddc:551 ; Mg/Ca ; alkenones ; TEX86 ; MIS 6 ; Brazilian Margin ; MIS 5
    Language: English
    Type: doc-type:article
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Journal of Molecular Spectroscopy 31 (1969), S. 14-31 
    ISSN: 0022-2852
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Chromatographia 5 (1972), S. 333-340 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Zur Bearbeitung verschiedenartiger Proben wird eine gas-chromatographische Standardanalyse beschrieben, bei der 36 Proben in halbstündigem Zyklus in einem Gas-Chromatographen mit automatischem Einlaßteil, Temperaturprogramm und Integrator mit Lochstreifenausgang analysiert werden. Für jede Probe wird ein Analysenergebnis mit Retentionszeiten, Retentionsindices und Flächenprozenten ausgedruckt, dem das Gas-Chromatogramm beigegeben wird. Zur Ermittlung des Retentionsindex werden vier Paraffinmischungen in jeder Analysenserie von 36 Proben mitanalysiert. Ein Suchprogramm für die n-Paraffine und eine Retentionsindex-Interpolation für gekrümmte n-Alkan-Eichkurven ermöglichen die Berechnung der Retentionsindices für jede Komponente. Die Reproduzierbarkeit und Zuverlässigkeit dieser personalsparenden Analysenmethode wurde geprüft.
    Abstract: Résumé On décrit une méthode générale d'analyse par chromatographie en phase gazeuse applicable au traitement d'échantillons divers, dans laquelle 36 échantillons sont analysés en un cycle d'une demi-heure dans un chromatographe muni de systèmes d'introduction automatique d'échantillons et de programmation de température et d'un intégrateur avec dispositif d'enregistrement des résultats sur bande perforée. Pour chaque échantillon un compte rendu d'analyse imprimé comprenant les temps de rétention, les indices de rétention et les pourcentages des constituants déduits des surfaces des pics est annexé au chromatogramme. Pour la détermination des indices de rétention 4 mélanges d'hydrocarbures saturés à chaîne droite sont analysés en même temps que chaque série de 36 échantillons. Un programme permettant l'identification des n-alcanes et une méthode d'interpolation de l'indice de rétention sur les courbes étalon «paraboliques» des n-alcanes permettent de calculer l'indice de rétention de chaque constituant. On étudie la reproductibilité et la fiabilité de cette méthode qui peut être mise en oeuvre par un personnel réduit.
    Notes: Summary For processing samples of different types, a standard gas chromatographic analysis is described where 36 samples are analyzed in a half-hour cycle in a gas chromatograph with an automatic sampling system, temperature programme, and integrator with punched tape output. For each individual sample, an analytical result is printed, including the retention times, retention indices, and peak areas as percentages, to which the respective gas chromatogram is added. In order to determine the retention index, four paraffin mixtures are analyzed within each series of 36 samples. Using a search programme for n-paraffins and retention index interpolation for curved n-alkane calibration curves, it is possible to calculate retention indices for each component. The reproducibility and reliability of this personnel-saving analytical method were checked.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Chromatographia 7 (1974), S. 554-559 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary If the complete dynamic range of the flame ionisation detector (FID) amplifier signal is to be integrated during trace analysis, the computer used for this purpose must have an effective dynamic range of at least six decades. The detection limit for traces in the ppm range (parts per million), whilst the major component is simultaneosly integrated, is discussed using samples of pure styrene, propylene and vinyl chloride. The dynamic range can be increased by using minor components as internal markers, by a computer-controlled attenuator switch and by a splitter which produces an internal marker in the chromatogram. In this way, trace components around the ppm level can be determined with standard deviations of a few percent.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 0030-4921
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: For the interpretation of experimental data on the activation energy and free activation enthalpy for the inversion of cyclohexane and its di-, tetra- and hexa-methyl derivatives, model calculations were made to determine the ‘relative’ energies of the ground, intermediate and transition states of the molecules. For this purpose Hendrickson's model was extended so that with internal molecular variables (bond lengths, valence and torsional angles) the topography and the ‘relative’ energy of every possible unsymmetrical conformation could be included.To obtain optimal agreement between the calculated values and the experimental results a total of 17 different combinations of potential functions for deformation of valence angles, torsional angles and H—H interactions were used. By application of the extended calculating procedure it was found that for cyclohexane the half-chair conformation is not, as until now assumed, the only transition conformation in chair inversion, but that there are numerous other unsymmetrical transition conformations with similar energies.The calculations for methyl cyclohexanes showed that for molecules with synaxial arrangement of methyl groups the relative energy of the chair form is considerably increased. The chair form is however still the most stable, even in the case of 1,1,3,3,5,5-hexamethylcyclohexane. The most favourable twist conformations are about 2.6 to 6.5 kcal/mole energy richer.Calculation of activation energies showed that, with synaxial arrangement of two or more methyl groups, the relative energy of the transition conformation is less markedly increased than is that of the ground state, with the result that the activation energy is reduced in comparison with that for cyclohexane.
    Notes: Zur Interpretation der experimentell bestimmten Werte der Aktivierungsenergie bzw. der freien Aktivierungsenthalpie der Ringinversion wurden für Cyclohexan, 1,1-Dimethyl-, 1,1,3,3- und 1,1,4,4-Tetramethyl- sowie 1,1,3,5,5-Hexamethylcyclohexan Modellberechnungen des ‘relativen’ Energieinhalts von Grund-, Zwischen- und Übergangskonformationen durchgeführt. Dazu wurde das Hendrickson'sche Rechenmodell so erweitert, daß mit molekülinternen Variablen (Bindungsabständen, Valenz- und Torsionswinkeln) die Topographie und der ‘relative Energieinhalt’ jeder beliebigen unsymmetrischen Konformation berechnet warden können.Zur optimalen Anpassung der berechneten Daten an die experimentellen Ergebnisse wurden insgesamt 17 verschiedene Kombinationen von Potentialfunktionen für Deformation von Valenzund Torsionswinkeln und H—H-Wechselwirkung verwendet.Bei Anwendung des erweiteren Rechenverfahrens auf die Cyclohexanmolekel ergab sich, daß die halbsesselähnliche Konformation nicht, wie bisher angenommen, einzige Übergangskonformation der Sesselinversion ist, vielmehr gibt es außerdem unendlich viele unsymmetrische Übergangskon-formationen gleichen Energieinhalts. Die Rechnungen ergaben für die Methylcyclohexane, daß bei Molekülen mit synaxialer Anordnung von Methylgruppen der relative Energieinhalt des Sessels zwar stark angehoben ist, der Sessel ist jedoch in allen Fällen selbst bei den Molekeln des 1,1,3,3,5,5-Hexamethylcyclohexans die stabilste Konformation. Die günstigsten Twistkonformationen sind um 2,6 bis 6,5 kcal/mol energiereicher. Bei der Berechnung der Aktivierungsenergie wurde gefunden, daß bei synaxialer Stellung von mindestens zwei Methylgruppen der relative Energieinhalt der Übergangskonformation weniger stark angehoben ist als derjenige der Sesselform, wodurch die Aktivierungsenergie im Vergleich zum Cyclohexan erniedrigt wird; bei 1,4-Stellung der Substituenten wird dagegen der relative Energieinhalt der Übergangskonformation stärker angehoben als der des Grundzustandes, die Aktivierungsenergie wird erhöht.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 0030-4921
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: The conformational equilibria and conversions of 4.5.6-trithia-1.2-benzocycloheptene-(1) (1) and the 3′.6′-dimethoxy-, 3′.6′-dimethyl- and 3′.6′-diphenyl- derivatives (2, 3 and 4) were investigated by NMR spectroscopy. Solutions of these substances are equilibrium mixtures of two conformers, one presumably having a chair form and the other a boat form. The free enthalpy of the boat conformer ΔGB is dependent on the size of the substituents (R) in the 3′ and 6′ positions. The ΔGB values for R = H, OCH3, C6H5 and CH3 are 1,03, 0,82, 0,50 and -0,19 kcal/moles, respectively. By slow crystallization one conformer of the substituted trithiabenzocycloheptenes may be obtained in a pure crystalline form. The dimethoxy derivative crystallizes in the chair form, whereas the dimethyl and the diphenyl derivatives crystallize in the boat form. After dissolving the crystals, the conformational equilibrium is restored; at 0°C the half-lifes range from 2 to 15 minutes. By means of the temperature dependence of the NMR spectra two different types of conformational changes may be distinguished experimentally: the slower one is assigned to the inversion of the seven membered ring and the faster one to its pseudorotation. The free enthalpy of activation ΔGv≠ of the inversion was determined for 4.5.6-trithia-1.2-benzocycloheptene-(1) by the ‘line-shape’ method and for the diphenyl derivative by the ‘equilibration’ method. Both methods were applied to the other derivatives. The ΔGv≠ values obtained by the two different methods agree well with one another. The free enthalpy of activation of the inversion ΔGv≠ and of the pseudorotation ΔGp≠ both depend on the nature of the substituents. The ΔGv≠ values range from 17,9 to 20,5 kcal/mole and the ΔGp≠ values are equal to or lower than 11,4 kcal/mole.
    Notes: Die Konformerengleichgewichte und die konformativen Umwandlungsprozesse des 4.5.6-Trithia-1,2-benzocycloheptens-(1) (1) sowie seiner 3′.6′-Dimethoxy-, 3′.6′-Dimethyl- und 3′.6′-Diphenyl- derivate (2, 3 und 4) wurden PR-spektroskopisch untersucht. Die Lösungen dieser Substanzen sind Gleichgewichtsgemische zweier Konformerer, von denen das eine vermutlich Sesselform, das andere Wannenform hat. Der Wert der freien Konformationsenthalpie ΔGw des Wannenkonformeren ist abhängig von der Größe der Substituenten R in 3′- und 6′-Stellung. ΔGw beträgt für R = H 1,03 kcal/Mol, R = OCH3 0,82 kcal/Mol, R = C6H5 0,50 kcal/Mol und R = CH3 -0,19 kcal/Mol. Durch Kristallisation bei +60° kann im Falle der substituierten Trithiabenzocycloheptene jeweils ein reines Konformeres in kristalliner Form erhalten werden. Beim Dimethoxyderivat kristallisiert das Sesselkonformere, beim Dimethyl- und dem Diphenylderivat das Wannenkonformere aus. Nach Auflösen der Kristalle erfolgt Einstellung des Konformerengleichgewichts; bei 0°C betragen die Halbwertszeiten 2 bis 15 Minuten. Anhand der Temperaturabhängigkeit der Protonenresonanzen kann experimentell zwischen zwei verschiedenen konformativen Umwandlungsprozessen unterschieden werden: Der langsamere Prozess wird der Version, der schnellere der Pseudorotation des Siebenringes zugeordnet. Die freie Aktivierungsenthalpie ΔGv≠ der Version wurde im Falle des 4.5.6-Trithia-1.2-benzocycloheptens-(1) nach der ‘line-shape’-Methode, im Falle des Diphenylderivates nach der ‘Äquilibrierungs’-Methode bestimmt. Die beiden anderen Verbindungen wurden mit beiden Methoden untersucht. Die mit den verschiedenen Methoden bestimmten ΔGv≠-Werte stimmen gut überein. Die freie Aktivierungsenthalpie der Version ΔGv≠ unmd diejenige der Pseudorotation ΔGP≠-Werte ≤ 11,4 kcal/Mol.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Organic Magnetic Resonance 2 (1970), S. 271-281 
    ISSN: 0030-4921
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: The substituent dependence of the rotation barriers around the N—B bond in a series of N,N-dialkylaminoboranes was investigated by NMR. It was found that (1) there is a significant dependence on the size of the substituent, which arises from a ‘steric hindrance of mesomerism’ and (2) in certain cases exceptional facilitation of rotation occurs when alkyl groups on the boron atom are replaced by a chlorine atom or a second amino group. The lowering of the rotation barrier by about 10 kcal/mole in bisamino compounds compared with the corresponding monoamino compounds is explained on the basis of a lowering of the double bond character of each N—B bond owing to the participation of two N-atoms in the mesomerism of the ground state. This effect is much larger with amino groups than with chlorine atoms.
    Notes: An einer Anzahl von N,N-Dialkylaminoboranen wurde die Substituentenabhängigkeit der Rotationsbarriere um die N—B-Bindung mit Protonenresonanzen studiert. Dabei konnte (1) eine deutliche Abhängigkeit der Barriere von der Größe der Substituenten festgestellt werden, die auf eine ‘sterische Behinderung der Mesomerie’ zurückgeführt wird, und (2) eine z.T. außerordentlich große Erleichterung der Rotation, wenn Alkylgruppen am Bor durch ein Chlor bzw. eine zweite Aminogruppe substituiert werden. Die Erniedrigung der Rotationsbarriere um ca. 10 kcal/Mol in Bis-aminoverbindungen verglichen mit den entsprechenden Monoaminoverbindungen wird durch eine Verminderung des Doppelbindungsgrades jeder N—B-Bindung infolge Beteiligung zweier N-Atome an der Mesomerie des Grundzustandes erklärt. Dieser Effekt ist bei der Aminogruppe weit größer als bei einem Chloratom.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2016-08-06
    Description: LRP1 (LDL receptor-related protein-1) is a ubiquitous receptor with both cell signaling and ligand endocytosis properties. In the liver, LRP1 serves as a chylomicron remnant receptor and also participates in the transport of extracellular cathepsin D to the lysosome for prosaposin activation. The current study showed that in comparison with wild type mice, hepatocyte-specific LRP1 knock-out (hLrp1−/−) mice were more susceptible to fasting-induced lipid accumulation in the liver. Primary hepatocytes isolated from hLrp1−/− mice also accumulated more intracellular lipids and experienced higher levels of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress after palmitate treatment compared with similarly treated hLrp1+/+ hepatocytes. Palmitate-treated hLrp1−/− hepatocytes displayed similar LC3-II levels, but the levels of p62 were elevated in comparison with palmitate-treated hLrp1+/+ hepatocytes, suggesting that the elevated lipid accumulation in LRP1-defective hepatocytes was not due to defects in autophagosome formation but was due to impairment of lipophagic lipid hydrolysis in the lysosome. Additional studies showed increased palmitate-induced oxidative stress, mitochondrial and lysosomal permeability, and cell death in hLrp1−/− hepatocytes. Importantly, the elevated cell death and ER stress observed in hLrp1−/− hepatocytes were abrogated by E64D treatment, whereas inhibiting ER stress diminished cell death but not lysosomal permeabilization. Taken together, these results documented that LRP1 deficiency in hepatocytes promotes lipid accumulation and lipotoxicity through lysosomal-mitochondrial permeabilization and ER stress that ultimately result in cell death. Hence, LRP1 dysfunction may be a major risk factor in fatty liver disease progression.
    Print ISSN: 0021-9258
    Electronic ISSN: 1083-351X
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2012-08-11
    Description: Apolipoprotein (apo) E4 is a major genetic risk factor for a wide spectrum of inflammatory metabolic diseases, including atherosclerosis, diabetes, and Alzheimer disease. This study compared diet-induced adipose tissue inflammation as well as functional properties of macrophages isolated from human APOE3 and APOE4 mice to identify the mechanism responsible for the association between apoE4 and inflammatory metabolic diseases. The initial study confirmed previous reports that APOE4 gene replacement mice were less sensitive than APOE3 mice to diet-induced body weight gain but exhibited hyperinsulinemia, and their adipose tissues were similarly inflamed as those in APOE3 mice. Peritoneal macrophages isolated from APOE4 mice were defective in efferocytosis compared with APOE3 macrophages. Increased cell death was also observed in APOE4 macrophages when stimulated with LPS or oxidized LDL. Western blot analysis of cell lysates revealed that APOE4 macrophages displayed elevated JNK phosphorylation indicative of cell stress even under basal culturing conditions. Significantly higher cell stress due mainly to potentiation of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress signaling was also observed in APOE4 macrophages after LPS and oxidized LDL activation. The defect in efferocytosis and elevated apoptosis sensitivity of APOE4 macrophages was ameliorated by treatment with the ER chaperone tauroursodeoxycholic acid. Taken together, these results showed that apoE4 expression causes macrophage dysfunction and promotes apoptosis via ER stress induction. The reduction of ER stress in macrophages may be a viable option to reduce inflammation and inflammation-related metabolic disorders associated with the apoE4 polymorphism.
    Print ISSN: 0021-9258
    Electronic ISSN: 1083-351X
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
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