Anmerkung: Front Cover -- Aquatic Functional Biodiversity -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Perspective: Functional Biodiversity during the Anthropocene -- TERMINOLOGY AND CONCEPTUAL ISSUES INECOLOGICAL AND EVOLUTIONARY PERSPECTIVES -- CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORKS IN ECOLOGICALAND EVOLUTIONARY SCIENCES -- BIODIVERSITY AND ECOSYSTEM SERVICE CONSERVATION -- REFERENCES -- Section I - Theoretical Background -- Chapter 1 - From Metabolic Constraints on Individuals to the Dynamics of Ecosystems -- INTRODUCTION -- INDIVIDUAL METABOLIC RATE, BIOMECHANICS, AND FITNESS -- The Size-and-Temperature Dependence of Metabolic Rate -- From Metabolic Rate to Fitness -- Evolution of Metabolic Rates and Thermal Physiology -- FROM INDIVIDUAL METABOLISM AND BIOMECHANICS TO INTERACTIONS -- A Metabolic Theory for Species Interactions -- Empirical Support -- FROM INTERACTIONS TO CONSUMER-RESOURCE DYNAMICS -- Ecological Consumer-Resource Dynamics -- Eco-Evolutionary Consumer-Resource Dynamics -- FROM CONSUMER-RESOURCE PAIRS TO COMMUNITY AND ECOSYSTEM DYNAMICS -- CONCLUSIONS -- ABBREVIATIONS AND MATHEMATICAL SYMBOLS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 2 - Ecological Effects of Intraspecific Consumer Biodiversity for Aquatic Communities and Ecosystems -- INTRODUCTION -- CASE STUDIES -- Migration and Foraging Trait Divergence in Alewife -- Life History Divergence in the Trinidadian Guppy -- Divergence Due to Predators and Toxic Prey in Daphnia -- Foraging Habitat Divergence in Threespine Stickleback -- Within-Population Variation in Feeding Behavior in Pale Chub -- META-ANALYSIS -- CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 3 - How Does Evolutionary History Alter the Relationship between Biodiversity and Ecosystem Function? -- INTRODUCTION -- METHODS -- Resource Competition Models -- Model 1: Partially Substitutable Resources -- Case 2: Essential Resources. , Model Analysis -- Reanalysis of Empirical Data -- RESULTS -- DISCUSSION -- ABBREVIATION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 4 - Effects of Metacommunity Networks on Local Community Structures: From Theoretical Predictions to Empirical Eval ... -- INTRODUCTION -- FOUR PARADIGMS -- Patch Dynamics and Mass Effect -- Patch Dynamics -- Mass Effect -- Species Sorting -- Neutral Mechanisms -- Theory Data -- Metacommunity Networks -- Community-Level Properties -- Metacommunity-Level Properties -- Weighted Metacommunity Networks -- Methodologies for Estimating Metacommunity Networks -- Maximum Entropy -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Section II - Across Aquatic Ecosystems -- Chapter 5 - Limited Functional Redundancy and Lack of Resilience in Coral Reefs to Human Stressors -- INTRODUCTION -- DATA QUALITY -- PATTERN OF CHANGE -- DRIVERS OF CHANGE -- ARE CORAL REEFS FUNCTIONALLY REDUNDANT? -- SOLUTIONS TO ENSURE RESILIENCE -- Are there other Solutions Available? -- CONCLUDING REMARKS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 6 - Biodiversity, Ecosystem Functioning, and Services in Fresh Waters: Ecological and Evolutionary Implications of ... -- INTRODUCTION -- Climate Change: An Environmental Stressor That Is More Than Just the Sum of Its Parts? -- Temperature and Metabolism: The Master Variables in Biological Responses to Global Warming -- Theoretical Frameworks: The Metabolic Theory of Ecology and Beyond -- Biodiversity-Ecosystem Functioning Relationships: How Many Species Do We Need to Maintain Functioning and Services in a Cha ... -- Are We Measuring the Relevant Drivers and Responses in Biodiversity-Ecosystem Functioning Studies? -- Traits and Functional Diversity in a Changing Climate: Beyond Body Size -- Structure and Functioning of Freshwater Food Webs -- From Averages to Individuals: The Common Currency of Freshwater Ecology. , Scaling Up: Cross-System Subsidies and Source-Sink Dynamics in Fresh waters -- Eco-evolutionary Dynamics: Reciprocal Feedbacks between Ecology and Evolution, and Interactions between Biotic and Abiotic ... -- Synergies between Multiple Stressors and the Modulation of Ecological and Evolutionary Responses in a Changing Climate -- Future Directions and Concluding Remarks -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 7 - Global Aquatic Ecosystem Services Provided and Impacted by Fisheries: A Macroecological Perspective -- INTRODUCTION -- MACROECOLOGICAL VARIABLES AND THEIR INTERACTIONS WITHIN AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS -- Species Richness -- Abundance -- Geographical Distribution -- Body Size -- A CENTRAL CHALLENGE: IDENTIFYING PROCESSES UNDERLYING MACROECOLOGICAL PATTERNS -- Physical and Biological Associations with Macroecological Patterns -- Structural Relationships Among Key Variables and Predictions at Multiple Scales -- Dynamic Macroecological Patterns Driven by Anthropogenic and Natural Forces -- A TRAITS-BASED FOCUS ON AQUATIC FUNCTIONAL DIVERSITY -- ECOLOGICAL AND EVOLUTIONARY EFFECTS OF SELECTIVE FISHERIES ON AQUATIC ECOSYSTEM FUNCTIONING -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 8 - Valuing Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services in a Complex Marine Ecosystem -- INTRODUCTION -- MATERIALS AND METHODS -- Trophic Niche Dimensions and Parameters -- Consumer Trophic Niche Position -- Consumer Trophic Uniqueness -- Consumer Trophic Flexibility (= Trophic Niche Width) -- Assignment of Ecosystem Services on the Species Level -- Lough Hyne Data Set -- Statistical Analysis -- RESULTS -- Trophic Flexibility and Trophic Uniqueness of Lough Hyne Consumers -- Ecosystem Service Provisioning by Species of Lough Hyne -- DISCUSSION -- Trophic Niche Dimensions and Parameters -- Trophic Flexibility and Trophic Uniqueness of Lough Hyne Consumers. , Distribution of Trophic Flexibility and Trophic Uniqueness -- Ecosystem Service Provisioning by Species of Lough Hyne -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- Section III - In the Wild: Biodiversity and Ecosystem Service Conservation -- Chapter 9 - The Role of Marine Protected Areas in Providing Ecosystem Services -- INTRODUCTION -- INTRODUCTION TO MARINE PROTECTED AREAS -- INTRODUCTION TO ECOSYSTEM SERVICES AND THE LINK TO HUMAN WELL-BEING -- MARINE PROTECTED AREA EFFECTS ON INDIVIDUAL ECOSYSTEM SERVICES -- Marine Protected Area Effects on Provisioning Services: The Example of Fisheries -- Marine Protected Area Effects on Cultural Service: The Example of Recreational Activities -- Marine Protected Area Effects on Supporting Services: The Example of Coastal Protection -- MARINE PROTECTED AREA EFFECTS ON LONG-TERM ECOSYSTEM FUNCTION AND THE PROVISION OF MULTIPLE SERVICES -- The Role of Biodiversity: Expectations from Functional Diversity and Redundancy -- Quantifying and Protecting Functional Diversity and Redundancy in Marine Protected Areas -- Quantifying Functional Diversity -- Spatial Protection of Functional Diversity -- Effects of Marine Protected Areas on Functional Diversity -- KEY DIRECTIONS AND OPEN QUESTIONS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 10 - Freshwater Conservation and Biomonitoring of Structure and Function: Genes to Ecosystems -- INTRODUCTION -- Current Focus of Aquatic Biomonitoring and Conservation -- State of the Art in the Science of Biomonitoring: From Species Traits to Community Structure and Ecosystem Functioning -- Future Advances and New Perspectives-Genes to Ecosystems -- Novel Molecular and Microbial Approaches -- The Functional Analysis of Microbes, Metazoans, and Macrofaunal Communities -- CONCLUDING REMARKS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES. , Epilogue - The Robustness of Aquatic Biodiversity Functioning under Environmental Change: The Ythan Estuary, Scotland -- INTRODUCTION -- SYSTEMS APPROACHES TO DEFINING OPERATIONAL BOUNDS FOR AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS -- OPERATIONAL BOUNDS UNDER DIFFERENT POLICY OPTIONS: THE YTHAN EXAMPLE -- HOW DID THE NETWORK CHANGE BETWEEN 1967 AND 1993? -- DISCUSSION -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Index.

Anmerkung: Front Cover -- Global Change in Multispecies Systems Part 2 -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Preface -- Editorial Commentary: Global Change in Multispecies Systems Part 2 -- References -- Chapter 1: Climate Change and Eco-Evolutionary Dynamics in Food Webs -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. Climate change and ecological interactions -- 1.2. Recent advances in eco-evolutionary dynamics and implications for climate change -- 1.3. Eco-evolutionary dynamics and ecological networks -- 1.4. Individual-based models: modelling individual variation in ecology -- 1.5. The study of natural selection -- 2. Methods -- 2.1. An IBM framework to study eco-evolutionary dynamics in food webs -- 2.2. The aim of the simulations -- 2.3. Statistical analyses -- 2.3.1. Testing for differences in selection across environments -- 2.3.2. Estimating selection gradients in two contrasting environments -- 3. Results -- 3.1. From evolution to ecology -- 3.1.1. Trophic cascades -- 3.1.2. Encounter rates -- 3.2. From ecology to evolution -- 3.2.1. Testing for differences in selection across environments -- 3.2.2. Estimating selection gradients in two contrasting environments -- 4. Discussion -- 4.1. Temperature-dependent lifetime encounters, predator-induced stress and latitudinal diversity gradients -- 4.2. Correlational selection, diversification and ecosystem resilience -- 4.3. Contemporary evolution and the rescue of populations under climate change -- 4.4. Growth ratio and temperature: implications for the evolution of body size under global warming -- 4.5. Activation energy for metabolic rate: is adaptive evolution possible? -- 4.6. Climate change can affect the evolution of temperature-plastic behavioural (personality) traits -- 4.7. Future directions -- 4.7.1. Food Web Engineering: biological control, climate change and eco-evolutionary dynamics. , 4.7.2. Neutral theories, meta-communities and the geographic mosaic of co-evolution -- 5. Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- Appendix -- A.1. Space and basal resources -- A.2. Predator and prey traits with quantitative genetic basis -- A.3. Trait modularity and phenotypic integration -- A.4. Quantitative Genetics and G-matrices -- A.5. State variables and the environmental component of phenotypic variation -- A.6. Moving algorithm: Adaptive movement and previous experience -- A.7. Moulting algorithm -- A.8. Reproductive algorithm -- A.9. Descriptions of functions or submodels according to the ODD protocol (Grimm et al., 2006) -- References -- Chapter 2: Impacts of Warming on the Structure and Functioning of Aquatic Communities: Individual- to Ecosystem-Level Responses -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. Climate change: Identifying the key drivers and responses -- 1.2. The need for multi-scale and multi-level approaches for dealing with multi-species systems -- 1.3. Individuals, populations and environmental warming -- 1.4. Environmental warming impacts on species traits and trophic interactions -- 1.5. Linking communities to ecosystems: Food web and size structure -- 1.6. Environmental warming and ecosystem processes -- 1.7. Testing hypotheses in the Hengill system -- 2. Materials and Methods -- 2.1. Study site -- 2.2. Biotic characterisation -- 2.3. Individuals to populations: Testing temperature-size rules -- 2.4. Quantifying population-level traits and interactions -- 2.5. Quantifying community-level properties -- 2.6. Quantifying the food web and size structure: Community-ecosystem linkages -- 2.7. Ecosystem processes: Energy and nutrient cycling -- 2.8. Ecosystem processes: Ecosystem metabolism measurements -- 3. Results -- 3.1. Structure: Individuals to populations -- 3.2. Structure: Population-level traits. , 3.3. Structure: Population-level interactions -- 3.4. Structure: Community-level properties -- 3.5. Structure: Communities to ecosystems: Food web and size structure -- 3.6. Ecosystem processes: Energy and nutrient cycling -- 3.7. Ecosystem processes: Ecosystem metabolism measurements -- 4. Discussion -- 4.1. Individuals to populations -- 4.2. Population-level traits -- 4.3. Population-level interactions -- 4.4. Community-level properties -- 4.5. Communities to ecosystems: Food web and size structure -- 4.6. Ecosystem process rates: Energy and nutrient cycling -- 4.7. Ecosystem process rates: Ecosystem metabolism measurements -- 4.8. Caveats and limitations -- 4.9. Looking forward: An international partnership at Hengill -- 4.10. Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- Appendix A. Physical and Chemical Properties of the Streams in the Hengill Catchment Examined in This Study -- Appendix B. Length-Mass Relationships and Biovolume Calculations for the Diatom, Ciliate, Flagellate, Meiofaunal and Macr ... -- Appendix C. Yield-Effort Curves to Validate the Efficiency of Diatom and Macroinvertebrate Sampling in All Streams in Apr ... -- Appendix D. Source of food web links -- Appendix E. Supplementary Methods -- E.1. Snail exclusion experiment -- E.2. Measures of interaction strength -- E.3. Laboratory ecosystem respiration experiment -- E.4. Field measurements of ecosystem metabolism and stream hydraulics -- References -- Chapter 3: Intrinsic and Extrinsic Factors Driving Match-Mismatch Dynamics During the Early Life History of Marine Fishes -- 1. Understanding Climate Impacts on Marine Fish -- 1.1. Match-mismatch and other marine fish recruitment hypotheses -- 1.2. Patterns of change during marine fish early life history -- 2. Extrinsic Factors and Early Life Stage Match-Mismatch Dynamics -- 2.1. Turbulence, light and turbidity. , 2.2. Ocean hydrography and dispersion/retention -- 2.3. Foraging at low Reynolds numbers -- 2.4. Foraging in patchy prey fields -- 3. Intrinsic Factors Affecting Match-Mismatch Dynamics -- 3.1. Spawning strategies of adults -- 3.2. Temperature-dependent development of embryos -- 3.3. Developmental morphology of larvae -- 3.4. Visual acuity and swimming capacity of early life stages -- 3.5. Foraging behaviour and tactics of early life stages -- 3.6. Metabolism and prey requirements of early life stages -- 4. Feeding Dynamics of Marine Fish Larvae in Their Natural Environment -- 4.1. Diets -- 4.2. The role of phytoplankton and protists -- 4.3. Feeding success -- 4.4. Prey sizes and ontogenetic diet shifts -- 5. Physiological-Based Modelling of Larval Foraging and Growth -- 5.1. Simulating match-mismatch dynamics using IBMs -- 5.2. Species-specific differences in intrinsic properties -- 6. Outlook and Recommendations -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 4: Marine Ecosystem Regime Shifts Induced by Climate and Overfishing: A Review for the Northern Hemisphere -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Theoretical Concepts: Regime Shifts and Alternative Stable States -- 2.1. Types of ecosystem responses to external drivers -- 2.2. Resilience and the interaction of multiple drivers -- 2.3. Alternative stable states -- 3. Marine Ecosystem Regime Shifts -- 3.1. Methods for identifying abrupt ecosystem changes -- 3.2. North Pacific -- 3.3. Eastern Scotian Shelf -- 3.4. North Sea -- 3.5. Baltic Sea -- 3.6. Black Sea -- 4. Trophic Cascades -- 4.1. Eastern Scotian Shelf -- 4.2. Baltic Sea -- 4.3. Black Sea -- 4.4. Vulnerability of marine ecosystems to overfishing-induced trophic cascading -- 4.5. Climate-induced changes in trophic control and oscillating control -- 5. Discussion -- 5.1. Synchronicity of timing-Evidence of atmospheric teleconnection. , 5.2. Trophic cascading-The importance of overfishing in triggering ecosystem regime shifts -- 5.3. Interactions of multiple drivers, alternative stable states and the reversibility of ecosystem regime shifts -- 6. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 5: Perturbing a Marine Food Web: Consequences for Food Web Structure and Trivariate Patterns -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. Uni-, bi- and trivariate patterns -- 1.2. Study site -- 2. Methods and Materials -- 2.1. Experimental design -- 2.2. Applying the perturbation -- 2.3. Food web construction -- 2.4. Univariate parameters -- 2.4.1. Statistical analysis -- 2.5. Sørensens similarity indices -- 2.6. Bivariate patterns -- 2.7. Trivariate patterns -- 3. Results -- 3.1. Effectiveness of M. glacialis perturbation -- 3.2. Food web complexity effects -- 3.3. Trophic position effects -- 3.4. Similarity effects -- 3.5. Food web topology effects -- 3.6. Effects on bivariate patterns -- 3.6.1. Abundance-trophic height relationship -- 3.6.2. Body mass-trophic height relationship -- 3.6.3. Body mass-abundance relationship -- 3.6.4. Predator:prey abundance relationship -- 3.6.5. Predator:prey mass relationship -- 3.6.6. Predator:prey biomass relationship -- 3.6.7. Vulnerability and generality effects -- 3.7. Effects on trivariate patterns -- 4. Discussion -- Acknowledgments -- Appendix. Feeding Link Literature References -- References -- Chapter 6: Biomanipulation as a Restoration Tool to Combat Eutrophication: Recent Advances and Future Challenges -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Fish Manipulation -- 2.1. Fish manipulation in temperate lakes -- 2.1.1. Removing zooplanktivorous and benthivorous fish -- 2.1.2. Stocking of piscivorous fish -- 2.1.3. Longevity of the fish manipulation effects -- 2.1.4. Repeated measures-fish manipulation in Lake Væng, Denmark. , 2.1.5. Effects of fish manipulation judged from paleoecological studies.

Anmerkung: Front Cover -- Global Change in Multispecies Systems Part 1 -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Preface: Editorial Commentary: Global Change in Multispecies Systems Part 1 -- On the Wishlist: Better Data and Predictive Frameworks -- A Matter of Time and Space: Temporal and Spatial Scale and Levels of Organisation -- A Question of Traits -- The Next Steps Forward -- References -- Chapter One: Distributional (In)Congruence of Biodiversity-Ecosystem Functioning -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. Vexing drivers and responses -- 1.2. Contrasting dichotomies -- 1.3. Aims of our study -- 2. Scaling B-EF -- 2.1. Implications of scaling -- 2.2. Green world allometry -- 2.3. Allometry and management -- 3. Constraining B-EF -- 3.1. Allometry rules the world -- 3.2. How local biodiversity determines individual abundances at taxocene level -- 3.3. The extent to which scaling changes between taxocenes -- 4. Predicting B-EF -- 4.1. B-EF and functional redundancy in the blue world: Theoretical background -- 4.2. Inland water biodiversity: Effects of landscape complexity on B-EF -- 4.2.1. Streams and ecoregions -- 4.2.2. Computational methods -- 4.2.3. Can a web be robust? -- 4.3. Inland water biodiversity: Vulnerability of B-EF across ecoregions -- 4.4. Population fluctuations at standardized taxonomical resolution: A virtual case study -- 4.5. Superimposed disruption of fish biodiversity on cascading interactions -- 5. Conceptual Unification -- 5.1. Articulating B-EF in terrestrial ecosystems -- 5.2. Articulating B-EF in aquatic ecosystems -- 6. System-Driven B-EF -- 6.1. Elemental changes within one taxocene: Less is more -- 6.2. Elemental changes across taxocenes: Community mismatches -- 7. Coda -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter Two: Biodiversity, Species Interactions and Ecological Networks in a Fragmented World -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Networks. , 2.1. Ecological networks -- 2.1.1. Properties of mutualistic and antagonistic networks -- 2.1.2. Body size as a driver of ecological network structure -- 2.1.3. Species abundance as a driver of ecological network structure -- 2.1.4. Functional groups in ecological networks -- 2.2. Spatial networks -- 2.3. Combining spatial and ecological networks -- 3. Habitat Fragmentation -- 3.1. General introduction -- 3.2. Fragment characteristics -- 3.3. Habitat edges -- 3.4. Matrix -- 3.5. Spatial and temporal turnover of species and individuals -- 3.6. Scales of habitat fragmentation -- 4. Habitat Fragmentation and Species Traits -- 4.1. Plant traits -- 4.2. Animal traits -- 4.3. Species trait combinations -- 5. Habitat Fragmentation and Biotic Interactions -- 5.1. Mutualistic plant-pollinator interactions -- 5.2. Mutualistic plant-frugivore interactions -- 5.3. Mutualistic plant-ant interactions -- 5.4. Antagonistic interactions within food webs -- 5.5. Antagonistic host-parasitoid interactions -- 5.6. Summary of fragmentation effects on mutualistic and antagonistic interactions -- 6. Effects of Habitat Fragmentation on Different Kinds of Networks -- 6.1. General introduction -- 6.2. Mutualistic plant-pollinator networks -- 6.2.1. Nestedness -- 6.2.2. Link switching -- 6.2.3. Modularity -- 6.2.4. Body size -- 6.2.5. Four fragmentation scenarios -- 6.3. Mutualistic plant-frugivore networks -- 6.4. Mutualistic plant-ant networks -- 6.5. Antagonistic food webs -- 6.6. Antagonistic host-parasitoid networks -- 6.7. General effects of habitat fragmentation on network properties -- 7. Habitat Fragmentation in a Meta-Network Context -- 7.1. Meta-networks and dispersal -- 7.2. Meta-networks and extinction -- 7.3. Meta-networks and colonisation -- 8. Effects of Habitat Fragmentation on the Coevolutionary Dynamics of Networks. , 8.1. The geographic mosaic theory of coevolution -- 8.2. Habitat fragmentation and its effects on basic components of GMTC -- 8.3. Habitat fragmentation and selection mosaics in ecological networks -- 9. Applications in Conservation and Agriculture -- 10. Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- Appendix -- Methods for Ashdown Forest case study of food webs in fragmented river networks -- A.1. Site description and food web construction -- Glossary -- References -- Chapter Three: Climate Change Impacts on Community Resilience: Evidence from a Drought Disturbance Experiment -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. Disturbance, community structure and climate change -- 1.2. Disturbance and diversity -- 1.3. Climate change and drought disturbance in streams -- 1.4. Mesocosm experiments -- 2. Methods -- 2.1. Mesocosms -- 2.2. Experimental design and application -- 2.3. Sampling and processing -- 2.4. Statistical analysis -- 3. Results -- 3.1. Disturbance effects on community descriptors -- 3.2. Disturbance effects on community structure -- 3.3. Disturbance effects on temporal dynamics -- 4. Discussion -- 4.1. Disturbance and diversity -- 4.2. Resilience and disturbance frequency -- 4.3. Resilience and ecosystem functioning -- 4.4. Disturbance and community development -- 4.5. Drought as an environmental filter -- 5. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- AppendixA -- AppendixB -- References -- Chapter Four: Environmental Warming in Shallow Lakes: A Review of Potential Changes in Community Structure as Evidenced from Space-for-Time Substitution Approaches -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. Global change and freshwater communities -- 1.2. Shallow lakes and ecosystem responses to changes in temperature -- 1.3. Indirect effects of climate on community structure through availability of nutrients -- 1.4. Theoretical predictions -- 1.5. Space-for-time substitution approach. , 2. Findings in Space-for-Time Studies -- 2.1. Richness changes with climate -- 2.1.1. Fishes -- 2.1.2. Macroinvertebrates -- 2.1.3. Zooplankton -- 2.1.4. Macrophytes -- 2.1.5. Phytoplankton -- 2.1.6. Periphyton -- 2.1.7. Bacterioplankton -- 2.2. Climate effects on biomass -- 2.2.1. Fishes -- 2.2.2. Macroinvertebrates -- 2.2.3. Zooplankton -- 2.2.4. Macrophytes -- 2.2.5. Phytoplankton -- 2.2.6. Periphyton -- 2.2.7. Bacterioplankton -- 2.3. Climate effects on density -- 2.3.1. Fishes -- 2.3.2. Macroinvertebrates -- 2.3.3. Zooplankton -- 2.3.4. Macrophytes -- 2.3.5. Phytoplankton -- 2.3.6. Bacterioplankton -- 2.4. Climate effects on body size and size structure -- 2.4.1. Fishes -- 2.4.2. Macroinvertebrates -- 2.4.3. Zooplankton -- 2.4.4. Macrophytes -- 2.4.5. Phytoplankton -- 2.4.6. Periphyton -- 2.4.7. Bacterioplankton -- 2.5. Climate effects on reproduction and growth -- 2.5.1. Fishes -- 2.5.2. Macroinvertebrates -- 2.5.3. Zooplankton -- 2.5.4. Macrophytes -- 2.5.5. Phytoplankton, periphyton and bacterioplankton -- 2.6. Climate effects on intensity of trophic interactions -- 3. Discussion -- 3.1. Can we predict changes in community traits with warming? -- 3.1.1. Congruence of SFTS findings and theoretical expectations -- 3.1.2. Evidence of warming effects obtained by other approaches -- 3.1.3. The importance of local factors and trophic interactions -- 3.2. Advantages and disadvantages of the SFTS approach -- 3.3. Topics for further research -- Acknowledgements -- Appendix A. Periphyton Latitudinal Gradient -- Literature analyzed: -- Appendix B. Bacterioplankton Latitudinal Gradient -- Literature cited: -- Appendix C. Phytoplankton Unpublished Data and Latitudinal Gradient -- C.1. Previously unpublished data: The Netherlands-Uruguay comparison -- C.2. Latitudinal gradient meta-analysis -- Literature cited: -- References. , Chapter Five: Impact of Climate Change on Fishes in Complex Antarctic Ecosystems -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The Antarctic Marine Ecosystem -- 2.1. Geographical and physical conditions -- 2.2. Biological characteristics -- 3. Antarctic Fish Communities -- 3.1. Composition of the modern fauna -- 3.2. Evolution and adaptive radiation -- 3.3. Adaptations and characteristics of notothenioid fishes -- 3.3.1. Physiological and morphological adaptations -- 3.3.2. Growth, reproduction and development -- 3.4. Threats to the fish community -- 4. Physiological Vulnerability of Antarctic Fishes -- 4.1. Sensitivity to changes in temperature and salinity -- 4.2. Sensitivity to increasing pCO2 -- 5. Trophic Vulnerability of Antarctic Fishes -- 5.1. Vulnerability to general changes in trophic structure and dynamics -- 5.2. Vulnerability to changes in size structure and prey quality -- 5.2.1. Prey size -- 5.2.2. Prey quality -- 6. Vulnerability of Antarctic Fishes to Habitat Destruction -- 6.1. The impact of sea ice reduction -- 6.2. The impact of increased iceberg scouring -- 6.2.1. The role of habitat structure and disturbance events for species richness -- 6.2.2. The disturbance simulation model -- 7. Discussion -- 7.1. The impact of climate change on Antarctic fish species -- 7.2. Effects of climate change in other marine systems -- 7.3. Antarctic fish community persistence-Winners and losers -- 7.4. Consequences of fish species loss for the marine Antarctic ecosystem -- 7.5. Final thoughts-Is climate change exclusively to blame? -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter Six: A Complete Analytic Theory for Structure and Dynamics of Populations and Communities Spanning Wide Ranges in Body Size -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. Orientation on a changing planet -- 1.2. Size spectra -- 1.3. Mathematical size-spectrum models -- 1.4. Approximations. , 1.5. Structure of the paper.