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  • 1
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    GTC OSIRIS transiting exoplanet atmospheric survey: detection of potassium in HAT-P-1b from narrow-band spectrophotometry (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-04-17
    Description: We present the detection of potassium in the atmosphere of HAT-P-1b using optical transit narrow-band photometry. The results are obtained using the 10.4-m Gran Telescopio Canarias together with the OSIRIS instrument in tunable filter imaging mode. We observed four transits, two at continuum wavelengths outside the potassium feature, at 6792 and 8844 Å, and two probing the potassium feature in the line wing at 7582.0 Å and the line core at 7664.9 Å using a 12 Å filter width ( R  ~ 650). The planet-to-star radius ratios in the continuum are found to be R pl / R * = 0.1176 ± 0.0013 at 6792 Å and R pl / R * = 0.1168 ± 0.0022 at 8844 Å, significantly lower than the two observations in the potassium line: R pl / R * = 0.1248 ± 0.0014 in the line wing at 7582.0 Å and R pl / R * = 0.1268 ± 0.0012 in the line core at 7664.9 Å. With a weighted mean of the observations outside the potassium feature R pl / R * = 0.1174 ± 0.0010, the potassium is detected as an increase in the radius ratio of R pl / R * = 0.0073 ± 0.0017 at 7582.0 Å and R pl / R * = 0.0094 ± 0.0016 at 7664.9 Å (a significance of 4.3 and 6.1, respectively). We hypothesize that the strong detection of potassium is caused by a large scaleheight, which can be explained by a high temperature at the base of the upper atmosphere. A lower mean molecular mass caused by the dissociation of molecular hydrogen into atomic hydrogen by the extreme ultraviolet flux from the host star may also partly explain the amplitude of our detection.
    Print ISSN: 0035-8711
    Electronic ISSN: 1365-2966
    Topics: Physics
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 2
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    A closely packed system of low-mass, low-density planets transiting Kepler-11 (2011)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2011-02-05
    Description: When an extrasolar planet passes in front of (transits) its star, its radius can be measured from the decrease in starlight and its orbital period from the time between transits. Multiple planets transiting the same star reveal much more: period ratios determine stability and dynamics, mutual gravitational interactions reflect planet masses and orbital shapes, and the fraction of transiting planets observed as multiples has implications for the planarity of planetary systems. But few stars have more than one known transiting planet, and none has more than three. Here we report Kepler spacecraft observations of a single Sun-like star, which we call Kepler-11, that reveal six transiting planets, five with orbital periods between 10 and 47 days and a sixth planet with a longer period. The five inner planets are among the smallest for which mass and size have both been measured, and these measurements imply substantial envelopes of light gases. The degree of coplanarity and proximity of the planetary orbits imply energy dissipation near the end of planet formation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lissauer, Jack J -- Fabrycky, Daniel C -- Ford, Eric B -- Borucki, William J -- Fressin, Francois -- Marcy, Geoffrey W -- Orosz, Jerome A -- Rowe, Jason F -- Torres, Guillermo -- Welsh, William F -- Batalha, Natalie M -- Bryson, Stephen T -- Buchhave, Lars A -- Caldwell, Douglas A -- Carter, Joshua A -- Charbonneau, David -- Christiansen, Jessie L -- Cochran, William D -- Desert, Jean-Michel -- Dunham, Edward W -- Fanelli, Michael N -- Fortney, Jonathan J -- Gautier, Thomas N 3rd -- Geary, John C -- Gilliland, Ronald L -- Haas, Michael R -- Hall, Jennifer R -- Holman, Matthew J -- Koch, David G -- Latham, David W -- Lopez, Eric -- McCauliff, Sean -- Miller, Neil -- Morehead, Robert C -- Quintana, Elisa V -- Ragozzine, Darin -- Sasselov, Dimitar -- Short, Donald R -- Steffen, Jason H -- England -- Nature. 2011 Feb 3;470(7332):53-8. doi: 10.1038/nature09760.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California 94035, USA. jack.lissauer@nasa.gov〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21293371" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 3
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    Exoplanet atmosphere. Thermal structure of an exoplanet atmosphere from phase-resolved emission spectroscopy (2014)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2014-10-11
    Description: Exoplanets that orbit close to their host stars are much more highly irradiated than their solar system counterparts. Understanding the thermal structures and appearances of these planets requires investigating how their atmospheres respond to such extreme stellar forcing. We present spectroscopic thermal emission measurements as a function of orbital phase ("phase-curve observations") for the highly irradiated exoplanet WASP-43b spanning three full planet rotations using the Hubble Space Telescope. With these data, we construct a map of the planet's atmospheric thermal structure, from which we find large day-night temperature variations at all measured altitudes and a monotonically decreasing temperature with pressure at all longitudes. We also derive a Bond albedo of 0.18(-0.12)(+0.07) and an altitude dependence in the hot-spot offset relative to the substellar point.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stevenson, Kevin B -- Desert, Jean-Michel -- Line, Michael R -- Bean, Jacob L -- Fortney, Jonathan J -- Showman, Adam P -- Kataria, Tiffany -- Kreidberg, Laura -- McCullough, Peter R -- Henry, Gregory W -- Charbonneau, David -- Burrows, Adam -- Seager, Sara -- Madhusudhan, Nikku -- Williamson, Michael H -- Homeier, Derek -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Nov 14;346(6211):838-41. doi: 10.1126/science.1256758. Epub 2014 Oct 9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA. NASA Sagan Fellow. kbs@uchicago.edu. ; CASA, Department of Astrophysical and Planetary Sciences, University of Colorado, 389-UCB, Boulder, CO 80309, USA. ; Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA. ; Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA. ; Department of Planetary Sciences and Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA. ; Space Telescope Science Institute, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA. Department of Physics and Astronomy, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA. ; Center for Excellence in Information Systems, Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN 37209, USA. ; Department of Astronomy, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. ; Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA. ; Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 54-1718, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. ; Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 OHA, UK. ; Centre de Recherche Astrophysique de Lyon, UMR 5574, CNRS, Universite de Lyon, Ecole Normale Superieure de Lyon, 46 Allee d'Italie, F-69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25301972" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 4
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    A continuum from clear to cloudy hot-Jupiter exoplanets without primordial water depletion (2015)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2015-12-18
    Description: Thousands of transiting exoplanets have been discovered, but spectral analysis of their atmospheres has so far been dominated by a small number of exoplanets and data spanning relatively narrow wavelength ranges (such as 1.1-1.7 micrometres). Recent studies show that some hot-Jupiter exoplanets have much weaker water absorption features in their near-infrared spectra than predicted. The low amplitude of water signatures could be explained by very low water abundances, which may be a sign that water was depleted in the protoplanetary disk at the planet's formation location, but it is unclear whether this level of depletion can actually occur. Alternatively, these weak signals could be the result of obscuration by clouds or hazes, as found in some optical spectra. Here we report results from a comparative study of ten hot Jupiters covering the wavelength range 0.3-5 micrometres, which allows us to resolve both the optical scattering and infrared molecular absorption spectroscopically. Our results reveal a diverse group of hot Jupiters that exhibit a continuum from clear to cloudy atmospheres. We find that the difference between the planetary radius measured at optical and infrared wavelengths is an effective metric for distinguishing different atmosphere types. The difference correlates with the spectral strength of water, so that strong water absorption lines are seen in clear-atmosphere planets and the weakest features are associated with clouds and hazes. This result strongly suggests that primordial water depletion during formation is unlikely and that clouds and hazes are the cause of weaker spectral signatures.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sing, David K -- Fortney, Jonathan J -- Nikolov, Nikolay -- Wakeford, Hannah R -- Kataria, Tiffany -- Evans, Thomas M -- Aigrain, Suzanne -- Ballester, Gilda E -- Burrows, Adam S -- Deming, Drake -- Desert, Jean-Michel -- Gibson, Neale P -- Henry, Gregory W -- Huitson, Catherine M -- Knutson, Heather A -- des Etangs, Alain Lecavelier -- Pont, Frederic -- Showman, Adam P -- Vidal-Madjar, Alfred -- Williamson, Michael H -- Wilson, Paul A -- England -- Nature. 2016 Jan 7;529(7584):59-62. doi: 10.1038/nature16068. Epub 2015 Dec 14.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Astrophysics Group, School of Physics, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QL, UK. ; Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California, Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA. ; Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH, UK. ; Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA. ; Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Peyton Hall, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA. ; Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA. ; Department of Astrophysical and Planetary Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA. ; European Southern Observatory, Karl-Schwarzschild-Strasse 2, D-85748 Garching bei Munchen, Germany. ; Center of Excellence in Information Systems, Tennessee State University, Nashville, Tennessee 37209, USA. ; Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA. ; CNRS, Institut dAstrophysique de Paris, UMR 7095, 98 bis boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26675732" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atmosphere/*chemistry ; Extraterrestrial Environment/*chemistry ; Jupiter ; *Planets ; Pressure ; Spectrophotometry, Infrared ; Telescopes ; Temperature ; Water/*analysis
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 5
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    A giant comet-like cloud of hydrogen escaping the warm Neptune-mass exoplanet GJ 436b (2015)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2015-06-26
    Description: Exoplanets orbiting close to their parent stars may lose some fraction of their atmospheres because of the extreme irradiation. Atmospheric mass loss primarily affects low-mass exoplanets, leading to the suggestion that hot rocky planets might have begun as Neptune-like, but subsequently lost all of their atmospheres; however, no confident measurements have hitherto been available. The signature of this loss could be observed in the ultraviolet spectrum, when the planet and its escaping atmosphere transit the star, giving rise to deeper and longer transit signatures than in the optical spectrum. Here we report that in the ultraviolet the Neptune-mass exoplanet GJ 436b (also known as Gliese 436b) has transit depths of 56.3 +/- 3.5% (1sigma), far beyond the 0.69% optical transit depth. The ultraviolet transits repeatedly start about two hours before, and end more than three hours after the approximately one hour optical transit, which is substantially different from one previous claim (based on an inaccurate ephemeris). We infer from this that the planet is surrounded and trailed by a large exospheric cloud composed mainly of hydrogen atoms. We estimate a mass-loss rate in the range of about 10(8)-10(9) grams per second, which is far too small to deplete the atmosphere of a Neptune-like planet in the lifetime of the parent star, but would have been much greater in the past.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ehrenreich, David -- Bourrier, Vincent -- Wheatley, Peter J -- des Etangs, Alain Lecavelier -- Hebrard, Guillaume -- Udry, Stephane -- Bonfils, Xavier -- Delfosse, Xavier -- Desert, Jean-Michel -- Sing, David K -- Vidal-Madjar, Alfred -- England -- Nature. 2015 Jun 25;522(7557):459-61. doi: 10.1038/nature14501.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Observatoire de l'Universite de Geneve, 51 chemin des Maillettes, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland. ; Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK. ; 1] CNRS, UMR 7095, Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris, 98 bis boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France [2] Sorbonnes Universites, UPMC Univ. Paris 6, UMR 7095, Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris, 98 bis boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France. ; 1] CNRS, UMR 7095, Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris, 98 bis boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France [2] Sorbonnes Universites, UPMC Univ. Paris 6, UMR 7095, Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris, 98 bis boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France [3] Observatoire de Haute-Provence, CNRS &OAMP, 04870 Saint-Michel-l'Observatoire, France. ; 1] Univ. Grenoble Alpes, IPAG, F-38000 Grenoble, France [2] CNRS, IPAG, F-38000 Grenoble, France. ; CASA, Department of Astrophysical &Planetary Sciences, University of Colorado, 389-UCB, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA. ; Astrophysics Group, School of Physics, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QL, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26108854" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 6
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    Kepler-62: a five-planet system with planets of 1.4 and 1.6 Earth radii in the habitable zone (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2013-04-20
    Description: We present the detection of five planets--Kepler-62b, c, d, e, and f--of size 1.31, 0.54, 1.95, 1.61 and 1.41 Earth radii (R plus sign in circle), orbiting a K2V star at periods of 5.7, 12.4, 18.2, 122.4, and 267.3 days, respectively. The outermost planets, Kepler-62e and -62f, are super-Earth-size (1.25 R plus sign in circle 〈 planet radius 〈/= 2.0 R plus sign in circle) planets in the habitable zone of their host star, respectively receiving 1.2 +/- 0.2 times and 0.41 +/- 0.05 times the solar flux at Earth's orbit. Theoretical models of Kepler-62e and -62f for a stellar age of ~7 billion years suggest that both planets could be solid, either with a rocky composition or composed of mostly solid water in their bulk.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Borucki, William J -- Agol, Eric -- Fressin, Francois -- Kaltenegger, Lisa -- Rowe, Jason -- Isaacson, Howard -- Fischer, Debra -- Batalha, Natalie -- Lissauer, Jack J -- Marcy, Geoffrey W -- Fabrycky, Daniel -- Desert, Jean-Michel -- Bryson, Stephen T -- Barclay, Thomas -- Bastien, Fabienne -- Boss, Alan -- Brugamyer, Erik -- Buchhave, Lars A -- Burke, Chris -- Caldwell, Douglas A -- Carter, Josh -- Charbonneau, David -- Crepp, Justin R -- Christensen-Dalsgaard, Jorgen -- Christiansen, Jessie L -- Ciardi, David -- Cochran, William D -- DeVore, Edna -- Doyle, Laurance -- Dupree, Andrea K -- Endl, Michael -- Everett, Mark E -- Ford, Eric B -- Fortney, Jonathan -- Gautier, Thomas N 3rd -- Geary, John C -- Gould, Alan -- Haas, Michael -- Henze, Christopher -- Howard, Andrew W -- Howell, Steve B -- Huber, Daniel -- Jenkins, Jon M -- Kjeldsen, Hans -- Kolbl, Rea -- Kolodziejczak, Jeffery -- Latham, David W -- Lee, Brian L -- Lopez, Eric -- Mullally, Fergal -- Orosz, Jerome A -- Prsa, Andrej -- Quintana, Elisa V -- Sanchis-Ojeda, Roberto -- Sasselov, Dimitar -- Seader, Shawn -- Shporer, Avi -- Steffen, Jason H -- Still, Martin -- Tenenbaum, Peter -- Thompson, Susan E -- Torres, Guillermo -- Twicken, Joseph D -- Welsh, William F -- Winn, Joshua N -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 May 3;340(6132):587-90. doi: 10.1126/science.1234702. Epub 2013 Apr 18.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA. william.j.borucki@nasa.gov〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23599262" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Exobiology ; Extraterrestrial Environment ; Models, Theoretical ; *Planets ; Stars, Celestial ; *Water
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 7
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    Two Earth-sized planets orbiting Kepler-20 (2011)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2011-12-22
    Description: Since the discovery of the first extrasolar giant planets around Sun-like stars, evolving observational capabilities have brought us closer to the detection of true Earth analogues. The size of an exoplanet can be determined when it periodically passes in front of (transits) its parent star, causing a decrease in starlight proportional to its radius. The smallest exoplanet hitherto discovered has a radius 1.42 times that of the Earth's radius (R( plus sign in circle)), and hence has 2.9 times its volume. Here we report the discovery of two planets, one Earth-sized (1.03R( plus sign in circle)) and the other smaller than the Earth (0.87R( plus sign in circle)), orbiting the star Kepler-20, which is already known to host three other, larger, transiting planets. The gravitational pull of the new planets on the parent star is too small to measure with current instrumentation. We apply a statistical method to show that the likelihood of the planetary interpretation of the transit signals is more than three orders of magnitude larger than that of the alternative hypothesis that the signals result from an eclipsing binary star. Theoretical considerations imply that these planets are rocky, with a composition of iron and silicate. The outer planet could have developed a thick water vapour atmosphere.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Fressin, Francois -- Torres, Guillermo -- Rowe, Jason F -- Charbonneau, David -- Rogers, Leslie A -- Ballard, Sarah -- Batalha, Natalie M -- Borucki, William J -- Bryson, Stephen T -- Buchhave, Lars A -- Ciardi, David R -- Desert, Jean-Michel -- Dressing, Courtney D -- Fabrycky, Daniel C -- Ford, Eric B -- Gautier, Thomas N 3rd -- Henze, Christopher E -- Holman, Matthew J -- Howard, Andrew -- Howell, Steve B -- Jenkins, Jon M -- Koch, David G -- Latham, David W -- Lissauer, Jack J -- Marcy, Geoffrey W -- Quinn, Samuel N -- Ragozzine, Darin -- Sasselov, Dimitar D -- Seager, Sara -- Barclay, Thomas -- Mullally, Fergal -- Seader, Shawn E -- Still, Martin -- Twicken, Joseph D -- Thompson, Susan E -- Uddin, Kamal -- England -- Nature. 2011 Dec 20;482(7384):195-8. doi: 10.1038/nature10780.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA. ffressin@cfa.harvard.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22186831" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 8
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    A sub-Mercury-sized exoplanet (2013)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2013-02-22
    Description: Since the discovery of the first exoplanets, it has been known that other planetary systems can look quite unlike our own. Until fairly recently, we have been able to probe only the upper range of the planet size distribution, and, since last year, to detect planets that are the size of Earth or somewhat smaller. Hitherto, no planets have been found that are smaller than those we see in the Solar System. Here we report a planet significantly smaller than Mercury. This tiny planet is the innermost of three that orbit the Sun-like host star, which we have designated Kepler-37. Owing to its extremely small size, similar to that of the Moon, and highly irradiated surface, the planet, Kepler-37b, is probably rocky with no atmosphere or water, similar to Mercury.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Barclay, Thomas -- Rowe, Jason F -- Lissauer, Jack J -- Huber, Daniel -- Fressin, Francois -- Howell, Steve B -- Bryson, Stephen T -- Chaplin, William J -- Desert, Jean-Michel -- Lopez, Eric D -- Marcy, Geoffrey W -- Mullally, Fergal -- Ragozzine, Darin -- Torres, Guillermo -- Adams, Elisabeth R -- Agol, Eric -- Barrado, David -- Basu, Sarbani -- Bedding, Timothy R -- Buchhave, Lars A -- Charbonneau, David -- Christiansen, Jessie L -- Christensen-Dalsgaard, Jorgen -- Ciardi, David -- Cochran, William D -- Dupree, Andrea K -- Elsworth, Yvonne -- Everett, Mark -- Fischer, Debra A -- Ford, Eric B -- Fortney, Jonathan J -- Geary, John C -- Haas, Michael R -- Handberg, Rasmus -- Hekker, Saskia -- Henze, Christopher E -- Horch, Elliott -- Howard, Andrew W -- Hunter, Roger C -- Isaacson, Howard -- Jenkins, Jon M -- Karoff, Christoffer -- Kawaler, Steven D -- Kjeldsen, Hans -- Klaus, Todd C -- Latham, David W -- Li, Jie -- Lillo-Box, Jorge -- Lund, Mikkel N -- Lundkvist, Mia -- Metcalfe, Travis S -- Miglio, Andrea -- Morris, Robert L -- Quintana, Elisa V -- Stello, Dennis -- Smith, Jeffrey C -- Still, Martin -- Thompson, Susan E -- England -- Nature. 2013 Feb 28;494(7438):452-4. doi: 10.1038/nature11914. Epub 2013 Feb 20.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California 94035, USA. thomas.barclay@nasa.gov〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23426260" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 9
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    Clouds in the atmosphere of the super-Earth exoplanet GJ 1214b (2014)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2014-01-02
    Description: Recent surveys have revealed that planets intermediate in size between Earth and Neptune ('super-Earths') are among the most common planets in the Galaxy. Atmospheric studies are the next step towards developing a comprehensive understanding of this new class of object. Much effort has been focused on using transmission spectroscopy to characterize the atmosphere of the super-Earth archetype GJ 1214b (refs 7 - 17), but previous observations did not have sufficient precision to distinguish between two interpretations for the atmosphere. The planet's atmosphere could be dominated by relatively heavy molecules, such as water (for example, a 100 per cent water vapour composition), or it could contain high-altitude clouds that obscure its lower layers. Here we report a measurement of the transmission spectrum of GJ 1214b at near-infrared wavelengths that definitively resolves this ambiguity. The data, obtained with the Hubble Space Telescope, are sufficiently precise to detect absorption features from a high mean-molecular-mass atmosphere. The observed spectrum, however, is featureless. We rule out cloud-free atmospheric models with compositions dominated by water, methane, carbon monoxide, nitrogen or carbon dioxide at greater than 5sigma confidence. The planet's atmosphere must contain clouds to be consistent with the data.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kreidberg, Laura -- Bean, Jacob L -- Desert, Jean-Michel -- Benneke, Bjorn -- Deming, Drake -- Stevenson, Kevin B -- Seager, Sara -- Berta-Thompson, Zachory -- Seifahrt, Andreas -- Homeier, Derek -- England -- Nature. 2014 Jan 2;505(7481):69-72. doi: 10.1038/nature12888.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA. ; 1] CASA, Department of Astrophysical and Planetary Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA [2] Department of Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91101, USA. ; Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA. ; Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA. ; 1] Department of Astronomy, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA [2] MIT Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA. ; Centre de Recherche Astrophysique de Lyon, 69364 Lyon, France.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24380954" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 10
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    An extended upper atmosphere around the extrasolar planet HD209458b (2003)
    [s.l.] : Macmillian Magazines Ltd.
    Nature 422 (2003), S. 143-146 
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    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The planet in the system HD209458 is the first one for which repeated transits across the stellar disk have been observed. Together with radial velocity measurements, this has led to a determination of the planet's radius and mass, confirming it to be a gas giant. But despite numerous ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature01448
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