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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mechanical properties of oriented polyvinylchloride composites filled with ultrafine particles (1984)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 262 (1984), S. 103-109 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Ultrafine SiO2 ; Oriented PVC composites ; Anisotropic mechanical properties ; compliance tensor ; Hill's yield criterion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The tensile stress-strain behaviour of undrawn and drawn polyvinylchloride (PVC) composites filled with ultrafine SiO2 and micron sized glass particles were discussed as functions of filler content and size. For the undrawn PVC composites filled with ultrafine SiO2 particles, Young's moduli, yield and breaking stresses increased with filler content and decreasing filler size. Whereas for the composites filled with micron sized glass particles, their Young's moduli slightly increased with filler content but both the yield and breaking stresses decreased. Oriented PVC composites were made by uniaxially drawing to × 2.5 at 100 °C. Anisotropic mechanical properties of oriented specimens were discussed in terms of compliance tensor and yield stress measured in the direction of 0°, 45° and 90° to the original stretching direction at room temperature. In the case of 70A SiO2, all the compliance decreased with filler content, whereas those of 65μ glass, this relation was reversed. The yield stress of the oriented PVC composites showed filler size dependence similar to Young's moduli. The anisotropic yield stress of oriented PVC composites were reasonably analysed by Hill's yield criterion.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01417540
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Analysis of small angle x-ray scattering intensity of hard elastic polypropylene under extension (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 182 (1981), S. 199-208 
    Details
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The influence of the changes in density and the extension distribution function on the profiles of the small angle X-ray scattering of a hard elastic polypropylene film under extension was investigated. So far the scattering behavior of crystalline polymers, consisting of nearly parallel lamellae and intervening layers staked perpendicular to the fiber axis, has been described based on the lattice factor and the structure factor of a constant density difference. In this work it could be shown that the structure factor depends not only on the thickness, decided by the extension distribution function, but also on the density changing with the extension of each layer. Good agreement with the observation that the profile greatly changes in shape and intensity with extension could be obtained by introduction of an extension distribution function and a density function for the intervening layers.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.1981.021820121
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of temperature and water on the γ → α crystalline transition of nylon 6 caused by stretching in the chain direction (1968)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 6 (1968), S. 1317-1329 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The effects of temperature and water on the crystal transition of nylon 6 from the γ phase to the α phase, which is caused by stretching along the chain direction, were investigated. The γ-phase fibers with high crystallite orientation were stretched at constant load under various conditions. An inversion of the effect of water on the transition occurs at about -60°C. Stretching in the wet state is more effective for the transition at higher temperature. In contrast, at low temperatures water in the crystalline regions actsasa cohesive agent for the chains and increases the activation energy for the transition. Thus, dry stretching is more effective than wet stretching at very low temperature. The fraction of transformed α-phase crystallites increases abruptly over a narrow range of stress. Thus the critical stress can be determined for the transition. The critical stress changes appreciably with temperature; the higher the temperature, the lower the critical stress. The relation between stretching temperature and critical stress was analyzed by Flory's equation for the shift of transition temperature by stress. About 220°C. was estimated as the zero-stress transition temperature. The heat content of the γ-phase crystal was estimated to be smaller by 500 cal./mole than that of the α-phase crystal. This result suggests that the free energy of the γ-phase crystal is lower than that of the α-phase crystal at temperatures lower than the transition point. The irreversible strain of a sample in which the crystal transition has taken place is very small at low temperature. This small extension of the sample is evidence that the γ → α transition produced by stretching along the chain axis is a crystal-crystal transition.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1968.160060709
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Melting behavior of drawn films from polyethylene single-crystal mats (1970)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 8 (1970), S. 1865-1877 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Drawing of mats of linear polyethylene single crystals prepared from dilute solution is possible at temperatures above about 90°C. The structure and properties of the drawn specimens are much different from those ordinary drawn bulk polymer. Drawn mats have been investigated by differential scanning calorimetry. The characteristic experimental results are: (a) a broad melting curve, (b) considerable superheating depending on the rate of heating, (c) constancy of the melting point and the heat of fusion with annealing, (d) deviation from the relation between the heat of fusion and the density obtained for the drawn bulk specimens, (e) appearance of two melting peaks in samples annealed at temperatures above about 130°C. These results imply that the structure of the drawn mat is characterized by a larger number of the tie chains connecting the neighboring crystals (the structure postulated in earlier papers) than is the case in ordinary drawn bulk polymer. It can be concluded that the transformation of a fringed micellar type of structure to the folded lamellar structure may be difficult during annealing unless crystals melt and then recrystallize during cooling.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1970.160081102
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Redrawing of oriented polyethylene film (1971)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 9 (1971), S. 1083-1096 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Drawn and subsequently annealed polyethylene film was restretched along the original draw axis at various temperatures. The internal deformation was analyzed in terms of the structural parameters of a simplified model. The elementary deformations are the rotation of crystals around the b axis and shear at the crystal interface. The rigidity of the crystal plays an important role during extension; and as a result, disorientation of chains in the crystal occurs at high strain. At the same time, crystals deform in such a way that the crystalline chains tilt about the b axis along the (h00) plane. This deformation of the crystal is affected by temperature. The increase in long spacing with extension can be interpreted roughly by the changes in structural parameters. The strain in amorphous region in also discussed in relation to these parameters.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1971.160090606
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of iodine on small-angle X-ray diffraction from drawn poly(ethylene terephthalate) film (1972)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 10 (1972), S. 253-264 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The effect of iodine sorption on the small-angle x-ray diffraction intensity is discussed in terms of the distribution of iodine sorbed in the amorphous regions of polymers. The change in the intensity of the peak corresponding to long periods is measured as a function of the iodine uptake in drawn, and annealed poly(ethylene terephthalate) films. A linear relation with slope K is observed between the square root of relative intensity and iodine uptake. The slope K varies with annealing conditions. Theoretical values calculated for models of the distribution of iodine in amorphous regions, are compared with the observed K. Results can be interpreted on the basis of a “concave” distribution of iodine, i.e., with sorption sites more numerous near a crystal surface than in the interior of an amorphous region.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1972.160100205
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of water on the mechanical properties of gelatin films (1974)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 13 (1974), S. 753-764 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The mechanical properties of gelatin films were studied in relation to the effect of water, and compared with those of collagen films. The S-shaped sorption isotherm was separated into an adsorption curve C1 and dissolution curve C2. From the C2 curve, the interaction parameter χ1 of Flory-Huggins' equation was calculated. The χ1 of gelatin were larger than those of collagen at low relative humidities (RH), while they coincided with each other at high RH. It was found that a composite curve was made by shifting stress relaxation curves obtained at different humidities along the log time axis. The shift factor for the formation of the composite curve was analyzed by Fujita-Kishimoto's equation, which was based on the free volume theory. The parameter β, which expressed the extent of the contribution of sorbed water to the increase in the free volume of the system, was 0.05 in the range of C2 from 0 to 0.08 (0-65% RH). This value was much smaller than 0.16 for collagen. The value was 0.16 in the range of C2 higher than 0.08, which was equal to that of the collagen. Dynamic shear modulus G′, loss modulus G″, and tan δ were determined as functions of RH. The gelatin film extended more than 100% at 73% RH under the very small stress of about 107 dyn/cm2. This corresponds to the region where β changes from 0.05 to 0.16, although such a phenomenon was not observed in the collagen film. The wide-angle X-ray pattern of extended gelatin was similar to that of renatured collagen fiber.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1974.360130410
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reconstitution of collagen-fold structure with stretching of gelatin film (1976)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 15 (1976), S. 1505-1511 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The gelatin film is stretched more 100% over 75% relative humidity, while the dried gelatin extended only several percent. In this experiment the gelatin film was stretched in a solution of water and ethanol. The sample was extended to 650% of its initial length when ethanol/water was 1.5(w/w) at 30°C. The wide-angle X-ray diffraction photographs of drawn samples showed the three important layer lines with approximate spacing of 10 Å, 4 Å, and 3 Å, which verify the reconstitution of collagen triple helical structure. The sharp spots appeared near 10 Å on the equatirial axis, indicating the high orientation of peptide chains. These patterns become sharp and clear on increasing the extension ratio.The content of the triple helix was investigated by wide-angle X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry. The maximum renaturation percentage is 25% at the draw ratio of 7.5. Since the formation of a collagen triple helix requires three chains, in which each chain has only three repeatin amino acids, (Gly-Pro-X)n, and glycoprotein and other impurities interrupt helix formation, the more advanced renaturation will not be expected.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1976.360150806
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Typical fiber structure (1969)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 1259-1274 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Model fibers of polyethylene and nylon 6 were strained in the direction of the fiber axis and the internal deformation of the samples was studied by large-angle and small-angle x-ray diffraction. The compression of samples along the fiber axis was successfully carried out, and the results obtained by x-ray methods yielded more interesting information on the structure of the fibers than was obtained in extension. A model for the structure of the fiber was constructed on the basis of the results on compressed fibers. In this model, crystals are distributed in cylindrical symmetry around the fiber axis keeping a crystal axis tangential to circles in the section normal to the fiber axis. The characteristic crystal axis is the b axis in polyethylene and the a axis in nylon 6. The chain axis of the crystals varies in orientation with respect to the fiber axis. In compression of fibers with such a structure, the crystals rotate around the characteristic axis indicated above. In the case of nylon 6 fiber, only this simple rotation seems to occur, while additional changes occur in polyethylene fibers. However, the simple rotation predominates even in polyethylene fibers. This fiber structure is correlated with the structure of thin films of the materials. This similarity proves the existence of a common mechanism for the origin of the structure of fibers and films.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1969.160070706
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Drawing of single-crystal mats of linear polyethylene (1969)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 2029-2041 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Drawing of single-crystal mats of linear polyethylene has been investigated. Drawing is possible at temperatures higher than about 90°C. The drawing is accompanied by distinct necking, with a large decrease in the thickness of the mat and a very high maximum draw ratio, sometimes over 30. The maximum draw ratio is approximately proportional to the thickness of the lamellae. This behavior strongly suggests the unfolding of chains during drawing. A change of orientation of crystal axes occurs before necking without change of lamellar orientation. The a axis orients in the drawing direction; the b axis orients perpendicular to the direction of drawing; and the chain axis tilts away from the thickness direction of the mat. The structure of films drawn from mats is characterized by a distinct double orientation of crystals. This biaxial orientation in the drawn films has a high degree of correlation with the orientation of crystal axes observed before necking, and suggests that necking takes place in such a way that the chain tilts gradually about the b axis and ultimately unfolds. The postulate of formation of transitory two-dimensional crystals in necking seems useful in explaining the double orientation in the drawn film. The orientation behavior of crystal axes observed before necking is not always similar to that observed in the deformation of a single crystal. The difference is thought to be due to the effect of forces induced by drawing that act in the direction normal to the lamellae within a mat.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1969.160071205
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