Keywords:
Detectors.
;
Electronic books.
Description / Table of Contents:
This book covers all spectral domains used for observing astrophysical objects and phenomena in space. It presents extensive details on general techniques used in space astronomy, such as calibration, cryogenics in space and laser aligned structures.
Type of Medium:
Online Resource
Pages:
1 online resource (726 pages)
Edition:
2nd ed.
ISBN:
9781461478041
Series Statement:
ISSI Scientific Report Series ; v.9
URL:
https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/geomar/detail.action?docID=1591983
Language:
English
Note:
Intro -- Contents -- Acknowledgements -- Foreword -- Foreword of the first edition -- 1 Observing photons in space -- The aims of this book -- Why observe photons - and why from space? -- Enabling technologies -- The study of photons at gamma- and X-ray energies -- Space astronomy in the VUV - an observationally delicate region -- The path towards space telescopes observing in the visible and infrared -- Innovative space technology meets conservative attitude -- Overall structure of the book and conventions used -- 2 Photons - from source to detector -- Introduction -- Photon generation -- Photons in transit -- Doppler effect and aberration -- Photon scattering -- Photon detection -- Irradiance measurements -- Direction finding -- Energy discrimination -- Photon detectors -- Closing summary -- 3 High-energy astrophysics -- Introduction -- Time-line development of gamma-ray astronomy from space -- Gamma-ray production -- Acceleration of charged particles -- Inverse Compton scattering -- Nuclear line emission -- Annihilation -- Particle decay -- Overview of the gamma-ray sky -- All-sky surveys -- Gamma-ray sources -- Gamma-ray spectroscopy and polarimetry -- Gamma-ray bursts -- Outlook -- 4 X-ray astronomy -- Introduction -- The X-ray spectrum -- Thermal radiation -- Non-thermal radiation -- Outline of X-ray photon handling techniques -- Detection and collimation -- Focussing and dispersion -- Non-dispersive spectroscopy -- X-ray astronomy missions -- Solar observations -- X-ray astronomy: surveys -- High-resolution imaging and high-throughput spectroscopy -- X-ray astronomy: other missions -- Conclusions -- 5 The extra-terrestrial vacuum-ultraviolet wavelength range -- The early days -- Atmospheric effects -- Observing platforms and enabling technologies -- Physical processes -- Spectral line formation -- VUV spectroscopic plasma diagnostics.
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Emission measures -- Density-sensitive line ratios -- Temperature-sensitive line ratios -- Element abundances -- Ion motions and temperatures -- Atomic databases -- Solar physics observations -- Astrophysical observations -- The future -- 6 The visible and near-infrared domain -- Introduction -- Background radiation -- Wavefront distortion (atmospheric refraction and ``seeing'') -- Sources of radiation -- Selected space missions -- IRAS -- Hipparcos -- COBE -- Hubble Space Telescope -- IRTS -- ISO -- MSX -- Spitzer -- COROT -- Kepler -- 7 The mid- and far-infrared wavelength range -- Introduction -- Thermal infrared and space -- Physical processes -- The Universe at mid- and far-infrared wavelengths -- Star and planet formation -- Crystalline silicates -- Interstellar PAHs -- Galaxies and ULIRGs -- The Cosmic Infrared Background and the era of vigorous star formation in the Universe -- Achievements and outlook -- 8 The Cosmic Microwave Background -- From ground-based discovery to space exploration -- The Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE) -- Entering the era of precision cosmology with WMAP and Planck -- Common requirements and different ambitions -- Orbit and general configuration -- Choice of the frequency range and receiver technology -- Spatial frequencies of interest and optical systems -- A universe to be deciphered -- First promising results from Planck -- 9 Space telescopes -- Introduction -- Normal-incidence telescopes -- One-mirror telescope -- Two-mirror telescopes -- Telescope parameters -- Point-spread function and relative encircled energy -- Classical aberrations for a centred pupil -- Paraboloid telescope -- Two-mirror telescope (Cassegrain or Gregorian) -- Aplanetic two-mirror telescope (Ritchey-Chrétien) -- Mirror scattering -- Loss of image quality -- Classical mirror coatings -- Coronagraphs -- Solar coronagraphs.
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Reflecting solar coronagraph -- Solar coronagraph with external occulter -- Stellar coronagraphs -- Classical Lyot scheme -- Other coronagraph designs -- Grazing-incidence telescopes -- The physics of GI reflection -- GI telescope configurations -- Wolter telescopes -- Kirkpatrick-Baez telescopes -- Focussing collimator or ``lobster-eye'' telescopes -- Design considerations -- Parameters -- Effective collecting area -- Angular resolution, PSF, EE function -- Baffling -- Multilayer coatings -- NI EUV multilayer coatings -- GI X-ray multilayer coatings -- Conclusion -- 10 Gratings and mountings -- Introduction -- Grating formulae and principles -- Grating types -- Grating scattered-light performance -- Concave grating mountings -- Rowland type with spherical grating -- Rowland type with toric grating -- Wadsworth mounting -- Multi-concave grating mounting -- Other concave grating mountings -- Czerny-Turner and Ebert-Fastie mountings -- Cross-dispersion echelle mounting -- Objective plane grating -- Plane grating in a converging beam -- Reflective plane grating in a converging beam -- Transmission plane grating in a converging beam -- Grism -- Other grating applications -- Bragg crystal diffraction -- Comments on grating mountings -- Conclusion -- 11 Imaging through Compton scattering and pair creation -- Compton telescopes -- Principle -- Early Compton telescopes -- COMPTEL -- Plans for future Compton telescopes -- Pair-creation telescopes -- Basic design of pair-creation telescopes -- Early pair-creation telescopes SAS-2 and COS-B -- EGRET -- AGILE and Fermi (GLAST) -- The Great Observatory CGRO -- Conclusions and outlook -- 12 X-ray imaging with collimators, masks and grids -- Introduction -- Single-grid systems -- Bigrid collimators -- Multigrid collimators -- Grids -- Alignment and aspect -- Summary and outlook.
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13 All-sky monitoring of high-energy transients -- Introduction -- Triangulation -- Results and discoveries -- Single-experiment systems -- Outlook -- 14 Far-infrared imaging and spectroscopic instrumentation -- Introduction -- Design considerations for space IR missions -- Noise due to the self-emission and the natural background -- Cryogenic design -- Far-infrared surveys -- Infrared imaging -- Infrared spectrometers -- Heterodyne receivers -- 15 Goniopolarimetry for radio astronomy -- Introduction -- Instrumentation -- Electrical antennas -- Magnetic antennas -- Receivers -- Calibration -- Goniopolarimetric techniques -- Goniopolarimetric measurement expressions -- Spin demodulation goniopolarimetry -- Instantaneous goniopolarimetry -- Sources of error -- Multi-spacecraft interferometry -- Future missions -- Example: Saturn kilometric radiation source location -- Conclusion -- 16 Astrometry -- Advantages of space observations for astrometry -- Optical image formation and positional accuracy -- The fundamental limit -- Limiting accuracy from diffraction optics -- Generalizations -- Example 1: the modulating grid of Hipparcos -- Example 2: CCD imaging for space astrometry -- Direct imaging in pointing mode -- Direct imaging in drift-scanning mode -- Example 3: interferometry -- Conclusions -- 17 Interferometric imaging from space -- Introduction: Why interferometry, why in space? -- Principles of interferometry and aperture synthesis -- Visibility measurements -- The van Cittert-Zernike theorem -- Fourier relations, the (u,v) plane, and aperture synthesis -- Co-phasing and coherencing -- Closure phases and self-calibration -- Classification of interferometric concepts -- Direct detection and heterodyne interferometry -- Interferometric spectroscopy -- Nulling interferometry -- Basic principles of nulling -- Null depth -- Higher-order nulls.
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Signal extraction and modulation -- Critical technologies for space interferometry -- Laser metrology and path-length control -- Connected structures and free flyers -- Guiding and fringe tracking -- Optical components -- Scientific applications and mission concepts -- Darwin / TPF -- Stellar Imager -- Far-infrared interferometry -- X-ray interferometry -- Very low-frequency radio interferometer -- Radio very long-baseline interferometry -- 18 Narrow-band imaging by use of interferometers -- Fabry-Perot interferometers -- Principles of Fabry-Perot interferometry -- Advantages and disadvantages of Fabry-Perot interferometers -- Examples of Fabry-Perot instruments -- Imaging Fourier transform spectroscopy -- Principles of FT spectroscopy -- Advantages and disadvantages of FTS instruments -- Examples of space-borne FTS instruments -- 19 Imaging Michelson interferometers -- Advantages of Michelson imaging techniques -- Theory of the wide-field Michelson -- Extensions of the field of view -- Higher-order wide fielding -- Equi-index Michelsons -- Design considerations for space applications -- Temperature control -- Tuning implementation -- Optical coatings -- Spacecraft instruments -- Conclusions -- 20 Detector types used in space -- General remarks -- 21 Hard X-ray and gamma-ray detectors -- Introduction -- Configurations and energy regimes -- Thin and monolithic detectors -- Compton and pair-tracking telescopes -- Detector materials -- Scintillation detectors -- Semiconductor detectors -- Germanium -- Silicon -- Cadmium telluride and cadmium zinc telluride -- Gas detectors -- Multiwire proportional counters -- Gas scintillation proportional counters -- Time projection chambers -- General considerations -- Background -- Livetime -- Spectral response -- Outlook -- 22 Microchannel plates -- Background -- Microchannel plates.
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MCP performance characteristics.
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