Note: Cover -- Half-title -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Note on the accompanying website www.cambridge.org/0521819504 -- Maps on the accompanying website -- Contributed presentations on the accompanying website -- 1 Introduction to seabed fluid flow -- 2 Pockmarks, shallow gas, and seeps: an initial appraisal -- 2.1 THE SCOTIAN SHELF: THE EARLY YEARS -- 2.2 NORTH SEA POCKMARKS -- 2.2.1 History of discovery -- 2.2.2 Pockmark distribution -- 2.2.3 Pockmark size and density -- 2.2.4 Pockmark morphology -- Erosive nature -- Partial infilling -- Associated features -- BURIED ('FOSSIL') POCKMARKS -- DOMES -- 2.2.5 Evidence of gas -- The extent of shallow gas -- 2.3 DETAILED SURVEYS OF NORTH SEA POCKMARKS AND SEEPS -- 2.3.1 The South Fladen Pockmark Study Area -- Pockmark morphology and distribution -- Evidence of gas -- Evidence of pockmark growth and activity -- Post-glacial pockmark activity -- The Witch's Hole -- 2.3.2 Tommeliten: Norwegian Block 1/9 -- Geophysical reconnaissance and sediment sampling -- ROV surveys -- Gas -- 2.3.3 Norwegian Block 25/7 -- ROV surveys -- 2.3.4 The Holene: Norwegian Block 24/9 -- 2.3.5 The Norwegian Trench -- Top of the western slope: Norwegian Block 26/8 -- Bottom of the western slope: Norwegian Block 26/9 -- 2.3.6 Gullfaks -- Geophysical reconnaissance -- ROV surveys -- Sediment gases -- 2.3.7 Giant pockmarks: UK Block 15/25 -- Shallow gas -- Gas seeps -- Gas analyses -- Carbonates -- Benthic ecology -- 2.4 CONCLUSIONS -- 3 Seabed fluid flow around the world -- 3.1 INTRODUCTION -- 3.2 THE EASTERN ARCTIC -- 3.2.1 The Barents Sea -- Pockmarks and iceberg scours -- Giant blowout craters -- 3.2.2 Hakon Mosby Mud Volcano -- 3.3 SCANDINAVIA -- 3.3.1 Fjords in northern Norway -- Lyngenfjord: pockmarks, doming and high reflectivity -- 3.3.2 The Norwegian Sea -- 3.3.3 The Skagerrak. , 3.3.4 The Kattegat -- 3.4 THE BALTIC SEA -- 3.4.1 Eckernförde Bay -- 3.4.2 Stockholm Archipelago, Sweden -- 3.5 AROUND THE BRITISH ISLES -- 3.5.1 Pockmarks, domes, and seeps -- 3.5.2 'Freak' sandwaves -- 3.5.3 Methane-derived authigenic carbonate -- 3.5.4 The Atlantic Margin -- Carbonate mounds -- Rockall Trough - the Darwin Mounds -- 3.6 IBERIA -- 3.6.1 The Rías of Galicia, northwest Spain -- 3.6.2 Gulf of Cadiz -- The upper slope - gassy sediments and pockmarks -- The lower slope - mud diapirs, mud volcanoes, and gas hydrates -- 3.6.3 Ibiza -- 3.7 AFRICA -- 3.7.1 The Niger Delta and Fan -- 3.7.2 The continental slope of West Africa -- 3.8 THE MID-ATLANTIC RIDGE -- 3.9 THE ADRIATIC SEA -- 3.9.1 Seeps and carbonates of the northern Adriatic -- 3.9.2 Pockmarks, seeps, and mud diapirs in the central Adriatic -- Bonaccia gas field -- Jabuka Trough -- Offshore Ortona -- 3.10 THE EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN -- 3.10.1 Offshore Greece -- Prinos Bay -- Aetoliko Lagoon -- Active pockmarks and earthquakes -- Hydrothermal seeps -- 3.10.2 Mediterranean Ridge -- 3.10.3 The Anaximander Mountains -- 3.10.4 Eratosthenes Seamount -- 3.10.5 Nile Delta and Fan -- 3.11 THE BLACK SEA -- 3.11.1 Turkish Coast -- 3.11.2 Offshore Bulgaria -- 3.11.3 Northwestern Black Sea -- 3.11.4 Central and northern Black Sea -- Central Black Sea -- Sorokin Trough -- 3.11.5 The 'underwater swamps' of the east Black Sea abyssal plain -- 3.11.6 Offshore Georgia -- 3.12 INLAND SEAS OF EURASIA -- 3.12.1 The Caspian Sea -- 3.12.2 Lake Baikal -- 3.13 THE RED SEA -- 3.14 THE ARABIAN GULF -- 3.14.1 Setting -- 3.14.2 Seabed features -- Summary -- 3.14.3 Strait of Hormuz -- 3.15 THE INDIAN SUBCONTINENT -- 3.15.1 The Makran coast -- 3.15.2 The western coast of India -- 3.15.3 The eastern coast of the subcontinent -- 3.15.4 Indian Ocean vent fauna -- 3.16 SOUTH CHINA SEA -- 3.16.1 Offshore Brunei. , 3.16.2 Offshore Vietnam -- 3.16.3 Hong Kong -- 3.16.4 Taiwan -- 3.17 AUSTRALASIA -- 3.17.1 Sawu Sea -- 3.17.2 Timor Sea -- 3.17.3 New Britain and the Manus basins -- Matupi Harbour -- Manus Basin -- Eastern Manus Basin -- 3.17.4 New Zealand -- Poverty Bay -- Taupo Volcanic Zone -- 3.18 WESTERN PACIFIC -- 3.18.1 Silicic dome volcanism in the Mariana Back-arc Basin -- 3.18.2 Serpentine mud volcanoes near the Mariana Trench -- 3.18.3 The Yellow and East China seas -- 3.18.4 Offshore Korea -- 3.18.5 Japan -- Sagami Bay -- Kagoshima Bay -- Yuigahama Beach -- Subduction zones -- Gas hydrate resources -- 3.18.6 Sea of Okhotsk -- Northeast of Sakhalin Island -- West of the Kuril Islands -- The significance of the Sea of Okhotsk -- 3.18.7 Piip Submarine Volcano, east of Kamchatka -- 3.19 OFFSHORE ALASKA -- 3.19.1 Bering Sea -- Chirikov Basin and Norton Sound -- Navarin Basin -- Bering Sea pockmarks made by whales? -- 3.19.2 Gulf of Alaska -- Shelikoff Strait -- Alsek River Sediment Instability Area -- 3.19.3 The Aleutian Subduction Zone -- 3.20 BRITISH COLUMBIA -- 3.20.1 Queen Charlotte Sound -- 3.20.2 The Fraser Delta -- Evidence of gas -- ACOUSTIC TURBIDITY AND ENHANCED REFLECTIONS -- GAS IN CORES -- Gas-related features -- POCKMARKS -- SEABED DOMES -- 3.21 CASCADIA -- 3.21.1 Hydrate Ridge -- 3.21.2 Axial Seamount -- 3.22 CALIFORNIA -- 3.22.1 Northern California -- The Eel Shelf and Slope -- Klamath Delta -- 3.22.2 Monterey Bay -- 3.22.3 Big Sur -- 3.22.4 Santa Barbara Channel -- 3.22.5 Malibu Point -- 3.23 OCEAN SPREADING CENTRES OF THE EAST PACIFIC -- 3.23.1 Guaymas Basin, Gulf of California -- 3.24 CENTRAL AND SOUTH AMERICA -- 3.24.1 Costa Rica -- 3.24.2 Peru -- 3.24.3 The Argentine Basin -- 3.24.4 The Mouth of the Amazon -- 3.25 THE CARIBBEAN -- 3.25.1 Barbados Accretionary Wedge -- 3.25.2 Birth of Chatham Island, Trinidad -- 3.26 GULF OF MEXICO. , Migration and seabed features -- Cold-seep biological communities -- Fluids and hydrates -- Asphalt mud volcanoes -- The Florida Escarpment groundwater seeps -- 3.27 THE EASTERN SEABOARD, USA -- 3.27.1 Cape Lookout Bight -- 3.27.2 Atlantic Continental Margin -- Blake Ridge -- The Blake Ridge Diapir -- The Blake Ridge Depression -- Cape Fear Slide -- 3.27.3 Chesapeake Bay -- 3.27.4 Active pockmarks, Gulf of Maine -- 3.28 THE GREAT LAKES -- 3.28.1 Ring-shaped depressions, Lake Superior -- 3.28.2 Pockmark-like depressions, Lake Michigan -- 3.29 EASTERN CANADA -- 3.29.1 The Scotian and Labrador shelves, and the Grand Banks -- 3.29.2 The Laurentian Fan -- 3.29.3 The Baffin Shelf -- Scott Inlet and Buchan Gulf -- Fresh water seeps, Cambridge Fjord -- 3.30 FINALE -- 4 The contexts of seabed fluid flow -- 4.1 INTRODUCTION -- 4.2 OCEANOGRAPHIC SETTINGS -- 4.2.1 Coastal settings -- 4.2.2 Continental shelves -- 4.2.3 Continental slopes and rises -- 4.2.4 Abyssal plains -- 4.3 PLATE TECTONICS SETTINGS -- 4.3.1 Divergent (constructive) plate boundaries -- 4.3.2 Convergent (destructive) plate boundaries -- Subduction zones and accretionary wedges -- Fore-arc basins -- Island arcs -- Back-arc basins -- 4.3.3 Transform plate boundaries -- 4.3.4 Intraplate igneous activity -- Sill intrusions in sedimentary basins -- Large sedimentary abyssal craters -- Hot spots and seamounts -- Subducting seamounts -- 4.3.5 Serpentinite seamounts -- 4.4 CONCLUSION -- 5 The nature and origins of flowing fluids -- 5.1 INTRODUCTION -- 5.2 HOT FLUIDS -- 5.2.1 Magma and volcanic fluids -- Steaming intrusions -- 5.2.2 Geothermal systems -- 5.2.3 Hydrothermal circulation systems -- The recharge zone -- The reaction zone - introducing supercritical water -- ROCK TYPE -- THE DEPTH OF THE REACTION ZONE -- Upflow and venting -- SEDIMENT CAPPING -- 5.2.4 Exothermic hydrothermal systems. , 5.3 WATER FLOWS -- 5.3.1 Submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) -- 5.3.2 Expelled pore water -- 5.4 PETROLEUM FLUIDS -- 5.4.1 Organic origins -- Assembling complex hydrocarbons -- Disassembling complex hydrocarbons -- 5.4.2 Microbial methane -- Burying the remains -- 5.4.3 Thermogenic hydrocarbons -- Petroleum -- Coal -- Escape from the kitchens -- 5.4.4 Hydrothermal and abiogenic petroleum -- Accelerated sediment maturity -- Post-magmatic inorganic synthesis -- Mantle-derived methane -- The Deep-Earth Gas hypothesis -- Biogenic vs abiogenic -- 5.5 DISCRIMINATING BETWEEN THE ORIGINS -- 6 Shallow gas and gas hydrates -- 6.1 INTRODUCTION -- 6.1.1 The character and formation of gas bubbles -- 6.2 GEOPHYSICAL INDICATORS OF SHALLOW GAS -- 6.2.1 The acoustic response of gas bubbles -- 6.2.2 Seismic evidence of gassy sediments -- Acoustic turbidity -- Enhanced reflections -- Intrasedimentary doming -- Pulldown -- Gas chimneys -- Bright spots -- Flat spots -- Acoustic blanking and columnar disturbances -- 6.2.3 Novel gas detection and mapping -- 3D-seismic techniques used for detection of hazardous gas -- High-resolution gravity -- 6.2.4 Seasonal shallow gas depth variations -- 6.3 GAS HYDRATES - A SPECIAL TYPE OF ACCUMULATION -- 6.3.1 Nature and formation -- The nature of occurrences -- Gas hydrate formation processes -- Gas hydrate formation at Hakon Mosby Mud Volcano -- The consequences of hydrate formation -- 6.3.2 Gas hydrates and fluid flow -- 6.3.3 The BSR -- ODP pioneers drilling through the BSR -- ODP LEG 146, CASCADIA ACCRETIONARY WEDGE -- ODP LEG 164, BLAKE OUTER RIDGE -- ODP LEG 204, HYDRATE RIDGE -- What is the BSR? -- 6.3.4 Other hydrate indicators -- 6.3.5 Dissociation -- 7 Migration and seabed features -- 7.1 INTRODUCTION -- 7.2 POCKMARKS AND RELATED FEATURES -- 7.2.1 Distribution -- 7.2.2 Pockmarks and fluid flow. , Action from above or below?.

Note: Literaturangaben

Note: Literaturverz. S. 387 - 441 , Includes bibliographical references and index. - Formerly CIP