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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Phytoestrogens, body composition, and breast cancer (1995)
    Springer
    Cancer causes & control 6 (1995), S. 567-573 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7225
    Keywords: Breast cancer ; diet ; obesity ; phytoestrogens
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: To the extent that diet is involved in the etiology of breast cancer, its effect may be mediated, in part, through hormonal mechanisms. It has been suggested that the consumption of phytoestrogens is related inversely to breast cancer risk. Phytoestrogens are weak estrogens of plant derivation that may have antiestrogenic effects through competitively binding to estrogen receptors, thus diminishing the binding of stronger endogenous estrogens. This paper advances the hypothesis that, through this mechanism, dietary phytoestrogens may attenuate the adverse consequences of obesity on the development of postmenopausal breast cancer. Such an association might partly explain the low breast cancer rates observed among postmenopausal Hispanic women despite their greater adiposity, an important breast cancer risk factor. This hypothesis would lead us to expect that obesity increases the risk of postmenopausal breast cancer in women consuming small quantities of phytoestrogens but does not increase risk in women consuming larger quantities. If the hypothesis is confirmed, such an association could have important implications for reducing breast cancer risk through diet, using naturally occurring substances, particularly in women for whom postmenopausal obesity is an important health concern.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00054166
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sources of Phytoestrogen Exposure among Non-Asian Women in California, USA (2000)
    Springer
    Cancer causes & control 11 (2000), S. 299-302 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7225
    Keywords: coumestrol ; isoflavones ; lignans ; phytoestrogens ; soy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objective: We recently described the development of a comprehensive database for assessing phytoestrogen exposure in epidemiologic studies [1]. This paper describes the first application of this database and the primary sources of phytoestrogen consumption in non-Asian women. Methods: Four hundred and forty-seven randomly selected African-American, Latina, and white women, ages 50 79 years, residing in California's San Francisco Bay Area and participating as controls in an ongoing population-based case-control study of breast cancer, were included in the present analysis. Average daily consumption of each of seven phytoestrogenic compounds was determined for each woman by combining the values from the new database with food consumption reported on a food-frequency questionnaire. Results: Phytoestrogens in the non-Asian Bay Area diet appear to come primarily from: (1) traditional soy-based foods (e.g. tofu and soy milk); (2) "hidden" sources of soy (e.g. foods containing added soy protein is concentrate, or soy flour, e.g. many brands of doughnuts and white bread); and (3) a variety of foods which contain only low to moderate amounts of phytoestrogens per 100 grams but which are frequently consumed (e.g. coffee and orange juice). Conclusions: In the absence of a comprehensive assessment of various phytoestrogens in a wide variety of foods, epidemiologic studies could suffer from the effects of uncontrolled confounding by unmeasured sources of phytoestrogen exposure potentially leading to biased estimates of effect and misinterpretation of findings.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008968003575
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Assessing Phytoestrogen Exposure in Epidemiologic Studies: Development of a Database (United States) (2000)
    Springer
    Cancer causes & control 11 (2000), S. 289-298 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7225
    Keywords: coumestrol ; isoflavones ; lignans ; nutrient database ; phytoestrogens ; soy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Background and objective: Phytoestrogens (weak estrogens found in plants or derived from plant precursors by human metabolism) have been hypothesized to reduce the risk of a number of cancers. However, epidemiologic studies addressing this issue are hampered by the lack of a comprehensive phytoestrogen database for quantifying exposure. The purpose of this research was to develop such a database for use with food-frequency questionnaires in large epidemiologic studies. Methods: The database is based on consumption patterns derived from semistructured interviews with 118 African-American, Latina, and white women residing in California's San Francisco Bay Area. HPLC-mass spectrometry was used to determine the content of seven specific phytoestrogenic compounds (i.e. the isoflavones: genistein, daidzein, biochanin A, and formononetin; the coumestan: coumestrol; and the plant lignans: matairesinol and secoisolariciresinol) in each of 112 food items/groups. Results: Traditional soy-based foods were found to contain high levels of genistein and daidzein, as expected, as well as substantial amounts of coumestrol. A wide variety of "hidden" sources of soy (that is, soy protein isolate, soy concentrate, or soy flour added to foods) was observed. Several other foods (such as various types of sprouts and dried fruits, garbanzo beans, asparagus, garlic, and licorice) were also found to be substantial contributors of one or more of the phytoestrogens analyzed. Conclusions: Databases, such as the one described here, are important in assessing the relationship between phytoestrogen exposure and cancer risk in epidemiologic studies. Agencies, such as the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), that routinely provide data on food composition, on which epidemiologic investigations into dietary health effects are based, should consider instituting programs for the analysis of phytochemicals, including the phytoestrogens.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008995606699
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Temporal trends in the incidence of cutaneous malignant melanoma among Caucasians in the San Francisco-Oakland MSA (1991)
    Springer
    Cancer causes & control 2 (1991), S. 299-305 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7225
    Keywords: Incidence of melanoma ; melanoma ; reporting bias ; trends in melanoma ; United States
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Temporal changes in the incidence of cutaneous malignant melanoma (CMM) were examined in the San Franscisco-Oakland (California, United States) Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) between 1976 and 1987, using data from the population-based cancer registry. This analysis was conducted after the completion of a project designed to eliminate bias in the reporting of CMM due to changes in medical practice. The incidence of CMM is higher in the San Francisco-Oakland MSA than nationally. From 1976 through 1987, the incidence of invasive CMM increased from 9.8±0.9 to 16.5±1.1 per 100,000 (P=0.0001) among men and from 9.3±0.8 to 12.7±0.9 per 100,000 (P=0.001) among women. Age-specific, histologic-specific, and anatomic site-specific trends were also evaluated. The temporal patterns of CMM suggest that the recent increases are not accounted for solely by ascertainment bias due to reporting practices. The observed trends are consistent with early detection efforts and with changes in the prevalence of risk factors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00051669
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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