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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Trichloroethylene concentration effects on pilot field-scale in-situ groundwater bioremediation by phenol-oxidizing microorganisms (1993)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Environmental science & technology 27 (1993), S. 2542-2547 
    Details
    ISSN: 1520-5851
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es00048a035
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Field Evaluation of in Situ Aerobic Cometabolism of Trichloroethylene and Three Dichloroethylene Isomers Using Phenol and Toluene as the Primary Substrates (1995)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Environmental science & technology 29 (1995), S. 1628-1637 
    Details
    ISSN: 1520-5851
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es00006a028
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    In-situ transformation of carbon tetrachloride and other halogenated compounds resulting from biostimulation under anoxic conditions (1992)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Environmental science & technology 26 (1992), S. 2454-2461 
    Details
    ISSN: 1520-5851
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es00036a018
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A Field Evaluation of In-Situ Biodegradation of Chlorinated Ethenes: Part 3, Studies of Competitive Inhibition (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water 29 (1991), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: Results are presented that demonstrate the in-situ biotransformation of vinyl chloride (VC), trans-l,2-dichloroethylene (t-DCE), cis-l,2-dichloroethylene (c-DCE), and trichloroethylene (TCE) by an enhanced population of methane-utilizing (methanotrophic) bacteria. Biostimulation was accomplished by introducing dissolved methane and oxygen into a shallow, confined aquifer, to encourage the growth of the native methanotrophic bacteria. Biotransformation of the target compounds ensued immediately after the commencement of methane utilization, and reached steady-state values within three weeks. The approximate extents of transformation achieved in the two meter biostimulated zone were as follows: VC, 95%; t-DCE, 90%; c-DCE, 50%; and TCE, 20%. The biotransformation of VC and t-DCE was observed to be competitively inhibited by methane. Cyclic variations in methane concentration caused by the alternate pulse injection of dissolved methane into the test zone caused oscillations of the aqueous concentrations of VC and t-DCE. When formate and methanol were substituted for methane as alternative electron donors, inhibition ceased (no oscillations), and concentrations were reduced to levels achieved during periods when no methane was present, confirming the inhibition by methane. Higher transformation rates were achieved temporarily, i.e., for several days, through the addition of formate or methanol. When electron donor addition was terminated, the concentration of target compounds rapidly increased, indicating that the transformation promptly ceased. Although these experiments indicated that methane competitively inhibits transformation rates, this competition is a second-order effect: methane as substrate for growth was also required for transformation of VC, t-DCE, c-DCE, and TCE by methanotrophs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1991.tb00516.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A Field Evaluation of In-Situ Biodegradation of Chlorinated Ethenes: Part I, Methodology and Field Site Characterization (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water 28 (1990), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: Careful site characterization and implementation of quantitative monitoring methods are prerequisites for a convincing evaluation of enhanced biostimulation for aquifer restoration. This paper describes the characterization of a site at Moffett Naval Air Station, Mountain View, California, and the implementation of a data acquisition system suitable for real-time monitoring of subsequent aquifer restoration experiments. A shallow, confined aquifer was chosen for the enhanced biodegradation demonstration, and was shown to have suitable hydraulic and geochemical characteristics. Injection and extraction wells were installed at a distance of 6 m, with intermediate monitoring wells at distances of 1, 2.2, and 4 meters from the injection well. Bromide tracer tests revealed travel times of S to 27 hours from the injection well to the various monitoring wells, and 20 to 42 hours from the injection well to the extraction well. Complete breakthrough of the tracer at the monitoring wells was facilitated by choosing a line of wells aligned with the regional flow, and selecting injection and extraction flow rates of approximately 1.5 and 10 liters/min. Transport studies were conducted with selected halogenated organic compounds. The retardation factors were found to range from approximately 2 to 12. The breakthrough responses for the more strongly sorbing compounds, e.g. TCE, exhibited pronounced tailing, such that a minimum period of several weeks was required to achieve complete saturation of the aquifer. The microcomputer-driven sampling, analysis and data management system provided automated data acquisition at sample intervals of 40 minutes, with coefficients of variation smaller than 20%, and allowed for real-time surveillance of the dynamic responses. Overall, the conditions were favorable for a quantitative evaluation of in-situ aquifer restoration by enhanced biodegradation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1990.tb01716.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A Field Evaluation of In-Situ Biodegradation of Chlorinated Ethenes: Part 2, Results of Biostimulation and Biotransformation Experiments (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water 28 (1990), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: Results are presented from a field study that document the in-situ biotransformation of trichloroethylene (TCE), cis-dichLoroethylene (cis-DCE), trans-dichloroethylene (trans-DCE), and vinyl chloride (VC) in a saturated, semiconfined aquifer. The enhanced biotransformation was accomplished by stimulating the growth of indigenous methane-oxidizing bacteria (methanotrophs), which transform chlorinated aliphatic compounds by a cometabolic process to stable, nontoxic end products. Experiments were performed in the presence and absence of biostimulation by means of controlled chemical addition, frequent sampling, and quantitative analysis. The degree of biotransformation was assessed using mass balances and comparisons with bromide as a conservative tracer. Biostimulation of the test zone was successfully achieved by injecting methane- and oxygen-containing ground water in alternating pulses under induced gradient conditions. After a few weeks of stimulation, methane concentrations gradually decreased below the detection limit within two meters of travel. Under active biostimulation conditions, 20 to 30% of the TCE was biotransformed during the first season of testing. Direct evidence for biotransformation of VC, trans-DCE, cis-DCE, and TCE was obtained in the second and third seasons of field testing. In the absence of biostimulation, the organic compounds concentrations at observation wells reached 95% of the injection concentration, demonstrating negligible losses due to abiotic processes. Biostimulation of the test zone resulted in a concurrent decrease in concentration of methane and the halogenated aliphatic compounds. The organic compounds were transformed within two meters of travel as follows: TCE, 20–30%; cis-DCE, 45–55%; trans-DCE, 80–90%; and VC, 90–95%. These results are in qualitative agreement with methane-utilizing, mixed-culture laboratory studies which indicate that the rate of biotransformation is more rapid when the molecules are less halogenated.A biotransformation intermediate was observed which was identified by GC-MS analysis as trans-dichloroethylene oxide (trans-DCE epoxide), an expected intermediate based on laboratory studies. When methane addition was stopped, the concentration of the intermediate rapidly decreased, while halogenated compound concentrations slowly increased, indicating that active methane utilization was required for biotransformation to occur.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1990.tb01987.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evaluating two-resistance models for air stripping of volatile organic contaminants in a countercurrent, packed column (1985)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Environmental science & technology 19 (1985), S. 164-173 
    Details
    ISSN: 1520-5851
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es00132a010
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    In Situ Biotransformation of BTEX Compounds Under Methanogenic Conditions (2005)
    Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Blackwell Science Inc
    Ground water monitoring & remediation 25 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-6592
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: In situ biotransformation of BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, o-, m-, and p-xylenes) was investigated for a gasoline spill at Seal Beach Naval Weapons Station (Schroeder 1991) under methanogenic conditions in three controlled-release push-pull experiments. To create methanogenic conditions, anaerobic ground water (710 to 1365 L) was extracted from the anaerobic test zone, treated by deionization to remove nitrate and sulfate, and helium-purged to remove any traces of oxygen. Prior to release through the multiport injection/extraction well, the injection water was amended with BTEX compounds (160 to 367 μg/L) and bromide tracer. Contaminant transformation was observed in three consecutive experiments by withdrawing samples at regular intervals for periods of 73 to 159 d. BTEX removal rates were rapid for toluene and o- and m-xylenes (〈30 d), and slow for benzene, ethylbenzene, and p-xylene degrading (50% removal in 60 to 90 d). Methane was formed in all cases, and the levels of soluble iron, sulfate, and nitrate were too low to account for the levels of BTEX transformation observed. The data confirm that the presence of electron acceptors (oxygen, nitrate, iron, sulfate) is not a precondition for natural attenuation to occur.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6592.2005.00046.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Enhanced anaerobic bioremediation of groundwater contaminated by fuel hydrocarbons at Seal Beach, California (2000)
    Springer
    Biodegradation 11 (2000), S. 159-170 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9729
    Keywords: anaerobic ; biodegradation ; BTEX ; fuel ; hydrocarbons ; Seal Beach
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Enhanced anaerobic biodegradation of groundwater contaminated by fuel hydrocarbons has been evaluated at a field experiment conducted at the Naval Weapons Station, Seal Beach, California. This experiment included the establishment of three different remediation zones in situ: one zone was augmented with sulfate, one was augmented with sulfate and nitrate, and the third was unaugmented. This enables a comparison of hydrocarbon biodegradation under sulfate-reducing, sequential denitrifying/sulfate-reducing, and methanogenic conditions, respectively. In general, the results from the field experiment are: (1) Certain fuel hydrocarbons were removed preferentially over others, but the order of preference is dependent upon the geochemical conditions; and (2) In the zones that were augmented with sulfate and/or nitrate, the added electron acceptors were consumed quickly, indicating that enhancement via electron acceptor injection accelerates the biodegradation process. More specifically, in the sulfate-reducing zone, sulfate was utilized with an apparent first-order rate coefficient of approximately 0.1 day-1. In the combined denitrifying/sulfate-reducing zone, nitrate was utilized preferentially over sulfate, with an apparent first-order rate coefficient of 0.1–0.6 day-1. However, the data suggest that slow sulfate utilization does occur in the presence of nitrate, i.e., the two processes are not strictly sequential. With regard to the aromatic BTEX hydrocarbons, toluene was preferentially removed under intrinsic conditions; biodegradation of benzene was slow if it occurred at all; augmentation with sulfate preferentially stimulated biodegradation of o-xylene; and ethylbenzene appeared recalcitrant under sulfate-reducing conditions but readily degradable under denitrifying conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1011167709913
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