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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Serum hormone levels in relation to reproductive and lifestyle factors in postmenopausal women (United States) (1998)
    Springer
    Cancer causes & control 9 (1998), S. 199-207 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7225
    Keywords: Body size ; lifestyle factors ; postmenopausal women ; reproductive history ; sex hormones ; United States
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objectives: Endogenous sex hormones are thought to be involved in breast and endometrial cancers, but few studies have evaluated the relationships between hormones and risk factors for these diseases. Methods: We related serum hormone and sex-hormone binding globulin (SHBG) levels to reproductive and lifestyle risk factors in a cross-sectional study of 125 postmenopausal women in five geographic regions of the United States. Results: The estrogens were associated positively, while SHBG was associated negatively with body mass index (wt/ht 2). Estrone, (E1), estrone sulfate, and bioavailable estradiol (BioE2) were inversely associated with height. Androstenedione was positively associated with age at menopause, while androstenedione, E1, estradiol, and BioE2 were inversely associated with age at menarche. Weekly alcohol drinkers had higher hormone levels, and lower SHBG levels than those who abstained. Androstenedione and E1 decreased with increasing levels of nonrecreational activity. Conclusions: Several of these findings support the hypothesis that breast and endometrial cancer risk factors are mediated, in part, through increased endogenous hormone levels. The androstenedione findings are of interest in light of studies relating androstenedione to endometrial and possibly breast cancer. An association of age at menarche with E2, independent of androstenedione, may reflect increased aromatase activity in women with earlier menarche.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008838412423
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Serum concentrations of organochlorine compounds and endometrial cancer risk (United States) (1998)
    Springer
    Cancer causes & control 9 (1998), S. 417-424 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7225
    Keywords: Endometrial cancer ; DDT ; PCB ; organochlorines ; United States ; women
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objectives: Endogenous and exogenous estrogens are important in the development of endometrial cancer. Several organochlorine compounds, such as o,p′-DDT, have estrogenic properties. The objective of this case-control analysis was to examine serum concentrations of organochlorine compounds and risk of endometrial cancer. Methods: Analyses were based on a sample of 90 endometrial cancer cases and 90 individually matched community controls from a multicenter case-control study in five geographic regions of the United States. Information on potential confounders, including menstrual and reproductive factors, cigarette smoking, diet, and weight, was obtained by interview. Results: The adjusted relative risk of endometrial cancer in the highest quartile of exposure compared with women in the lowest quartile was 0.7 (95 percent confidence interval [CI] = 0.2-2.0) for p,p′-DDE, and 0.9 for total polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) (CI = 0.4-2.5). Conclusions: These findings do not support the hypothesis that organochlorine compounds are linked to the development of endometrial cancer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008823802393
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Diet and the risk of in situ cervical cancer among white women in the United States (1991)
    Springer
    Cancer causes & control 2 (1991), S. 17-29 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7225
    Keywords: Beta-carotene ; catotenoids ; cervical neoplasms ; diet ; folate ; nutrient status ; vitamin A ; vitamin C ; vitamin supplements ; USA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: A case-control study of women with incident in situ and invasive cervical cancer was conducted during 1982–83 in five US areas reporting to the Comprehensive Cancer Patient Data System: Birmingham, AL; Chicago, IL; Denver, CO; Miami, FL; and Philadelphia, PA. Controls were selected by random-digit dialing and matched to invasive cases on age, race, and telephone exchange. Of the white non-Hispanic in situ cases and controls identified, 229 (78 percent) and 502 (74 percent) were successfully interviewed. Diet was assessed by asking about the usual adult frequency of consumption of 75 food items and the use of vitamin supplements. Included were the major sources of the four micronutrients postulated to reduce the risk of cervical cancer: carotenoids, vitamin A, vitamin C, and folate. Weak inverse associations between risk of in situ disease and intake of carotenoids, vitamin C, folate, fruit, and vegetables/fruits were noted but, with further analysis, these seemed attributable to residual confounding by the multiple lifestyle-related risk factors for this disease and possibly to selection bias. Vitamin A and vegetable intake were unrelated to risk. Dark yellow-orange vegetable consumption and duration of multivitamin use were cach strongly related to reduced risk of in situ disease (P for trend = 0.02 and 0.002, respectively) and need to be evaluated in other studies. The absence of persuasive protective effects for the four micronutrients and the similar findings from our analysis of invasive cervical cancer do not concur with other epidemiologic studies and suggest that the role of diet and nutrition in the etiology of cervical cancer is not yet resolved.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00052357
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oral contraceptives and primary liver cancer among young women (1992)
    Springer
    Cancer causes & control 3 (1992), S. 43-48 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7225
    Keywords: Case-control study ; liver cancer ; oral contraceptive use ; United States
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The association of oral contraceptive use with liver cancer was examined in a study of 76 deaths from primary liver cancer, 22 deaths from cancer of the intrahepatic bile ducts, and 629 controls among women aged 25 to 49 years. The subjects in the study are from the 1986 National Mortality Followback Survey, which included a questionnaire sent or administered to the next-of-kin of almost 20,000 deceased individuals in the United States. Information on a number of lifestyle factors was collected, including questions on oral contraceptive use. Increased risks of primary liver cancer were found for ever-users (odds ratio [OR]=1.6, 95 percent confidence interval [CI]=0.9–2.6), and for long-term (≥10 years) users (OR=2.0, CI=0.8–4.8) of oral contraceptives. When the analysis was restricted to subjects whose spouse or parent was the respondent, more pronounced risks were seen for ever-users (OR=2.7, CI=1.4–5.3) and long-term users (OR=4.8, CI=1.7–14.0). No clear excess risk was found for cancer of the intrahepatic bile ducts. This study, the largest to date, adds to the number of investigations demonstrating an increased risk of primary liver cancer with use, particularly long-term use, of oral contraceptives.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00051911
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Breast cancer following augmentation mammoplasty (United States) (2000)
    Springer
    Cancer causes & control 11 (2000), S. 819-827 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7225
    Keywords: breast cancer ; breast implants ; incidence ; mortality ; prognosis ; silicone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objective:Although clinical reports have raised concern that breast implants may either increase the risk of breast cancer or delay its diagnosis, epidemiologic studies have generally shown implant recipients to be at a reduced risk of subsequent breast cancer. A large retrospective cohort study was undertaken to clarify effects of cosmetic breast implantation. Methods:Medical records of 13,488 women receiving cosmetic implants at 18 plastic surgery practices and a group of 3936 patients who received other types of plastic surgery at the same practices were reviewed and information abstracted. Questionnaires were sent to all subjects located as alive, with 71% being completed. Attempts were made to obtain medical verification for all reported cancers and to obtain death certificates for deceased subjects. Results:A total of 136 breast cancers were observed among the breast implant patients. External analyses, using general population rates from the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) program, resulted in 152.2 cases expected and a standardized incidence ratio (SIR) of 0.9 (95% CI 0.8–1.1). A comparable SIR was found for the other plastic surgery patients (SIR = 1.0, 95% CI 0.7–1.2). Internal analyses, directly comparing the implant patients with the other plastic surgery patients, showed a RR of 0.8 (95% CI 0.6–1.1). In neither the external nor internal analyses was there any systematic variation in risk by age or calendar year of initial implant. Risk also did not vary by years of follow-up or by type of implant. Risk was not affected by exclusion of patients who received their implants following surgery for benign breast disease. Although breast tumors tended to be detected at a somewhat later stage among the breast implant than the comparison patients, the difference was not statistically significant, nor was there any significant difference in breast cancer mortality between the two groups. Conclusions:Breast implants do not appear to alter the risk of subsequent breast cancer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008941110816
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of twinship on incidence of cancer of the testis, breast, and other sites (Sweden) (1995)
    Springer
    Cancer causes & control 6 (1995), S. 519-524 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7225
    Keywords: Breast cancer ; cancer ; hormones ; prenatal exposure ; Sweden ; testis cancer ; twins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: It has been suggested that cancers of the testis and breast are associated with exposure to estrogens and other hormones in utero. Twin pregnancies have higher levels of pregnancy-associated hormones than singleton pregnancies, and these levels may be higher in dizygotic than in monozygotic twin pregnancies. Through a large population-based study of twins, we assessed the hypothesis that levels of pregnancy-associated hormones have etiologic importance for cancers of the testis, breast, and other sites. The incidence of all cancers among 46,767 members of the Swedish Twin Registry was compared with the incidence among the Swedish general population. We found testicular cancer excess among dizygotic twins (observed/expected [O/E] ratio=1.6, 95 percent confidence interval [CI]=1.0–2.6) that was greater for men younger than 35 years (O/E ratio=2.3, CI=1.1–4.2) compared with older men (O/E ratio = 1.2, CI=0.5–2.4). In addition, a substantially elevated incidence of breast cancer was observed in dizygotic twin women aged 20 to 29 years (O/E=6.7, CI=2.9–13.1). None of the other age or zygosity groups showed notable elevations in incidence of testicular, breast, or other cancers. We conclude that dizygotic twinship may be associated with cancer of the breast and testis among young adults. These findings support the concept that pregnancy hormones are associated with risk of testicular and breast cancer, although non-hormonal aspects of twin pregnancy that vary with respect to zygosity cannot be excluded as explanatory factors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00054160
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    High bladder cancer mortality in rural New England (United States): An etiologic study (1995)
    Springer
    Cancer causes & control 6 (1995), S. 361-368 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7225
    Keywords: Bladder neoplasm ; case-control study ; etiology ; leather industry ; textile industry ; occupational exposure ; United States
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: An interview study of next-of-kin of 325 persons who died of bladder cancer and 673 individuals who died of other causes in Vermont and New Hampshire (United States) was conducted to assess reasons for the persistent pattern of elevated bladder cancer mortality for both genders in rural New England. There was some evidence of elevated risks for both leather and textile workers that rose to over twofold for workers who also lived near these industries and for persons with French-Canadian ancestry. Occupational exposures in the textile and leather industry may explain at least a portion of the excess bladder cancer risk in rural New England.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00051412
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dietary associations in a case-control study of endometrial cancer (1993)
    Springer
    Cancer causes & control 4 (1993), S. 239-250 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7225
    Keywords: Carbohydrate ; case-control study ; diet ; endometrial cancer ; fat ; protein ; United States
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Despite the established role of obesity in the etiology of endometrial cancer, limited data are available from analytical epidemiologic studies on the association of risk with dietary factors. A case-control study of 399 cases and 296 controls conducted in five areas of the United States from 1 June 1987 to 15 May 1990, enabled evaluation of risk related to dietary intakes adjusted for potential confounders. Caloric intake was associated modestly with increased risk (odds ratio [OR]=1.5,95 percent confidence interval [CI]=0.9–2.5 for highest cf lowest quartiles of intake), with the principal contributors being fat and protein calories. After adjustment for other risk factors, including body mass, increased risk was associated with higher intakes of fat. Several components of fat investigated were associated with increased risk, although associations were slightly stronger for saturated fat (OR=2.1, CI=1.2–3.7) and oleic acid (OR=2.2, CI=1.2–4.0) than for linoleic acid (OR=1.6, CI=0.9–2.8). Food-group analyses showed intake of complex carbohydrates—and specifically of breads and cereals—associated with reduced risks (OR=0.6, CI=0.4–1.1), whereas animal fat and fried foods were associated with elevated risks (OR=1.5 and 1.7, respectively). The relations of endometrial cancer with animal fat and complex carbohydrates were independent. No consistent associations were noted for intakes of cholesterol, fiber, vitamins A and C, individual carotenoids, or folate-rich foods. These data imply an etiologic role for a diet rich in total fat and/or animal fat and low in complex carbohydrates with endometrial cancer. These associations are consistent with a hormonal mechanism and were independent of the associations of obesity and other risk factors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00051319
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Smoking and bladder cancer risk in Blacks and Whites in the United States (1993)
    Springer
    Cancer causes & control 4 (1993), S. 391-394 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7225
    Keywords: Blacks ; bladder cancer ; case-control study ; epidemiology ; race ; smoking ; United States ; Whites
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: A population-based case-control study of bladder cancer (2,982 cases and 5,782 controls) conducted in 10 areas of the United States examined the effect of smoking as a risk factor among Blacks and Whites, after adjustment for occupation and other potential confounders. Although the overall risk for smoking was slightly higher in Blacks than Whites (relative risk = 2.7 and 2.2, respectively), this difference was not statistically significant. Estimation of risk by dose and currency of exposure revealed no consistent racial disparities in smoking-related risks. Race-specific, attributable risk estimates indicated that nearly half of bladder cancers among both Blacks and Whites could have been prevented by elimination of smoking.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00051343
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Tobacco use and prostate cancer in Blacks and Whites in the United States (1994)
    Springer
    Cancer causes & control 5 (1994), S. 221-226 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7225
    Keywords: Case control ; neoplasms ; prostate ; race ; tobacco ; United States
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Prostate cancer occurs more frequently in Blacks than Whites in the United States. A population-based case-control study which investigated the association between tobacco use and prostate cancer risk was carried out among 981 pathologically confirmed cases (479 Blacks, 502 Whites) of prostate cancer, diagnosed between 1 August 1986 and 30 April 1989, and 1,315 controls (594 Blacks, 721 Whites). Study subjects, aged 40 to 79 years, resided in Atlanta (GA), Detroit (MI), and 10 counties in New Jersey, geographic areas covered by three, population-based, cancer registries. No excesses in risk for prostate cancer were seen for former cigarette smokers, in Blacks (odds ratio [OR]=1.1, 95 percent confidence interval [CI]=0.7–1.5) and in Whites (OR=1.2, CI=0.9–1.6), or for current cigarette smokers, in Blacks (OR=1.0, CI=0.7–1.4) and in Whites (OR=1.2, CI=0.8–1.7). Increases in risk were noted for smokers of 40 or more cigarettes per day, among former (OR=1.4, CI=1.0–1.5) and current (OR=1.5, CI=1.0–2.4) smokers. Duration of cigarette use and cumulative amount of cigarette use (pack-years) were not associated with prostate cancer risk for Blacks or Whites. By age, only the youngest subjects, aged 40 to 59 years, showed excess risk associated with current (OR=1.5, CI=1.0–2.3) and former (OR=1.7, CI=1.1–2.6) use of cigarettes, but there were no consistent patterns in this group according to amount or duration of smoking. Risks also were not elevated for former or current users of pipes, cigars, or chewing tobacco, but the risk associated with current snuff use was OR=5.5 (CI=1.2–26.2). This subgroup finding may have been due to chance. The results of the present study may be consistent with a small excess risk for prostate cancer associated with tobacco use, but the lack of consistent findings in population subgroups and the lack of a clear dose-response relationship argue more strongly that no causal association exists. The data do not indicate that the Black-White difference in prostate cancer risk is related to tobacco use.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01830240
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