Note: Front Cover -- Measurements, Mechanisms, and Models of Heat Transport -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Preface -- 1 The Macroscopic Picture of Heat Retained and Heat Emitted: Thermodynamics and its Historical Development -- 1.1 Energy and the First Law of Thermodynamics -- 1.1.1 Conversion of Mass to Energy -- 1.1.2 Temperature Differs from Heat -- 1.1.3 Volume, Pressure, and the Equation of State -- 1.1.4 Heat Capacity, Enthalpy, and Latent Heat -- 1.1.5 Types of Work -- 1.1.6 Understanding Frictional Heating Requires the First Law -- 1.2 Entropy and More Laws of Thermodynamics -- 1.2.1 Reversibility, Thermal Equilibrium, and the Zeroth Law -- 1.2.2 Isothermal vs Adiabatic -- 1.2.3 Entropy Defined -- 1.2.3.1 Heat Transfer Between Two Bodies and the Second Law -- 1.2.3.2 Simple Cooling and the Second Law -- 1.2.4 Entropy, Heat, and the Third Law -- 1.2.5 State Functions, Variables, and Interrelationships -- 1.2.5.1 Interrelationships of Thermodynamic Properties and Data Needed to Address Problems -- 1.2.5.2 The Relationship of Isentropic to Adiabatic Processes -- 1.2.6 Compression and Expansion of an Ideal Gas -- 1.2.7 Is the Third Law Complete? -- 1.3 The Relationship of Light and Heat -- 1.3.1 Studies Beyond the Rainbow in the 1800s -- 1.3.2 Characterization of Emitted Light -- 1.3.3 Connection of Blackbody Radiation to Temperature -- 1.3.4 Radiation and Thermodynamic Laws -- 1.3.5 Ballistic vs Diffusive Transfer -- 1.3.6 Momentum and Pressure of Light -- 1.4 Summary -- References -- 2 Macroscopic Analysis of the Flow of Energy Into and Through Matter From Spectroscopic Measurements and Electromagnetic Theory -- 2.1 Properties and Movement of Light in Space or Very Dilute Gas -- 2.1.1 Speed of Light in Highly Dilute Media -- 2.1.2 Direction in Highly Dilute Media -- 2.1.3 Spectral Regions and Wave Characteristics -- 2.1.4 Intensity. , 2.2 What Happens When Light Encounters Matter or a Surface? -- 2.2.1 Macroscopic Description for Light Crossing Matter -- 2.2.1.1 Absorption versus Transmission -- 2.2.1.2 Absorption and Momentum -- 2.2.2 Other Variables Representing Interaction of Light With a Material -- 2.2.3 Wave Optics -- 2.2.3.1 Diffraction and Interference -- 2.2.3.2 Polarization and the Transverse Nature of Light -- 2.3 Spectroscopic Instrumentation -- 2.4 Probing Matter Through Absorption Spectroscopy -- 2.4.1 Spectra of Gas, Absorbance, and Ballistic Conditions -- 2.4.2 Spectra of Liquids, Attenuation, Mean Free Path, and Optically Thin Conditions -- 2.4.3 Spectra of Electrically Insulating Solids and Optically Thick Conditions -- 2.4.4 Effects of Frequency, Polarization, Temperature, and Pressure on Spectra -- 2.4.5 The Mean Free Path and Ballistic versus Diffusive Behavior -- 2.5 Reflection Spectra -- 2.5.1 Experimental Methods and Data Analysis -- 2.5.2 Examples of Reflection Spectra -- 2.6 Escape of Interior Produced Emissions -- 2.6.1 Theory of Emissions From Nonopaque Media -- 2.6.2 Emission Results Under Optically Thin Conditions at Various Temperatures -- 2.6.3 Emission Spectra Under Optically Thick Conditions -- References -- Websites -- 3 The Macroscopic Picture of Diffusive Heat Flow at Low Energy -- 3.1 Fourier's Macroscopic Model of Heat Transfer -- 3.1.1 Key Findings of Fourier's Predecessors -- 3.1.2 How Fourier Visualized Heat Transfer -- 3.1.3 Fourier's Mathematical Model of Heat Diffusion -- 3.2 Dimensional Analysis, Lumped Factors, and the Meaning of Fourier's Heat Equations -- 3.2.1 Dimensional Analysis of the Heat Equation -- 3.2.2 The Flux Equation and Ambiguities in Thermal Conductivity -- 3.2.3 The Meanings of Thermal Diffusivity and Thermal Conductivity -- 3.3 Heat Flow and the Thermodynamic Framework -- 3.3.1 Thermal Equilibrium. , 3.3.2 Steady-State -- 3.3.3 Transient Conditions -- 3.3.4 Comparison With Fick's Equations Reveals the Importance of Space -- 3.4 Errors Stemming From Equating Electrical Flow with Heat Flow -- 3.5 Sum Rules for Heat Flow That Conserve Energy -- 3.5.1 Transport of Heat in Parallel -- 3.5.1.1 Case 1 -- 3.5.1.2 Case 2 -- 3.5.1.3 Case 3 -- 3.5.1.4 Case 4 -- 3.5.2 Importance of Heat Capacity -- 3.5.3 Transport of Heat in Series -- References -- 4 Methods Used to Determine Heat Transport and Related Properties, With Comparisons -- 4.1 Overview -- 4.1.1 Synopsis of Key Methods for Measuring Heat Transport -- 4.1.2 A Brief Discussion of Topics not Covered -- 4.2 The Transitory Method of Laser-Flash Analysis -- 4.2.1 Principles and Essentials -- 4.2.1.1 The Basic, Adiabatic Model -- 4.2.1.2 Advantages of LFA -- 4.2.1.3 Departures From Adiabatic Conditions and Instantaneous Pulses -- 4.2.2 Effects of Radiative and Electronic Transport Process on T-t Curves -- 4.2.3 Details on LFA Experiments -- 4.2.4 Further Information on Commonly Used Thermal Models -- 4.2.4.1 Pulse Corrections -- 4.2.4.2 Cowan's Model for Heat Losses From the Surfaces -- 4.2.4.3 Cape and Lehman's Two-Dimensional Model -- 4.2.4.4 Models Addressing Internal Radiative Transfer -- 4.2.4.5 Models of Layered Substances -- 4.3 Periodic Methods -- 4.3.1 Angstrom's Method and Its Modifications -- 4.3.2 AC Hot Wire, Hot Strip, and Needle Point Methods -- 4.3.3 The 3ω Method -- 4.3.4 Thermoreflectance -- 4.4 Steady-State Methods -- 4.4.1 Absolute Methods -- 4.4.2 Comparative Methods -- 4.5 Comparison of Heat Transfer Data for Electrically Insulating Solids From Different Methods -- 4.5.1 Consequences of Time and Length Scale Limitations -- 4.5.2 Competing Effects of Contact Losses and Ballistic Gains -- 4.5.3 Effects of Spurious Radiative Transfer Alone. , 4.6 Methods for Measuring Transport Properties of Fluids -- 4.6.1 Thermal Conductivity and Thermal Diffusivity -- 4.6.2 Mass Diffusivity -- 4.6.3 Viscoscity -- References -- 5 Reconciling the Kinetic Theory of Gas With Gas Transport Data -- 5.1 Collisions in Monatomic Gas and Implications for Heat Transfer -- 5.1.1 Timeline of Discovery -- 5.1.2 Pseudopoint Masses and Elastic Collisions -- 5.1.3 Inelastic Collisions of Deformable Atoms Provide a Photon Gas -- 5.1.4 The Photon Gas and (Macroscopic) Thermodynamic Laws -- 5.1.5 The Internal Photon Gas and Microscopic Heat Conduction -- 5.2 The Kinetic Theory of Monatomic Gas -- 5.2.1 Previous Transport Equations for Monatomic Gas -- 5.2.2 Derivation of Transport Equations for Monatomic Gas by Conserving Energy -- 5.2.3 Transport Equations for Ideal Gas From Dimensional Analysis -- 5.2.4 Internal Energy and Translation Velocities of Monatomic Gas -- 5.2.4.1 Internal Energy of Monatomic Ideal Gas from the Virial Theorem -- 5.2.4.2 Internal Energy of Monatomic van der Waals Gas From the VT -- 5.2.5 Mean Free Paths for Collisions and Drag of Hard Spheres -- 5.2.5.1 Collision Probabilities -- 5.2.5.2 Viscous Drag -- 5.2.6 Diffusivities and Kinematic Viscosity of Monatomic Gases -- 5.2.6.1 Effect of Atoms Being Fuzzy -- 5.2.6.2 Effect of Collisions Occurring Over Non-Negligible Intervals of Time -- 5.2.6.3 Summary -- 5.3 Complications When Gas Molecules Contain Multiple Atoms -- 5.3.1 Internal Energy of Molecules From the VT -- 5.3.2 Effects of Internal Rotations and Vibrations on the Transport Properties -- 5.4 Evaluation of the Kinetic Theory With Measurements of Gas -- 5.4.1 Comparison of Kinetic Theory With Measurements of Heat Capacity -- 5.4.2 Comparison of Kinetic Theory With Transport Measurements of Gas at Constant Conditions. , 5.4.2.1 Inelastic Effects as Revealed by the Ratios of Measured Transport Properties -- 5.4.2.2 Comparison of Calculated Diffusivity to Measured Transport Properties -- 5.4.3 Implications of Temperature-Dependent Measurements on the Importance of Inelasticity to Transport -- 5.5 Summary and a New Formula -- References -- 6 Transport Behavior of Common, Pourable Liquids: Evidence for Mechanisms Other Than Collisions -- 6.1 Transport Properties Expected for Inelastic Collisions of Finite Size Atoms in Liquids -- 6.2 Measurements of Transport Properties for Pourable Liquids -- 6.3 Trends in Transport Properties of Pourable Liquids -- 6.3.1 Mass and Density Effects at Ambient Conditions -- 6.3.2 Ratios of Transport Properties at Ambient Conditions -- 6.3.3 The Temperature Dependence of Transport Properties -- 6.3.3.1 Water, With a Comparison to Ice and Steam -- 6.3.3.2 Small Molecule Liquids -- 6.3.3.3 Silicone Oils -- 6.3.3.4 Liquid Metallic Mercury -- 6.3.4 Effect of Pressure on Transport Properties -- 6.4 Mechanisms of Transport in Liquids -- References -- Websites -- 7 Thermal Diffusivity Data on Nonmetallic Crystalline Solids from Laser-Flash Analysis -- 7.1 Why is LFA essential to understand heat transport? -- 7.1.1 Synopsis of the Growing LFA Database -- 7.1.2 Organization of the Chapter, Appendices and Electronic Deposit -- 7.2 A Universal Formula for Thermal Diffusivity for Nonmetallic Samples as a Function of Temperature -- 7.3 Single-Crystal Electrical Insulators and Semi-Conductors -- 7.3.1 Thermal Diffusivity as a Function of Temperature -- 7.3.1.1 Behavior at Moderate Temperatures -- 7.3.1.2 The Complex Structures -- 7.3.1.3 The Term HT for High-Temperature Behavior -- 7.3.2 Polarization in Heat Transfer and IR Spectroscopy -- 7.3.3 Thermal Diffusivity as a Function of Sample Thickness -- 7.3.3.1 Effect of Thickness at Ambient Temperature. , 7.3.3.2 Effect of Thickness and Temperature Combined on Thermal Diffusivity.