Note: Intro -- Contents -- List of Boxes -- List of Abbreviations -- List of Contributors -- 1. Introduction: oceans in the earth system -- 1.1 The integrated blue planet -- 1.2 The oceans in an earth system -- 1.3 Climate variability and change in ocean ecosystems -- 1.4 Climate change and global change -- 1.5 Marine ecosystem sustainability -- 1.6 Objectives and structure of the book -- Part I: The changing ocean ecosystems -- 2. Climate forcing on marine ecosystems -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Climate forcing, climate variability, and climate change -- 2.3 Large-scale climate variability patterns -- 2.4 The role of ocean forcing on climate variability -- 2.5 Patterns of climate forcing on marine ecosystems -- 2.6 Effects of climate on marine ecosystem processes -- 2.7 Comparative studies of climate forcing on marine ecosystems -- 2.8 Influence of fishing on the responses of exploited ecosystems to climate forcing -- 2.9 Summary -- 3. Human impacts on marine ecosystems -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Human interaction with the natural world and evidence of impact on marine ecosystems -- 3.3 Fisheries-induced changes -- 3.4 Sensitivity of marine ecosystems -- 3.5 Summary and conclusions -- Part II: Advances in understanding the structure and dynamics of marine ecosystems -- 4. Dynamics of marine ecosystems: target species -- 4.1 The GLOBEC approach: population dynamics of target species -- 4.2 Target organisms -- 4.3 What are the justifications for the target species approach? -- 4.4 The criteria that define target species -- 4.5 Where has the target species approach worked to allow comparisons of species and ecosystems among regions? -- 4.6 Where is the target species approach not appropriate, or where does it require alteration? -- 4.7 Outstanding questions about target species. , 5. Dynamics of marine ecosystems: integration through models of physical-biological interactions -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Processes affecting individuals -- 5.3 Framing theories and hypotheses -- 5.4 Modelling approaches used in GLOBEC studies -- 5.5 Data assimilation, integration with field observation, and skill assessment -- 5.6 Understanding recruitment: the role and challenges of modelling -- 5.7 How has improved understanding of the physical environment improved ocean management? -- 5.8 Directions for future work -- 6. Dynamics of marine ecosystems: observation and experimentation -- 6.1 Sampling and technological advances in support of GLOBEC science -- 6.2 New approaches to the trophic complexity of marine ecosystems -- 6.3 Sampling and observation systems -- 6.4 Advances in shipboard, laboratory, and in situ process studies -- 6.5 Zooplankton individual behaviours and population processes -- 6.6 Methods applied to retrospective studies on past ecosystem states -- 6.7 Future directions -- 7. Dynamics of marine ecosystems: ecological processes -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Ecological processes and food webs -- 7.3 Marine ecosystem dynamics in relation to global change -- 7.4 Advances in understanding marine ecosystems -- 7.5 Conclusions and future directions -- Part III: The human dimensions of changes in marine ecosystems -- 8. Interactions between changes in marine ecosystems and human communities -- 8.1 Human-marine ecosystem interactions: a social-ecological perspective -- 8.2 Social-ecological systems: resilience, vulnerability, and adaptive capacity -- 8.3 Communities of fish, and fishing communities: issues of scale and value -- 8.4 Fisheries, food and economic security: vulnerability and response -- 8.5 Governance -- 8.6 Climate change and an uncertain future -- 8.7 Conclusions. , 9. Marine resources management in the face of change: from ecosystem science to ecosystem-based management -- 9.1 How have resource management needs changed during the life of GLOBEC? -- 9.2 How has ecosystem science been used to identify and address resource management needs? -- 9.3 From ecosystem science to ecosystem-based management -- 9.4 Communicating and increasing societal participation in ecosystem management -- 9.5 Summary -- Part IV: A way forward -- 10. Ocean ecosystem responses to future global change scenarios: a way forward -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Emergence of global changes in the ocean environments and projected future ocean conditions -- 10.3 Ecosystem responses to global change -- 10.4 The future and challenges -- 10.5 Prognosis -- 11. Marine ecosystems and global change: a synthesis -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 What has been learnt? -- 11.3 Emerging scientific themes -- 11.4 The future -- References -- Index -- A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- J -- K -- L -- M -- N -- O -- P -- R -- S -- T -- U -- V -- W -- Z.