Note: Front Cover -- Rare Earth Element Geochemistry -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- PREFACE -- LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS -- SYMBOLS -- CHAPTER 1. GENERAL GEOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND ABUNDANCES OF THERARE EARTH ELEMENTS -- 1.1. Introduction -- 1.2. Abundances in the solar system, Sun and Earth -- 1.3. Data presentation -- 1.4. Oxidation states -- 1.5. Element co-ordination and ionic radii -- 1.6. Element substitution and partition -- 1.7. Geochemical reference literature -- References -- CHAPTER 2. MINERALOGY OF THE RARE EARTH ELEMENTS -- 2.1. Introduction -- 2.2. Halides -- 2.3. Carbonates -- 2.4. Carbonates with fluoride -- 2.5. Oxides -- 2.6. Borate -- 2.7. Silicates -- 2.8. Silicates with other anions -- 2.9. Phosphates -- 2.10. Arsenates -- 2.11. Sulphate -- References -- CHAPTER 3. COSMOCHEMISTRY OF THE RARE EARTH ELEMENTS:METEORITE STUDIES -- 3.1. Introduction -- 3.2. Condensation theory -- 3.3. REE abundances in Ca, Al-rich inclusions -- 3.4. REE in other components of chondrites -- 3.5. Whole-rock chondrite analyses -- 3.6. Analyses of achondrites -- 3.7. REE in other differentiated meteorites -- 3.8. Summary of REE cosmochemistry and future directions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- CHAPTER 4. PETROGENETIC MODELLING - USE OF RARE EARTHELEMENTS -- 4.1. Introduction -- 4.2. Modelling of separation processes -- 4.3. Simple chemical partitioning - the Nernst D -- 4.4. Equilibrium melting and crystallization -- 4.5. Fractional crystallization: continuous removal of crystals -- 4.6. Fractional crystallization: crystal zoning-surface equilibrium -- 4.7. Incremental partial melting -- 4.8. Zone melting -- 4.9. Extraction -- 4.10. Mixing -- 4.11. References to combined models, and other comments -- References -- CHAPTER 5. RARE EARTH ELEMENT ABUNDANCES IN UPPER MANTL1ROCKS -- 5.1. Introduction -- 5.2. Alpine peridotites. , 5.3. Ultramafics associated with ophiolites -- 5.4. Ocean floor peridotites -- 5.5. Ultramafic inclusions in basalts and kimberlites -- 5.6. Implications of REE data for upper mantle composition and upper mantlprocesses -- Acknowledgements -- References -- CHAPTER 6. THE RARE EARTH ELEMENT CHARACTERISTICS OFIGNEOUS ROCKS FROM THE OCEAN BASINS -- 6.1. Introduction -- 6.2. History of research -- 6.3. Ocean ridge basalts -- 6.4. Ocean islands -- 6.5. Ocean plateau volcanism -- 6.6. Factors controlling the distribution of REE in oceanic basalts -- 6.7. Summary and conclusions -- Ackno wledgemen ts -- References -- CHAPTER 7. RARE EARTH ELEMENTS IN IGNEOUS ROCKS*OF THECONTINENTAL CRUST: PREDOMINANTLY BASIC ANDULTRABASIC ROCKS -- 7.1. Introduction -- 7.2. Kimberlite -- 7.3. Carbonatites and associated alkalic silicate rocks -- 7.4. Lamprophyres -- 7.5. Komatiites and associated basic rocks -- 7.6. Alkaline mafic rocks and associated intermediate and felsic rocks -- 7.7. Tholeiitic basalts - continental, back-arc basins and island arcs -- 7.8. Summary -- Acknowledgements -- References -- CHAPTER 8. RARE EARTH ELEMENTS IN IGNEOUS ROCKS OF THECONTINENTAL CRUST: INTERMEDIATE AND SILICIC ROCK- ORE PETROGENESIS -- 8.1. Introduction -- 8.2. Andesites and associated rocks -- 8.3. Anorthosites and associated jotunites, mangerites, and charnockites -- 8.4. Granitic rocks - quartz diorite, tonalite, granodiorite, and trondhjemite . -- 8.5. Granitic rocks - monzogranites and syenogranites -- 8.6. REE in hydro thermal systems -- 8.7. Summary -- Acknowledgements -- References -- CHAPTER 9. THE MOBILITY OF THE RARE EARTH ELEMENTS IN THICRUST -- 9.1. Introduction -- 9.2. Factors affecting the degree of mobility of the REE -- 9.3. Igneous crystallization history-the distribution of REE in the unalterecrock and their susceptibility to weathering and alteration. , 9.4. The fluid phase -- 9.5. Uptake of the REE by secondary minerals -- 9.6. Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- CHAPTER 10. AQUEOUS AND SEDIMENTARY GEOCHEMISTRY OF THERARE EARTH ELEMENTS -- 10.1. Introduction -- 10.2. Weathering and transport -- 10.3. The marine environment -- 10.4. REE contents of sediments and sedimentary rocks -- 10.5. Diagenesis -- Acknowledgements -- References -- CHAPTER 11. RADIOGENIC ISOTOPES - SOME GEOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS -- 11.1. Introduction -- 11.2. Radioactive decay -- 11.3. Geochronology - the dating of rocks and minerals -- 11.4. Model Nd, or TNd CHUR' ages -- 11.5. Isotopes as tracers in petrogenesis -- 11.6. Isotope variations in seawater -- 11.7. Models for the evolution of the Earth's crust and mantle -- 11.8. Lu-Hf isotopes -- 11.9. Concluding remarks -- Acknowledgements -- Appendix -- References -- CHAPTER 12. THE ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF THE RARE EARTHELEMENTS -- 12.1. Introduction -- 12.2. Abundance and ore mineralogy -- 12.3. Geological characteristics of the deposits -- 12.4. World reserves and resources -- 12.5. Mining, mineral processing, extraction and separation -- 12.6. Historical production and demand -- 12.7. Current uses -- 12.8. Use development -- Acknowledgements -- References -- CHAPTER 13 ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY -- 13.1. Introduction -- 13.2. Neutron activation analysis -- 13.3. Mass-spectrometric isotope dilution analysis -- 13.4. Inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry -- 13.5. Other methods -- 13.6. Concluding statement -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Subject Index.

Note: Includes bibliographical references and index , The physical template -- Marine biodiversity -- Primary production and chemosynthesis -- Primary consumption: marine herbivores and detritivores -- Predators, parasites, and pathogens -- Competition and succession -- Dispersal and settlement -- The exploitation and maintenance of marine and estuarine fisheries -- Threats to marine ecosystems: the effects of man -- Marine conservation.