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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Macmillan Magazines Ltd.
    Nature 398 (1999), S. 759-760 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Several hundred species of neotropical plants are pollinated by glossophagine bats,. These bats use their highly developed sonar system for orientation, so we might expect bat-pollinated flowers to have evolved acoustically conspicuous structures to make them easier to detect. We find that the ...
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of ornithology 110 (1969), S. 79-83 
    ISSN: 1439-0361
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1439-0361
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 180 (1997), S. 373-386 
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Keywords: Key words Acoustic communication  ;  Pattern recognition  ;  Sex discrimination  ;  Sexual selection Chorthippus biguttulus (Acrididae)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Many gomphocerine grasshoppers communicate acoustically: a male's calling song is answered by a female which is approached phonotactically by the male. Signals and recognition mechanisms were investigated in Chorthippus biguttulus with regard to the cues which allow sex discrimination. (1) The stridulatory files on the hindfemur of both sexes are homologous in that they are derived from the same row of bristles, but convergent with respect to the “pegs”. In males the pegs are derived from the bristles, and in females from the wall of the bristle's cup. (2) Male and female songs are generated by similar, probably homologous motor programs, but differ in the duration, intensity, “gappyness” of syllables, risetime of pulses, and the frequency spectra. The hindleg co-ordination during stridulation and the resulting temporal song patterns are less variable in males than in females. (3) For both sexes, recognition of a mate's signal depends on species-specific syllable structure. For males it is essential that the female syllables consist of distinct short pulses, whereas females reject “gappy” syllables. Males strongly prefer “ramped” pulses, females respond to syllables irrespective of steeply or slowly rising ramps. Males react only to the low-frequency component, whereas females prefer spectra containing both, low and high frequency components.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Macmillian Magazines Ltd.
    Nature 425 (2003), S. 612-614 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Most mammals, with the exception of primates, have dichromatic vision and correspondingly limited colour perception. Ultraviolet vision was discovered in mammals only a decade ago, and in the few rodents and marsupials where it has been found, ultraviolet light is detected by an independent ...
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Oecologia 80 (1989), S. 178-186 
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Echolocation calls ; Communication ; Community structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary In the Constant Frequency portions of the orientation calls of various Rhinolophus and Hipposideros species, the frequency with the strongest amplitude was studied comparatively. (1) In the five European species of the genus Rhinolophus call frequencies are either species-specific (R. ferrumequinum, R. blasii and R. euryale) or they overlap (R. hipposideros and R. mehelyi). The call frequency distributions are approximately 5–9 kHz wide, thus their ranges spead less than ±5% from the mean (Fig. 1). Frequency distributions are considerably narrower within smaller geographic areas. (2) As in other bat groups, call frequencies of the Rhinolophoidea are negatively correlated with body size (Fig. 3). Regression lines for the genera Rhinolophus and Rhinolophus, species from dryer climates have on the average higher call frequencies than species from tropical rain forests. (4) The Krau Game Reserve, a still largely intact rain forest area in Malaysia, harbours at least 12 syntopic Rhinolophus and Hipposiderso species. Their call frequencies lie between 40 and 200 kHz (Fig. 2). Distribution over the available frequency range is significantly more even than could be expected from chance alone. Two different null hypotheses to test for random character distribution were derived from frequency-size-relations and by sampling species assemblages from a species pool (Monte Carlo method); both were rejected. In particular, call frequencies lying close together are avoided (Figs. 4, 5). Conversely, the distribution of size ratios complied with a corresponding null hypothesis. This even distribution may be a consequence of resource partitioning with respect to prey type. Alternatively, the importance of these calls as social signals (e.g. recognition of conspecifics) might have necessitated a communication channel partitioning.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Biological cybernetics 79 (1998), S. 467-476 
    ISSN: 1432-0770
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Computer Science , Physics
    Notes: Abstract. Males of the grasshopper Chorthippus biguttulus produce songs which consist of the stereotyped and rhythmic iteration of a sound unit (termed syllable) separated by distinct syllable pauses. Virgin females respond to this signal, and to similar artificial signals, with song phrases of their own. In behavioural experiments the response probability of virgin females can be measured with artificial acoustic stimuli. The stimuli consisted of an amplitude modulated noise the envelope of which was altered. We investigated several hypotheses on the mechanisms of conspecific song recognition with special emphasis on the question whether recognition occurs in the frequency domain or in the time domain. (1) Females of Ch. biguttulus required only the first five Fourier components of the envelope function (corresponding to 50 Hz for a fundamental frequency of 10 Hz) to detect the syllable/pause structure. In addition, they detected small gaps within syllables if the signal contained at least ca. 15 Fourier components (corresponding to a frequency of 150 Hz). Further experiments showed that the correct phase information of the Fourier components is necessary for recognition, indicating that pattern recognition is not achieved merely on the basis of band pass filtering. (2) A cross correlation between the signal and an assumed internal template yields only inconsistent predictions of the response probabilities. (3) The recognizer system probably works in the time domain, possibly by direct comparison of adjacent syllable and pause durations. It is not yet clear whether the duration of a syllable is evaluated with respect to the preceding or succeeding pause. We emphasize that the neural recognizer of the grasshopper does not only examine a signal for its similarity to an internal template, but that it also takes into account features that indicate an incorrect signal. This may be a general feature of neuronal pattern recognition systems which have been shaped by natural selection.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 161 (1987), S. 95-101 
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In the two acridid speciesChorthippus parallelus andCh. montanus, the sound template by which females recognize male song varies with temperature, as does the song itself. At relatively high temperatures the females respond best to simulated songs with high syllable frequencies, and at lower temperatures songs with lower syllable frequencies are preferred. The temperature around the supraesophageal and metathoracic ganglia of female grasshoppers was monitored by implanted thermocouples, and either the head or the thorax was warmed selectively while the animal was free to move (within the imits of the wires). Then simulations of the conspecific song varying in syllable frequency corresponding to different song temperatures were presented, and the stridulatory responses of the animals were observed. The results were as follows. 1. Song recognition (in particular, the position of the peak of the response curve) depended on the temperature of the head. 2. The rate of stridulatory hindleg movement was determined by the temperature of the thoracic ganglia. This result provides strong evidence against the genetic coupling hypothesis.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 104 (1975), S. 301-323 
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Kreuzbarkeit verschiedenerChorthippus-Arten und die Möglichkeit, bei den Bastarden parallel zum Gesang auch das Lautschema zu analysieren, erlaubt, eine Unterscheidung zwischen intermediärer und überlagerter Ausbildung zu treffen, matrokline und geschlechtsgebundene Vererbung zu trennen und die Frage einer Kopplung von Gesang und Lautschema zu untersuchen. 1. Die Unterscheidung zwischen intermediärer und überlagerter Ausbildung ist bei einem angeborenen Auslöse-Mechanismus leichter zu treffen, als bei einer Erbkoordination. Das Lautschema der Bastard-♀ war nicht intermediär; entweder glich es dem Lautschema einer der beiden Elternarten, oder es setzte sich aus den unverändert übernommenen Lautschemata beider Elternarten zusammen. Das legt folgende Deutung nahe: In den Bastard-♀ könnten beide elterlichen neuronalen Filtersysteme parallel ausgebildet sein, wobei sich die Ausgänge beider im wesentlichen additiv überlagern. 2. Das relative Gewicht, mit dem die beiden elterlichen Lautschemata in den Bastard-♀ verwirklicht waren, war interindividuell sehr variabel. Manche Bastard-♀ beantworteten nur den Gesang der einen Elternart, andere nur den der anderen; die übrigen antworteten auf den Gesang beider Elternarten, wenn auch unterschiedlich stark. Im Mittel wurde der Gesang der Mutterart dem der Vaterart vorgezogen. Da die Bastard-♀ der beiden reziproken Kreuzungstypen hinsichtlich ihres Chromosomensatzes gleich sind, kann geschlechtsgebundene Vererbung nicht der Grund für diese Verschiedenheit des Verhaltens sein. Vermutlich kann das labile genetische System der Artbastarde während der Ontogenese durch mütterliche Faktoren des Eiplasmas beeinflußt werden. 3. Gesang und Lautschema sind nicht funktionell gekoppelt: Einzelne Bastard-♀ lagen bezüglich ihres Gesanges und ihres Lautschemas auf den beiden einander entgegengesetzten Seiten der Variabilität. Bei den untersuchten Arten kann die verschiedentlich erwogene, aber noch nie erwiesene Hypothese einer Kopplung von Gesang und Lautschema also nicht zutreffen; in der Evolution des Kommunikationssystems haben sich Gesang und Lautschema vielmehr in einer Koevolution einander angepaßt.
    Notes: Summary Receptive females of many grasshopper species react selectively to the species-specific song of males by responding with their own song phrases. If artificial acoustical stimuli are employed, their song-specific innate releasing mechanism (IRM) can be examined when single parameters of the artificial songs are varied. Hybridization between different species of the genusChorthippus, and the possibility of analyzing not only the song pattern of the hybrids but also their corresponding IRM, permits examination of problems which are otherwise difficult to approach. 1. Hybrid females responded rather weakly to the song of their hybrid brothers (Fig. 4). Most of the females preferred the song of both (or at least one) parental species (Figs. 2, 4). When tested with artificial sound stimuli consisting of rectangularly modulated white noise, the hybrids responded best to the same noise/interval combinations that the parental species preferred. This was true for stimuli resembling both parental song patterns and for hybrid females answering one or both parental songs (Figs. 6, 7, 9). Therefore the song-specific innate releasing mechanism of the hybrid females was not intermediate: in those females which responded to both parents, the IRM consisted of the two unchanged parental mechanisms. Stimuli affecting both mechanisms were more efficient than those affecting only one (Fig. 10). 2. These observations lead to the hypothesis that in the CNS of the hybrids, both parental neuronal filter systems may develop in parallel, and their outputs are superimposed additively. This concept of partly parallel networks in the hybrid CNS may also be useful for the interpretation of innate motion pattern in species hybrids. 3. The relative representation of the two filter systems in the hybrid females varied among individuals. Some of the hybrids responded only to the song of one or the other parental species; most responded to both although with different intensities (Fig. 2). On the average, the song of the mother species was clearly preferred. Since the hybrid females of the two reciprocal crosses are identical with respect to their chromosome sets, this maternal effect cannot be explained by sex linked genes. The labile genetic system of the hybrids may be influenced by maternal plasmatic factors during ontogeny, causing variability and maternal influence. 4. Song pattern and corresponding innate releasing mechanism are not functionally coupled: some individual hybrid females whose own song pattern resembled one of the parental species responded solely to the song pattern of the other species. Therefore the repeatedly postulated, but unproven hypothesis that song and filter mechanisms are coupled by common functional principles, does not hold true for the species examined: during evolution of the communication system in the genusChorthippus, both parts—signal and receiver system—must have adapted to each other independently in a process of co-evolution.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 122 (1977), S. 53-64 
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary (i) The singing movements of acridid grasshoppers are recorded opto-electronically: a small retroflective “Scotchlite” sheeting (Ø2mm) is attached to the tip of the stridulating femur and illuminated via a semi-transmissive mirror mounted at 45° to the optical axis in front of a photographic object lens. The light retroflected through this mirror is focused by the lens on the surface of a position-sensing photo-detector from which the co-ordinates of the light spot are tapped off instantaneously. Using this principle and having one recording device on each side the stridulatory movements of both hindlegs are monitored simultaneously. (ii) The grasshoppersChorthippus biguttulus (L.) andChorthippus mollis (Charp.) and their hybrids are studied by this method. Each of the two hindlegs performs a different Stridulatory pattern, the movements being considerably phase-shifted. The legs change their patterns from time to time. In the pure species the two patterns are very tightly coupled. Although in the hybrids in principle the same close relationships exist between the two lateral sub-systems, the couplings of the two patterns can be temporarily loosened. In the extreme, one hindleg may stridulate aCh. mollis song-pattern, whereas the other produces aCh. biguttulus pattern.
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