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  • 1
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: —The distribution of choline acetyltransferase (ChAc, EC 2.3.1.6) and l-glutamate 1-carboxylyase (glutamate decarboxylase, GAD, EC 4.1.1.15) was studied in serial frontal slices of the substantia nigra (SN) (pars compacta, PC; pars reticulata, PR; an intermediate region, IR) as well as in other brain areas from post mortem tissue of control and Parkinsonian patients.Within the SN from control brain ChAc and GAD activities showed a distinctive distribution: ChAc activity in PC was higher than in PR and IR by 427% and 253% respectively and within PC the enzyme activity in the rostral part exceeded that in the control part by 353%. The GAD activity in PC was higher by 41% than that in PR and within PC seemed to be higher in the caudal than in the rostral part. For both enzyme activities there were no significant differences between PR and IR or within these regions.In Parkinsonian brain both ChAc and GAD activities were reduced to 15-25% of controls in all 3 regions of the SN. The distinctive distribution of ChAc and GAD activity found in the SN of control brain was abolished: no difference was observed between the 3 regions. However, within PC the ChAc activity was lower in the medial than in the rostral part.Since nigral ChAc is possibly located in interneurons, the decrease in enzyme activity may be connected with the cell loss observed in the SN of Parkinsonian brain.By contrast, nigral GAD is probably contained in terminals of strio-nigral neurons and the decrease in enzyme activity in Parkinson's disease in the absence of striatal cell loss, may reflect a change in the functional state of these GABA neurons.Among various areas of control brains ChAc activity was highest in caudate nucleus and putamen while GAD was highest in SN. caudate nucleus, putamen and cerebral cortex. In Parkinsonian brain the most severe reduction in ChAc and GAD activities was found in the SN.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1435-2451
    Keywords: Ankle Joint ; Posttraumatic Arthrosis ; Biomechanics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung An 354 oberen Sprunggelenken (317 Fälle mit Malleolarfrakturen) wurde das Profil der Talusrolle, d. h. ihre Konkavität, durch Bestimmung des sog. Talusprofilquotienten an Hand von Röntgenbildern ermittelt. Der Talusprofilquotient berechnet sich aus dem Verhältnis zwischen dem Querdurchmesser der Talusrolle und der Tiefe der Führungsmulde. Die Korrelation des Talusprofilquotienten mit Alter, Geschlecht und Heilungsverlauf nach Malleolarfrakturen zeigte folgende Beobachtungen: 1. Jüngere Menschen haben ein konkaveres Talusprofil als ältere. 2. Eine posttraumatische Arthrosis deformans wird am häufigsten bei Patienten mit konkavem Talusprofil beobachtet. 3. Die Gelenkkontaktfläche wird nach Fragmentdislokationen bei konkavem Talusprofil bedeutend stärker verkleinert als bei flachen Talusrollen. Die individuelle Talusform beeinflußt somit nach Malleolarfrakturen die Gelenkmechanik im oberen Sprunggelenk wesentlich. Die Eigentümlichkeit des oberen Sprunggelenkes als funktionelles Scharniergelenk besteht in seiner zusätzlichen Rotationsbewegung, in seiner Tendenz zur Valgusstellung und der großen Gewichtsbelastung. Besonders im Fall von jungen Patienten mit meist konkavem Talusprofil werden Fragmentfehlstellungen im oberen Sprunggelenk weniger toleriert.
    Notes: Summary The profile of the talar trochlea, i.e. its concavity, was measured in the case of 354 ankle joints (317 cases with malleolar fractures) by means of radiographic determination of the so-called talar profile quotient. The talar profile quotient is calculated from the ratio of the transverse diameter of the talar trochlea to the height of the articular groove. Correlation of the talar profile quotient with age, sex and the healing process after malleolar fractures showed the following observations: 1. The talar trochlea of younger people is more concave than the one of older people. 2. Posttraumatic arthrosis deformans is most frequently observed with patients whose talar profile is concave. 3. After fragment dislocations, the articular contact area is reduced much more in the case of concave talar profiles than in the case of plane ones. Consequently, after malleolar fractures the joint mechanics of the ankle joint are considerably influenced by the individual shape of the talus. Characteristics of the ankle joint as functional hinge joint are: an additional rotating movement, a tendency towards valgus position and an extreme weight load. As a consequence, fragment dislocations are not tolerated by the ankle joint, especially in the case of younger patients whose talar profile is usually concave.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Bronchial neuroendocrine tumor ; Mitral insufficiency ; Aortic insufficiency ; Carcinoid heart disease
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A female patient suffering from a bronchial neuroendocrine tumor with unilateral leftsided carcinoid heart disease is reported. Repeated x-ray films of the chest showed a slowly growing lung tumor in the left lower lobe. The patient refused any diagnostic or therapeutic procedure to define the type of the tumor. During the follow-up of 24 years she developed severe mitral and moderate to severe aortic insufficiency, both invasively quantified by thermodilution techniques. During surgery for double valve replacement the patient died from left ventricular heart failure. Necropsy revealed the typical pattern of a bronchial neuroendocrine tumor without metastases. Examination of the heart disclosed the characteristic deposits of fibrous tissue on the cusps of both the mitral and the aortic valves whereas the right heart showed no abnormalities. Review of the literature suggests the unilateral left-sided carcinoid heart disease to be a very rare finding, its pathogenesis remains to be elucidated.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Carney's Triad ; Epithelioid leiomyoma ; Pulmonary chondroma ; Paraganglioma ; Myxoma
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A female suffering from a complete Carney's triad (two gastric epithelioid leiomyomas, recurrent and metastasizing laryngeal paraganglioma, and pulmonary chondroma or hamartoma), and from a myxoma is described. The time elapsed between the detection of the gastric tumors and the metastases of the paraganglioma was 19 years.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 377 (1978), S. 157-174 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Pancreatic diabetes ; Endocrine pancreas ; Islet composition ; Immunocytochemistry ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The endocrine pancreatic tissue from patients with severe primary chronic pancreatitis (n=6), secondary chronic pancreatitis due to duct obstruction by carcinoma (n=6) and non-diabetic, non-pancreatitic controls (n=4) was studied qualitatively and quantitatively using specific immunocytochemistry and electron microscopy. Grouping of variously sized islets in the sclerotic tissue (sclerosis islets), islet neoformation by ductuloinsular proliferation, and intrainsular fibrosis were the main qualitative findings. Immunocytochemical quantitation of the distribution of insulin (B), glucagon (A), somatostatin (D) and pancreatic polypeptide (PP) producing cells revealed a significant relative increase in the number of A cells and a decrease in the number of B cells of the sclerosis islets in primary chronic pancreatitis (B-44.1±9.3%:A-38.3±2.4%:D-8.6±5.1%:PP-4.6±4.1%) as well as in secondary chronic pancreatitis (B-38.0±14.3%:A-38.4±19.0%:D-9.1±5.8%:PP-14.5±23.4%) compared with controls (B-71.1±8.1%:A-24.3±5.5%:D-8.0±2.8%:PP-0.5±0.4%). The number of PP cells was significantly increased in primary chronic pancreatitis only. It is suggested that scarring of the exocrine pancreas affects islet composition, probably by impairment of the local circulation and of glucose diffusion, thus leading to reduction of the number and glucose sensitivity of B cells. The hyperplasia of A and PP cells appears to be a secondary phenomenon due to the loss of B cells.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 378 (1978), S. 265-272 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Von Hippel-Lindau's disease ; Syringomyelia phaeochromocytoma ; Pancreatic endocrine tumor ; Complex neuroendocrinopathy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A patient presenting with von Hippel-Lindau's disease, syringomyelia, bilateral pheochromocytoma and a multihormonal pancreatic tumor is described. We suggest that this syndrome results from a complex neuroendocrine disorder.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 387 (1980), S. 319-331 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Endocrine pancreas ; PP cells ; Immunocytochemistry ; Distribution ; Normal pancreas ; Chronic pancreatitis ; Pancreatic carcinoma
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The endocrine pancreatic tissue from 13 patients with severe chronic pancreatitis, 5 patients with pancreatic duct carcinoma and 4 non-diseased pancreases was analysed by immunocytochemistry and morphometry. The controls revealed two distinct islet types with different regional distribution. The lower dorsal part of the pancreatic head contained islets with irregular outlines and a high number of PP cells (PP-cells 60.4±4.1%; B-cells 29.4±4.6%; A-cells 7.4±1.5%; D-cells 2.8±0.6%). The other parts of the pancreas contained compact islets with only a few PP cells (PP-cells 1.0±0.4%; B-cells 69.3±3.0%; A-cells 24.1±2.1%; D-cells 5.8±0.5%). In chronic pancreatitis the sclerotic tissue of the body and the tail region contained compact islets with altered cell inter-relationships when compared with controls. While the number of B-cells was diminished (48.5%), A and PP cells appeared to be increased in number (42.7 and 4.1%, respectively). Furthermore, ductulo-insular proliferations were conspicuous (nesidioblastosis) with budding-off of small endocrine cell clusters made up predominantly of A and PP cells. In 3 patients with pancreatic carcinoma increased numbers of PP cells and of A cells were found along the advancing edge of the carcinoma. The data emphasize the necessity of taking into consideration regional PP cell distribution in each case in which an increase of PP cells is observed. True hyperplasia is found in chronic pancreatitis and, focally, in some cases with pancreatic carcinoma.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 388 (1980), S. 51-67 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Glucagonomas ; Morphological features ; Immunocytochemistry ; Review of literature ; Classification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In five patients single or multiple glucagonomas were characterized by immunocytochemistry. Two large single glucagonomas were associated with the glucagonoma syndrome, which completely dissappeared after removal of the tumours. The morphologic findings in these patients are compared with 48 others collected from literature. In the other three patients, the glucagonomas were not associated with a clinical syndrome and were detected by chance (one accompanying an insulinoma; the other in pancreases of patients suffering from multiple endocrine neoplasia I; MEN I). These tumours appeared by their histological, immunocytochemical and ultrastructural features better organized than the glucagonomas with syndrome. Glucagonomas not producing a syndrome can be classified into (a) solitary, often malignant endocrine pancreatic tumours, (b) glucagonomas associated with insulinomas and other tumours, (c) multiple glucagonomas in MEN I and (d) single microglucagonomas in elderly patients. It is emphasized that only immunohistology allows clear identification of these tumours as glucagonomas.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 388 (1980), S. 327-334 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Amyloid ; Endocrine amyloid ; Senile plaques ; Amyloid angiopathy ; Alzheimer's disease
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Histochemical methods were used to obtain information on the chemical constituents of brain amyloid in senile dementia of the Alzheimer type. The staining properties of brain amyloid (senile plaque and amyloid angiopathy) were compared with those of extraneural amyloidosis and endocrine amyloid. We found no histochemical differences between amyloid in senile plaques and in amyloid angiopathy. The content of aromatic amino acids was higher in amyloid of plaques and in amyloid angiopathy than in endocrine amyloid. Furthermore, we found persistent birefringence and affinity of brain amyloid for Congo red after exposure to potassium permanganate, suggesting that AA amyloid is not a major constituent of cerebral amyloid.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 399 (1983), S. 127-140 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Neuron-specific enolase ; Neuropeptides ; Immunocytochemistry ; Neurogenic appendicopathy ; Microcarcinoids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Epithelial endocrine cells containing 5-hydroxytryptamine, substance P, somatostatin, enteroglucagon and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-immunoreactivity were localized by immunocytochemistry in the mucosa of normal appendices, ileum and proximal colon, and in neurogenic appendicopathy. In neurogenic appendicopathy a large number of proliferating nerves were visualized independently of neurotransmitters by immunostaining for neuron-specific enolase. A large number of nerve fibers were shown to contain substance P-immunoreactivity and to be of intrinsic origin. Stromal endocrine cells containing 5-hydroxytryptamine, somatostatin-and possibly substance P-immunoreactivity, were observed in substantial numbers in neurogenic appendicopathy. Substance P may be involved as a neurotransmitter and/or as a paracrine/endocrine peptide in the pathogenesis of spastic contractions and abnormal peristalsis of the appendix, which are characteristic of neurogenic appendicopathy. Stromal endocrine cells may be considered to be the origin of certain carcinoids in the appendix.
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